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IBM

mtvKH vykypdyh, hAnTSyklvpdyh hHvpSHyt
IBM Corporation
mTh hHbrh bArmvnk, nyv yvrk, ArTSvt hbryt
ntvnym KHllyym
svg Hbrh TSybvryt, NYSE IBM
bvrsh hbvrsh lnyyrvt `rKH bnyv yvrk (IBM)
mvTv THINK
myysdym Charles Ranlett Flint, tvmAs vvTsvn
tkvpt hp`ylvt 16 byvny 1911 - hvvh (114 SHnym)
Hbrvt bnvt
  • SoftLayer
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  • IBM (pvrTvgl)
  • IBM (mTSrym)
  • Red Hat
  • Object Technology International
  • IBM TSrpt
  • IBM (grmnyh)
  • IBM dnmrk
  • IBM hvdv
  • The Weather Company
  • IBM Ceska republika
  • Internet Security Systems
  • Rational Software
  • HTybt hmHkr SHl Hbrt IBM
  • IBM Canada
  • IBM Bluemix
  • ybm ySHrAl
  • lvTvs tvKHnh
  • IBM Norge
mdynh ArTSvt hbryt ArTSvt hbryt
mykvm hmTh Armvnk
`npy t`SHyyh t`SHyyt htvKHnh, yy`vTS TKHnvlvgyt myd`, nyhvl SHyrvty m`rKHvt myd`, t`SHyyt hmHSHbym, t`SHyyt hHvmrh
mvTSrym `ykryym Hvmrt mHSHb
tvKHnvt
SHyrvtym
SHvvy SHvk 240.38 mylyArd dvlr (22 bpbrvAr 2026)
hKHnsvt 62,753,000,000 dvlr AmrykAy (nKHvn l-2024)
rvvH tp`vly 5,797,000,000 dvlr AmrykAy (nKHvn l-2024)
rvvH 6,023,000,000 dvlr AmrykAy (nKHvn l-2024)
yv"r vyrg'ynyh rvmTy
mnKH"l Arvvynd krySHnh
`vbdym 352,600 (nKHvn l-2019)
www.ibm.com
bKHnysh lmTh hHbrh bArmvnk, nyv yvrk
lvH hbkrh SHl mHSHb Main-Frame mdgm 65 SHl m`rKHt/360
mKHvnt hKHtybh "KHdvryt" b`lt mkldt vrASH b`bryt

IBM kvrpvryySHn (rASHy htybvt SHl "International Business Machines") hvA tAgyd rb-lAvmy AmrykAy, SHmrKHzv bmdynt nyv yvrk, vhvA mhvvh At AHd htAgydym hgdvlym vhvvtykym b`vlm hmHSHvb, vbmSHKH SHnym rbvt hyh hgdvl btHvm zh. mKHvnh gm "h`nk hKHHvl" (Big Blue) `l SHvm gvdlv vTSb`v hKHHvl SHl hlvgv SHlv.

htAgyd `vsk bmgvvn tHvmy Hvmrh, tvKHnh vSHyrvtym: m`bdym, m`rKHvt mHSHb SHlmvt bgdlym SHvnym, TSyvd hykpy, tvvKHh, tvKHnvt msdy ntvnym, SHrty yySHvmym, KHly pytvH, yy`vTS v`vd. bSHnt 2012 hyh IBM hmvbyl bmspr hpTnTym hnrSHmym `l SHmv bArTSvt hbryt, zv hSHnh h-20 brTSypvt[1]. hvA hm`syk hgdvl b`vlm SHl `vbdym btHvm TKHnvlvgyyt hmyd`. bSHnt 2018 h`syk IBM KH-350,000 `vbdym brHby tbl vbhm gm b"ybm ySHrAl".

mSHnt 2012 v`d Apryl 2020 `mdh brASH hHbrh vyrg'ynyh (g'yny) rvmTy. hyA hvHlph `l ydy Arvvynd krySHnh (An')[2].

