DirectX

DirectX (ot angl. direct -- priamoi, neposredstvennyi, proiznositsia kak <>) -- nabor API, razrabotannykh dlia resheniia zadach, sviazannykh s programmirovaniem pod Microsoft Windows. Naibolee shiroko ispol'zuetsia pri napisanii komp'iuternykh igr. Paket sredstv razrabotki DirectX pod Microsoft Windows besplatno dostupen na saite Microsoft. Zachastuiu obnovlionnye versii DirectX postavliaiutsia vmeste s igrovymi prilozheniiami.

Prakticheski vse chasti DirectX API predstavliaiut soboi nabory COM-sovmestimykh ob'ektov.

V tselom, DirectX podrazdeliaetsia na:

• DirectX Graphics, nabor interfeisov, ranee (do versii 8.0) delivshikhsia na:
  • DirectDraw: interfeis vyvoda rastrovoi grafiki (ego razrabotka davno prekrashchena);
  • Direct3D (D3D): interfeis vyvoda triokhmernykh primitivov.
• DirectInput: interfeis, ispol'zuemyi dlia obrabotki dannykh, postupaiushchikh s klaviatury, myshi, dzhoistika i prochikh igrovykh kontrollerov.
• DirectPlay: interfeis setevoi kommunikatsii igr.
• DirectSound: interfeis nizkourovnevoi raboty so zvukom (formata Wave)
• DirectMusic: interfeis vosproizvedeniia muzyki v formatakh Microsoft.
• DirectShow: interfeis, ispol'zuemyi dlia vvoda/vyvoda audio- i/ili videodannykh.
  • DirectX Instruments -- tekhnologiia, pozvoliaiushchaia na osnove mul'timediinogo API DirectX sozdavat' i ispol'zovat' programmnye sintezatory. V otlichie ot DX-plaginov, takie programmy mogut polnost'iu upravliat'sia po MIDI i sluzhat glavnym obrazom ne dlia obrabotki, a dlia sinteza zvuka. Tekhnologiia DXi byla populiarna v 2001--2004 gg., osobenno v programmnykh produktakh Cakewalk, no so vremenem proigrala <> tekhnologii VST ot Steinberg.
• DirectSetup: chast', otvetstvennaia za ustanovku DirectX.
• DirectX Media Objects: realizuet funktsional'nuiu podderzhku potokovykh ob'ektov (naprimer, kodirovshchiki/dekodirovshchiki)
• Direct2D: interfeis vyvoda dvukhmernoi grafiki

Iznachal'no natselennyi na razrabotku videoigr, DirectX stal populiaren i v drugikh oblastiakh razrabotki programmnogo obespecheniia. K primeru, DirectX, nariadu s OpenGL, poluchil ochen' shirokoe rasprostranenie v inzhenernom/matematicheskom PO.

V 1994 godu Microsoft byla prakticheski gotova vypustit' sleduiushchuiu versiiu Windows -- Windows 95. Glavnym faktorom, opredeliaiushchim, naskol'ko populiarna budet novaia OS, iavlialsia nabor programm, kotorye mozhno budet zapuskat' pod eio upravleniem. V Microsoft prishli k vyvodu, chto, poka razrabotchiki vidiat DOS bolee podkhodiashchei dlia napisaniia igrovykh prilozhenii, kommercheskii uspekh novoi OS ves'ma somnitelen.

DOS pozvoliala razrabotchiku poluchit' priamoi dostup k videokarte, klaviature/myshi/dzhoistiku i prochim chastiam sistemy, v to vremia kak Windows 95, s eio zashchishchionnoi model'iu pamiati, predostavliala bolee standartizovannyi, no v to zhe vremia ves'ma ogranichennyi i nakladnyi dostup k ustroistvam. Microsoft nuzhdalas' v novom sposobe dat' razrabotchiku vsio, chto emu neobkhodimo. Aisler (Eisler), Seint Dzhon (St. John) i Engstrom (Engstrom) reshili etu problemu, nazvav samo reshenie DirectX.

Pervyi reliz DirectX byl vypushchen v sentiabre 1995 goda pod nazvaniem <>.

Eshchio do poiavleniia DirectX Microsoft vkliuchila OpenGL v OS Windows NT. Direct3D pozitsionirovalsia kak zamena OpenGL v igrovoi sfere. Otsiuda beriot svoio nachalo <> mezhdu storonnikami kross-platformennoi OpenGL i dostupnoi lish' v Windows (v tom chisle Windows NT) Direct3D. Tak ili inache, ostal'nye chasti DirectX ochen' chasto kombiniruiutsia s OpenGL v komp'iuternykh igrakh, tak kak OpenGL kak takovoi ne podrazumevaet funktsional'nosti urovnia DirectX (naprimer, dostupa k klaviature/dzhoistiku/myshi, podderzhki zvuka, igr po seti i t. d.).

DirectX iavliaetsia bazoi dlia Xbox API. Xbox API skhozh s DirectX 8.1, no obnovlenie versii, kak i na drugikh konsoliakh togo vremeni, nevozmozhno.