htAgyd hvkm bSHnt 1896 bSHm Tabulating Machine Company (Hbrt mKHvnvt TbvlTSyh), `l ydy hrmn hvlryt'. hHbrh tKHnnh vyyTSrh mKHvnvt l`ybvd KHrTysy nykvb, bhn hSHtmSHv bmpkd hAvKHlvsyn hAmrykAy SHl SHnt 1900. bSHnt 1911 htAgdh hHbrh `m `vd SHlvSH Hbrvt bSHm (CTR (Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, vbSHnt 1916 nrSHm htAgyd lmsHr bbvrsh lnyyrvt `rKH bnyv yvrk. b-14 bpbrvAr 1924 SHynh At SHmv l-IBM.

bSHnt 1914 mvnh tvmAs g' vvTsvn hAb lmnKH"l. bmhlKH tkvptv, mSHnvt h-20 `d SHnvt h-50 SHl hmAh h-20, htAgyd gdl vhtrHb lSHvvkym bynlAvmyym KHSHhvA mtbss b`ykr `l KHrTysy nykvb. vvTsvn pytH b-IBM sgnvn nyhvl yyHvdy, vnT` m`yn "gAvvt yHydh", SHgblh l`ytym bpvlHn AySHyvt KHlpy `TSmv vKHlpy hArgvn. mSHbr hSHpl hgdvl pg` b-IBM bTSvrh kSHh, AKH TS`dy hbrAh SHnnkTv KHHlk mtvKHnyt h"nyv dyl", hznykv mHdSH At hmKHyrvt.

KHHlk mmAmTS hmlHmh bmlHmt h`vlm hSHnyyh yyTSr `bvr TSbA ArTSvt hbryt rvbym mdgm M1 krbyn vmdgm brAvnyng AvTvmTy. bmhlKH mlHmh zv SHymSH TSyvd l`ybvd ntvnym SHl IBM gm At grmnyh hnATSyt. hhysTvryvn, svpr v`ytvnAy b`l Tvr Advvyn blAk, bsprv IBM and the Holocaust, hASHym At IBM KHy sypk TSyvd vSHyrvtym lgrmnyh[3], AKH lT`nt IBM Avbdn hSHlyTh b-Dehomag, SHhyyth Hbrt hbt SHl IBM bgrmnyh, lAHr `lyyt hnATSym lSHlTvn, hvA SHgrm lKHKH. b`kbvt hmkrh hgySH b-2005 hArgvn hTSv`ny "p`vlh TSv`nyt bynlAvmyt lhKHrh vpyTSvy" tby`h ngd hArgvn bbyt hmSHpT h`lyvn SHl SHvvyyTS[4].

bSHnt 1944 yyTSr IBM `bvr AvnybrsyTt hrvvArd At hrvvArd symn 1, SHySH hrvAym bv At hmHSHb hrASHvn b`vlm ("mtHrym" nvspym `l htvAr hm Z1, vAHryv Z3 SHl kvnrAd TSvzh, mHSHb ATnsvp-bry, kvlvsvs, v`vd).

bSHnvt h-50 hpKH IBM lyTSrn dvmynnTy bt`SHyyt hmHSHbym SHhHlh lhtptH, vh`syk KH-35 Alp `vbdym. b-1952 hHlyp At vvTsvn btpkyd bnv, tvmAs vvTsvn hbn, SHKHyhn btpkyd zh `d lSHnt 1971. vvTsvn hbn hgdyl At hhSHk`h bmHkr vpytvH m-3% bymy Abyv l-9%. hhSHk`h bmHkr vpytvH ntnh pyrvt vh`nykh l-IBM ytrvn byyTSvr hmHSHb hmrKHzy hrASHvn hmbvss `l TKHnvlvgyyt TrnzysTvrym, IBM 7030 Stretch, SHhyh pryTSt drKH mbHynt mz`vr `vTSmt mHSHvb. hmHSHb hrASHvn SHl hsdrh nmKHr lm`bdh hlAvmyt lvs Almvs b-1961. b-1959 yvTSr hmHSHb hrASHvn msdrt IBM 1401, SHyv`d `bvr `skym bynvnyym vyTSr bKHKH SHvk HdSH lmHSHvb hAlkTrvny. b-1957 pytHv md`ny hHbrh At SHpt FORTRAN.

b-1964 hHlh lhymKHr bAvpn msHry AHt msdrvt hmHSHbym hmvTSlHvt vhnmKHrvt byvtr, IBM System/360, hsdrh SHvvkh `d 1978 vhyvvth Ab Typvs SHl hmHSHb hmrKHzy hmvdrny. hsdrh tvKHnnh KHKH SHhkyph lrASHvnh At KHl mKHlvl hSHymvSHym v`vTSmvt hmHSHvb hndrSHvt, tvKH htbssvt `l Avth m`rKHt hp`lh vAvtn tvKHnvt vSHmh "360" bA lTSyyn `vbdh zv. hhSHk`h bmHkr vpytvH `bvr hprvykT hyyth `TSvmh (5 mylyArd dvlr lAvrKH Arb` SHnym) vhyvvth hymvr `l `tyd hHbrh, hymvr SHhSHtlm lbsvp vhpKH At htAgyd lrASHvn btHvm, hrHk m`br lmtHrym mSHKH `SHvrym[5][6].

bSHnvt h-60 vh-70 KHvnv yTSrny hmHSHbym bArTSvt hbryt "IBM vSHb`t hgmdym" - IBM yyTSr KHSHny SHlySHym mhmHSHbym b`vlm. KHtvTSAh mKHKH ntb` `l hprh lKHAvrh SHl Hvky hmvnvpvl. tby`h zv htbrrh `d SHnt 1983 tvKH hSHp`h mhvtyt `l `sky htAgyd.

bSHnt 1973 `brv mTh htAgyd vmSHrdyv hrASHyym lbnyyn IBM SHnbnh bmrKHz SHykgv, btKHnvn hAdryKHl hmvdrnysTy mys vn dr rvhh.

bSHnvt h-80 yyTSr At hmHSHb hAySHy mdgm IBM PC, SHHvll mhpKHh btHvm hmHSHbym hAySHyym, vlm`SHh SHynh At pny hmHSHvb b`vlm (Am KHy hvbyl lpryHtn SHl tAgydym AHrym SHhyv SHvtpym lmyzm zh - mykrvsvpT vAynTl, tvKH pgy`h b`sky SHl IBM).

btHylt SHnvt h-90 nkl` IBM lmSHbr Hryp, SHhbyA lpyTvry 80,000 `vbdym. lTSvrKHy SHykvm hArgvn mvnh lv grsTnr lmnKH"l, vhvA h`byr SHynvy Argvny mrHyk lKHt, SHHylTSv mhmSHbr[7]. grsTnr hTSlyH lSHnvt At yy`vdh SHl hHbrh mHbrt pytvH mHSHbym blbd lHbrt SHyrvty TKHnvlvgyh bAvpn KHlly, vKHKH hTSylh mpSHyTt rgl.

bSHnt 1991 rvKHz tHvm SHyrvty TKHnvlvgyvt hmyd` SHl IBM bzrv` bSHm IBM Global Services. zrv` zv m`sykh 190,000 m`vbdy IBM brHby tbl.

bSHnt 1995 rKHSH IBM At Hbrt htvKHnh "lvTvs" tmvrt 3.5 mylyArd dvlr, b`ykr lSHm rKHySHt tvKHnt Lotus Notes.

b-2004 hHlyT lTSAt mSHvk hmHSHbym hAySHyym vlmKHvr At HTybt hmHSHbym hAySHyym vmvtg Thinkpad ltAgyd hsyny lnvbv[8].

bSHnt 2007 mKHrh IBM At HTybt hhdpsh SHlh lHbrt "Ricoh" hypnyt. bAvth SHnh byHd `m lyhmn brdrs hyA rKHSHh 7.7% mHbrt tvKHnh synyt Kingdee.

bSHnt 2008 yyTSr IBM At hmHSHb hrASHvn[9] SHSHbr At mHsvm hmylyvn-mylyArd p`vlvt bSHnyyh.

b-28 bAvkTvbr 2018 hvdy`h Hbrt IBM `l rKHySHt Hbrt hkvd hptvH rd hAT lpy SHvvy SHl KH-34 mylyArd dvlr. hHbrh Amvrh lhySHAr HTybh `TSmAyt btvKH IBM[10].