V 2002 godu Microsoft vypustila DirectX 9 s uluchshennoi i rasshirennoi podderzhkoi sheiderov. S 2002 goda DirectX neodnokratno obnovlialsia. V avguste 2004 goda v DirectX byla dobavlena podderzhka sheiderov versii 3.0 (DirectX 9.0c).

V aprele 2005 interfeis DirectShow byl peremeshchion v Microsoft Platform SDK.

• DirectX 6.0 -- mul'titeksturirovanie
• DirectX 7.0 -- apparatnaia podderzhka preobrazovanii, obrezaniia i osveshcheniia
• DirectX 8.0 -- sheidernaia model' 1.1
• DirectX 8.1 -- piksel'nye sheidery 1.4 i vershinnye sheidery 1.1
• DirectX 9.0 -- sheidernaia model' 2.0
• DirectX 9.0b -- piksel'nye sheidery 2.0b i vershinnye sheidery 2.0
• DirectX 9.0c -- sheidernaia model' 3.0
• DirectX 9.0L -- versiia DirectX 9.0 dlia Windows Vista i vyshe
• DirectX 10 -- sheidernaia model' 4.0 (tol'ko Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8)
• DirectX 10.1 -- sheidernaia model' 4.1 (tol'ko Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8)
• DirectX 11 -- sheidernaia model' 5.0 (tol'ko Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8/8.1)
• DirectX 11.3 / DirectX 12 -- sheidernaia model' 5.1 (tol'ko Windows 10).

Mnogie sovremennye ustroistva imeiut DirectX-sovmestimye draivery, inymi slovami, pol'zovatel' dolzhen ustanovit' DirectX dlia ispol'zovaniia vsekh vozmozhnostei ustroistva. Na dannyi moment sistema obnovleniia draiverov Windows Update pozvoliaet zagruzhat' tol'ko neobkhodimye biblioteki, a ne ves' draiver tselikom.

Podderzhivaemye operatsionnye sistemy:

• Windows 95/98/98 SE/ME;
• Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Professional Edition, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Service Pack 2, Windows 2000 Service Pack 3, Windows 2000 Service Pack 4;
• Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1, Windows Server 2003 Datacenter x64 Edition, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise x64 Edition, Windows Server 2003 Standard x64 Edition, Windows Small Business Server 2003;
• Windows XP, Windows XP 64-bit, Windows XP Home Edition, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Professional Edition, Windows XP Service Pack 1, Windows XP Service Pack 2, Windows XP Service Pack 3, Windows XP Starter Edition, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition;
• Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Windows 11;
• Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016.

V sluchae vozniknoveniia razlichnykh problem pri ispol'zovanii ustarevshikh prilozhenii i igr mozhno vospol'zovat'sia spetsial'noi bibliotekoi-obiortkoi (wrapper).

Na tekushchii moment sushchestvuet para takikh variantov, v tom chisle transliatsiia vyzovov v drugie API, no vysokaia skorost' raboty vozmozhna tol'ko iz <>.

• dgVoodoo2 -- vrapper dlia zapuska ustarevshikh igr na osnove DirectX 1-7 i tak zhe 8-9 v DirectX 11 s urovnem funktsii 10/10.1 ili cherez WARP. V pervuiu ochered' ispol'zovalsia dlia zapuska Glide-igr, no pozzhe byla dobavlena podderzhka DirectX.^[4]
• dxwrapper -- obertka dlia zapuska DirectX 1-8 v DirectX 9.^[5]
• D9VK -- obertka dlia ispol'zovaniia DirectX 9 igr i prilozhenii pod Vulkan bez neobkhodimosti ikh perepisyvat'.^[6]
• DXVK -- obertka dlia ispol'zovaniia DirectX 8/9/10/11 igr i prilozhenii cherez Vulkan.
• VKD3D -- obertka dlia zapuska DirectX 12 igr i prilozhenii cherez Vulkan.
• WineD3D -- obertka dlia zapuska prilozhenii i igr DirectX 1-11 cherez OpenGL.

• GDI
• OpenGL
• Vulkan (API)
• Mantle (API) (ot AMD)
• Simple DirectMedia Layer
• X (DirectX) -- format faila dlia khraneniia 3D-ob'ektov, razrabotannyi Microsoft dlia DirectX
• Direct3D 10
• Direct3D 11
• Direct3D 12

• Adams D. DirectX: prodvinutaia animatsiia. Komplekt. -- <>, 2004. -- S. 480. -- ISBN 5-9579-0025-7.

• DirectX End-User Runtimes (June 2010) (angl.)

• Programmnoe obespechenie po alfavitu
• Programmnoe obespechenie, razrabotannoe v 1995 godu
• DirectX
• API
• Windows API
• Graficheskie biblioteki
• Biblioteki triokhmernoi grafiki

• Vikipediia:Cite web (ne ukazan iazyk)
• PRO:IT:Stat'i po alfavitu
• PRO:IT:Posledniaia pravka: v proshlom godu
• Stranitsy, ispol'zuiushchie volshebnye ssylki ISBN