bSHnt 2021 pyTSlh IBM At HTybt IBM Global Technology Services - GTS SHlh lHbrh nprdt bSHm kyndryl, h`vskt bSHyrvty nyhvl tSHtyvt IT. Al hHbrh hHdSHh hv`brv KH-90,000 m`vbdy IBM. b`kbvt hpyTSvl ttmkd IBM btvKHnh vbSHyrvty mHSHvb `nn, AKH tmSHyKH ltmvKH bmHSHby sdrh Z (An') vsdrt Power (An') SHlh.

mvTSry htAgyd

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mKHvnvt KHtybh

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bSHnt 1961 hSHyk IBM At mKHvnt hKHtybh hHSHmlyt Selectric ("KHdvryt") ASHr KHllh rASH hdpsh KHdvry hnytn lhHlph. rASH zh AypSHr hdpst msmKHym bgvpnym (pvnTym) bSHpvt SHvnvt, vKHn symnym mtmTyym. mKHvnvt mdgm zh SHrtv 75% mhSHvk hmSHrdy hAmrykAy SHl mKHvnvt KHtybh HSHmlyvt. hTypvgrp hyrvSHlmy hnry prydlndr `yTSb At gvpny "hdr", "SHlvm" v"Abyb", ASHr SHymSHv KHgvpnym h`bryym SHl h"KHdvryt" (dgm b`l rASH vmkldt b`bryt).

mHSHbym mrKHzyym

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bSHnvt h-60 vh-70 KHvnv yTSrny hmHSHbym bArTSvt hbryt "IBM vSHb`t hgmdym". SHlyTtv SHl IBM bSHvk hmHSHbym hmrKHzyym hHlh msdrt mHSHby h-700/7000, vgbrh `m pytvH sdrt hmHSHbym m`rKHt/360 (1964). sdrt h-360 hmSHyKHh lhtptH lsdrt h-z/z9 SHl ymynv, vyHd `m hmHSHbym mbvssy m`rKHt hhp`lh MCP (rASHy tybvt SHl Master Control Program) SHl yTSrn hmHSHbym bvrvz (KHyvm yvnysys) hm hmHSHbym hyHydym hmbvssym `l ArKHyTkTvrh SHhtptHh mtkvph mvkdmt zv. `m zAt, vAp `l py SHmHSHby h-CMOS mbvssy ArKHyTkTvrh SHl 64 byT msdrt z/z9 msvglym `dyyn lhryTS At hkvd mbvss ArKHyTkTvrt 24 byT SHl mHSHby h-360, Ayn SHvm dmyvn bmbnh hpnymy vhHyTSvny bynm lbyn hsdrvt hySHnvt.

mHyr dgm nvKHHy SHl mHSHb mrKHzy mtvTSrt IBM mtHyl bKH-100,000 dvlr (mHSHb mdgm A01 msdrt Z9 BC, mHyr mdvvH bSHnt 2006 SHAynv KHvll TSyvd hykpy SHl dyskym vklTvt vAynv KHvll At mHyry htvKHnh hmgy`ym lmAvt Alpy dvlrym). hmHyrym KHvllym bdrKH KHll gm tnAy SHyrvt vtHzvkh SHAynm dvmym lmkvbl bSHvk hmHSHbym hAHrym (bSHl mHyrm hrASHvny hgbvh kyym gm SHvk p`yl bmyvHd bmHSHbym mrKHzyym mSHvmSHym).

m`rKHvt hp`lh

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m`rKHvt hhp`lh lmHSHbym hmrKHzyym mtvTSrt IBM myvTSrvt Ap hn `l ydy IBM. pytvHn SHl m`rKHvt hhp`lh n`SHh bmkbyl lpytvH hHvmrh. bm`rKHt/360 nkrAv m`rKHvt hhp`lh h`ykryvt OS (rAv lmSHl, OS/360), lmHSHbym hgdvlym bsdrh, v-DOS (llA kSHr l-MS-DOS) lmHSHbym hkTnym bsdrh. At hdvr hnvKHHy SHl mHSHby hmyynpryym mSHrtvt m`rKHvt hhp`lh z/VM, z/VSE z/OS, z/Linux.

l-IBM gm sdrh SHl SHrtym mbvssy UNIX, hpv`lym bAmTS`vt nyb SHl IBM hkrvy AIX.

dgm 5150 SHl mHSHb IBM PC

hmHSHb hAySHy SHyyTSr IBM bSHnt 1981, SHKHvnh IBM PC, prTS At hdrKH lhbAt hmHSHb Al SHvlHn h`bvdh bKHl mSHrd, vmAvHr yvtr gm Al btym prTyym. hyv mHSHbym AySHyym SHkdmv lv, AKH hmHSHb SHl IBM, SHhvKHrz bAvpn rSHmy b-12 bAvgvsT, hTSTyyn bmvdvlryvt rbh vbKHKH SH-IBM prsm At hmprT hpnymy SHlv, vApSHr lyTSrnym AHrym lyyTSr "tvAmy IBM" vbKHKH lhvzyl Avtv mAvd, dbr SHdHk Avtv lbsvp lSHvly hSHvk. bmHSHb hAySHy, KHmv bmHSHbym hAHrym, yySHm IBM At tpyst l- "mHSHvb KHvll", vSHm dgSH `l AyKHvt hHvmrym vAmynvtm, l`ytym `l HSHbvn hHdSHnvt vhbyTSv`ym. tpysh zv hyyth b`vKHry hArgvn, KHyvvn SHhtvAmym SHhyv zvlym, hyv l`ytym mhyrym vHdSHnyym yvtr, vgm mpny SHhmHSHbym SHtvKHnnv lp`ylvt ArvKHt TvvH SHl 10-20 SHnym, htyySHnv bmhyrvt, vnzrkv lASHph KHASHr "KHvHm hyh bmvtnyhm".

b-2004 hHlyT lTSAt mSHvk hmHSHbym hAySHyym vlmKHvr At HTybt hmHSHbym hAySHyym vmvtg Thinkpad ltAgyd syny bSHm lnvbv (Lenovo). b-1 bmAy 2005 hvSHlm thlyKH hmKHyrh btmvrh l-655 mylyvn dvlr bmzvmn v-600 mylyvn dvlr bmnyvt lnvbv.

m`bd mdgm Broadway, hmvtkn bkvnsvlt hmSHHkym Wii

b-1991 hHlh IBM bpytvH m`bdy PowerPC (rASHy tybvt SHl Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC - Performance Computing) hyA m`bdym b`ly sT pkvdvt msvg RISC, byvzmh mSHvtpt yHd `m Hbrvt Apl mvTvrvlh[11]. bmhlKH hSHnym Apl v-IBM yyTSrv mHSHbym `m m`bdym msvg zh, bnvsp SHymSH hm`bd bmgvvn rHb SHl mvTSry Hvmrh AHrym SHl yTSrnym SHvnym. KHvll: kvnsvlt mSHHkym[12], rvbr SHl nAs"A SHnHt `l hmAdym[13], vmHSHby `l msdrt IBM Blue Gene, SHhHzk bhm hyh msvgl lbTS` 16 TrylyArd p`vlvt bSHnyyh, b`zrtm SHl 8,000 m`bdy PowerPC[14]. Hlk mpytvH hm`bd vrKHybym `bvrv n`SHh bySHrAl, `l ydy Hbrt "mvTvrvlh smykvndkTvr ySHrAl"[15].

byvny 2005 hvdy`h Apl KHy tSHtmSH bm`bdym mtvTSrt AynTl bmkvm IBM[16]. `m zAt hmSHyKHh IBM bpytvH dvrvt HdSHym SHl m`bdym vhSHykh At hm`bd Broadway, SHpvtH bSHytvp hHbrvt svny vTvSHybh, vSHymSH b`ykr `bvr kvnsvlvt mSHHkym[17]. KHvll hplyysTyySHn 3 vkvnsvlt Wii SHl nynTndv SHhvSHkh b-2006[18].

mvTSry tvKHnh

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HTybt htvKHnh (IBM Software Group) hyA AHt mh`ykryvt bHTybvt IBM. mvTSry hHTybh KHvllym, byn hSHAr:

World Community Grid

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`rKH mvrHb - World Community Grid

bSHnt 2004 yzm IBM prvykT SHl mHSHvb mbvzr khylty bSHm World Community Grid. bmsgrt hprvykT mSHtmSHym mKHl rHby h`vlm mp`yly tvKHnh hmSHtmSHt bKHvH-hHySHvb SHl hmHSHbym hAySHyym SHlhm `l-mnt lsyy` lmHkrym lTvbt hAnvSHvt (KHgvn mTSyAt mrpA lmHlvt hsrTn, hAyyds vmHlvt nvspvt, mTSyAt mkvrvt Anrgyh Hlvpyym v`vd). htvKHnh pv`lt KHASHr hmSHtmSH Aynv mSHtmSH bmHSHb Av brk`, bzmn hSHymvSH. lprvykT rSHvmym lm`lh mHTSy mylyvn mSHtmSHym.

`vbdy htAgyd

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`myt IBM (IBM Fellow) hyA hdrgh hmkTSv`yt hgbvhh byvtr, SHyKHvl md`n, mhnds, Av mtKHnt lkbl bHbrt IBM. drgh zv mv`nkt p`m bSHnh `l ydy mnKH"l IBM bKHns hSHnty hmKHvnh Corporate Technical Recognition Event (CTRE) lkbvTSh SHl Arb`h `d tSH`h `vbdym. nytn lrAvt btvAr zh, drgt h`rKHh vKHbvd hnytnym l`vbd bHbrh. hkryTryvnym lkblt hdrgh KHvllym KHySHvrym, hySHgym vpvTnTSyAl trvmh l`tyd. hzvKHym mkblym mrvvH p`vlh vtkTSybym nKHbdym, KHdy SHyvKHlv lmmSH At yKHvlvtyhm bSHTH hhtmHvt SHlhm. tvKHnyt zv hHlh bSHnt 1962, vmAz v`d 2009 kyblv 218 AySH At hdrgh hzv. nKHvn lsvp 2009 ySH 73 `vbdym p`ylym b`ly drgh zv, mtvKHm AHd bySHrAl. AdvArdv (Hyym) kAhn, SHhyh `myt IBM p`l bySHrAl bSHnym 2007-2009.

Hvkry htAgyd SHzKHv bprs nvbl Av bprs Tyvryng

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prk zh lvkh bHsr. AnA trmv lvvykypdyh vhSHlymv Avtv. yytKHn SHtmTSAv pyrvT bdp hSHyHh.

ybm ySHrAl

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`rKH mvrHb - ybm ySHrAl
bnyn ybm, ptH tkvvh

l-IBM snyp bySHrAl SHhvkm bSHnt 1949, vmSHvvk At mvTSry hHbrh vAt SHyrvtyh. brASHytv hsnyp SHKHn brHvb lynkvln btl Abyb. bSHnt 1979 `br hsnyp lbyt ybm SHbrHvb vyTSmn btl Abyb. bSHnt 1999 nmKHr hbnyyn, vhsnyp `br lpArk Azvrym bptH tkvvh. mSHnt 2017 `vmd brASH hsnyp hySHrAly dnyAl mlKHh. kdmv lv btpkyd dvd KHhn, yhvSH` mAvr, mAyr nysnsvn vryk kpln.

trvmh yyHvdyt SHl ybm ySHrAl ltrbvt hySHrAlyt hyyth hvTSAt KHtb h`t "mHSHbvt" - KHtb `t lhgvt vmd` b`ryKHt TSby ynAy, SHyTSA lAvr mSHnvt h-60 `d SHnvt h-90.

hHbrh mp`ylh m`bdt mHkr hSHvKHnt bkmpvs AvnybrsyTt Hyph, vb-2014, hyA nHSHbh lSHnyyh bgvdlh mtvKH SHtym-`SHrh m`bdvt hmHkr SHl IBM b`vlm. hmrKHz nvsd KHmrKHz md`y bSHnt 1972, m`syk KH-600 `vbdym vbrASHv `vmdt, nKHvn l-2021, d"r Ayh svpr (kdmv lh btpkyd d"r myKHAl rvdh, `vdd KHhn vd"r yvsp rbyb).

btHylt 2008 nmsr `l ydy IBM KHy tvkm m`bdh HdSHh bySHrAl btl Abyb vbHyph, SHt`svk bp`ylvt pytvH btHvm AHsvn hmyd` vbTKHnvlvgyvt SHl tKHnvn lvgy SHl m`glym[19]. mrKHz pytvH nvsp, SHl HTybt AbTHt hmyd`, SHvKHn mSHnt 2017 bmgdl hSHHr bgb`tyym.

hHl m-2020 IBM ySHrAl mtHzkt pvdkAsT bSHm "hdbr hbA"[20], At hpvdkAsT m`byr d"r yvbl drvr.

kySHvrym HyTSvnyym

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myzmy krn vykymdyh
tmvnvt vmdyh bvvykySHytvp: IBM

IBM bySHrAl:

h`rvt SHvlyym

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  1. | ybm mvbylh brySHvm pTnTym
  2. | yvsy hTvny, Arbynd krySHnh - hmnKH"l hHdSH SHl ybm, bAtr "AnSHym vmHSHbym", 2 bpbrvAr 2020
  3. | dpnh mAvr, HSHdvt: hSHlvHh hnyv yvrkyt SHl IBM SHytph p`vlh `m hmSHTr hnATSy bmhlKH mlHmt h`vlm hSHnyyh, bAtr TheMarker, 31 bmrTS 2002
  4. | svKHnvyvt hydy`vt, bym"SH bSHvvyyTS ySHpvT Am ybm syy`h lnATSym, bAtr hArTS, 27 bynvAr 2005
  5. | sdrt 360 bmvzyAvn hmHSHb
  6. | "bny ybm" prk 3
  7. | Louis V. Gerstner, Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?: Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround
  8. | prTy mKHyrt tHvm hmHSHbym hAySHyym, CNet
  9. | en:IBM Roadrunner
  10. | hvd`h l`ytvnvt SHl Hbrt rd hAT `l rKHySHth bydy IBM, 28 bAvkTvbr 2018
  11. | gby bSHn, ybm nvTSHt At mdynyvt hbdlnvt, HdSHvt, 15 bAvgvsT 1991
    gby bSHn, SHnynv mAvtv hKHpr - nHtm hsKHm byn ybm lApl, HdSHvt, 3 bAvkTvbr 1991
  12. | m`rKHt Atr hyd`n, ybm myyTSrt mHSHby-`l `m TKHnvlvgyh SHl mSHHky mHSHb, bAtr "hyd`n", 14 bnvbmbr 2003
  13. | mHSHb-hHll hHdSH SHl nAs"A ytbss `l m`bdy kvd ptvH RISC-V - Techtime - HdSHvt AlkTrvnykh vhyyTk, bAtr Techtime - HdSHvt AlkTrvnykh vhyyTk, 8 bspTmbr 2022
    rvbr nAs"A `l mAdym mSHtmSH bm`bd mmHSHby Mac mSHnt 1998
    m`rKHt Atr hyd`n, nAs"A tTSyl At hAynTrnT, bAtr "hyd`n", 24 byvny 2000
  14. | m`rKHt Atr hyd`n, IBM mKHKHbt brSHymt 500 mHSHby h`l hmhyrym b`vlm, bAtr "hyd`n", 22 byvny 2004
  15. | SHbb SHl mvTvrvlh smykvndkTvr yAyTS h`bvdh bAynTrnT, bAtr glvbs, 29 byvly 1997
  16. | `prh SHlv, nyTSHvn lAynTl: Apl tSHtmSH bm`bdym mtvTSrth bmkvm bm`bdy IBM, bAtr TheMarker, 6 byvny 2005
  17. | rvyTrs, IBM, svny vTvSHybh yHSHpv "SHbb `l" HdSH SHySHmSH At kvnsvlt hmSHHk plyysTyySHn 3, bAtr TheMarker, 7 bpbrvAr 2005
  18. | myKHl rmty, nynTndv HSHph At kvnsvlt Revolution SHAmvrh lhtHrvt bplyysTyySHn 3 vb-Xbox 360, bAtr TheMarker, 18 bmAy 2005
  19. | ybm mkymh bySHrAl m`bdh HdSHh, bAtr TheMarker, 29 bApryl 2008
  20. | hdbr hbA