Vulkan

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Vulkan (rus. Vulkan) -- krossplatformennyi API dlia 2D- i 3D-grafiki, vpervye predstavlennyi Khronos Group v ramkakh konferentsii GDC 2015[11][12].

Vulkan API iznachal'no byl izvesten kak <OpenGL>> ili prosto <>, no posle anonsa kompaniia otkazalas' ot etikh nazvanii v pol'zu nazvaniia Vulkan[13]. Kak i OpenGL, Vulkan pozvoliaet s vysokoi proizvoditel'nost'iu otobrazhat' v real'nom vremeni razlichnye prilozheniia s 3D-grafikoi, takie kak igry ili interaktivnye knigi na vsekh platformakh, a takzhe obespechivaet bolee vysokuiu proizvoditel'nost' i men'shuiu nagruzku na protsessor, analogichno Direct3D 12, Metal[angl.] i Mantle. Vulkan osnovan na tekhnologiiakh AMD v Mantle[14][15][16][17][18].

Obzor

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Tsel'iu Vulkan bylo prevzoiti drugie API, vkliuchaia ego predshestvennika OpenGL, v chasti snizheniia nakladnykh raskhodov, povysheniia stepeni priamogo kontrolia nad GPU i umen'sheniia nagruzki na CPU. Vulkan imeet predpolagaemye preimushchestva:

  • OpenGL ispol'zuet iazyk vysokogo urovnia dlia napisaniia sheiderov GLSL. Eto vynuzhdaet kazhdogo proizvoditelia OpenGL-draivera realizovyvat' svoi sobstvennyi kompiliator dlia GLSL, kotoryi rabotaet vo vremia vypolneniia graficheskogo prilozheniia, kompiliruia sheidernye programmy v ispolniaemyi kod tselevoi platformy. Vulkan vmesto etogo predlagaet promezhutochnyi dvoichnyi format SPIR-V, analogichnyi dvoichnomu formatu, v kotoryi kompiliruiutsia HLSL-sheidery na platforme Direct3D. Eto ustraniaet nagruzku s postavshchikov draiverov, pozvoliaia kompilirovat' sheidery na etape razrabotki. Takzhe pozvoliaet razrabotchikam prilozhenii pisat' sheidery na drugikh iazykakh, krome GLSL.
  • Krossplatformennyi API podderzhivaetsia na mobil'nykh ustroistvakh i vysokoproizvoditel'nykh videokartakh.
  • Uluchshennaia podderzhka sovremennykh sistem, ispol'zuiushchikh mnogopotochnost'.
  • Snizhenie nagruzki na tsentral'nyi protsessor v situatsiiakh, kogda on iavliaetsia nedostatochno proizvoditel'nym, chto pozvoliaet dostich' bolee vysokoi propusknoi sposobnosti dlia GPU-vychislenii i vizualizatsii.
  • Ser'ioznym preimushchestvom Vulkan pered Direct3D 12 kogda-to byla vozmozhnost' zapuskat' sovremennye 3D-igry ne tol'ko v srede Windows 10, no i na komp'iuterakh pod upravleniem OS Windows 7 i Windows 8.1[19][20].

Dlia uproshcheniia razrabotki prilozhenii na Vulkan v 2018 godu AMD vypustila vspomogatel'nuiu obolochku V-EZ, kotoraia beriot na sebia mnogie vspomogatel'nye funktsii pri razrabotke, tak chto razrabotchiku neobiazatel'no srazu razbirat'sia so vsemi tonkostiami raboty Vulkan API[21][22].

Istoriia

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Letom 2014 goda Khronos Group nachala proekt po sozdaniiu sleduiushchego pokoleniia graficheskogo API. V 2014 godu na SIGGRAPH proekt byl publichno anonsirovan s prizyvom k uchastiiu.

Soglasno vedomstvu SShA po patentam i tovarnym znakam, firmennyi znak <> byl zaregistrirovan 19 fevralia 2015 goda[23].

Vulkan byl ofitsial'no nazvan i anonsirovan na Game Developers Conference 2015, khotia domysly i slukhi vokrug novogo API sushchestvovali zaranee. Odin iz variantov nazvanii byl <>[24].

3 marta 2015 goda Valve anonsirovala Source 2, igrovoi dvizhok s podderzhkoi graficheskogo API Vulkan[25][26].

V nachale 2015 goda LunarG (finansiruetsia Valve) razrabotan i predstavlen draiver Linux dlia Intel, kotoryi pozvolil Vulkan imet' sovmestimost' s integrirovannoi graficheskoi sistemoi HD 4000 serii, kotoraia, nesmotria na otkrytyi draiver Mesa, ne polnost'iu sovmestima s OpenGL 4.0[27][28]. Sushchestvuet eshchio vozmozhnost'[29] podderzhki Ivy Bridge, tak kak on podderzhivaet Direct3D 11.

10 avgusta 2015 goda Google ob'iavila o budushchei versii Android s podderzhkoi Vulkan[30].

18 dekabria 2015 goda Khronos Group ob'iavila o tom, chto spetsifikatsiia versii Vulkan 1.0 prakticheski zavershena i budet vypushchena, kogda budut dostupny sovmestimye draivery.

16 fevralia 2016 goda vypushchena publichnaia spetsifikatsiia versii Vulkan 1.0[31] i eksperimental'nye draivery dlia videokart AMD i Nvidia.

26 fevralia 2018 goda Khronos v ramkakh spetsifikatsii The Vulkan(r) Portability Initiative vypustili obshchedostupnuiu versiiu Vulkan 1.0 SDK dlia raboty na platformakh macOS i iOS[32].

7 marta 2018 goda vypushchena publichnaia spetsifikatsiia versii Vulkan 1.1[33].

15 ianvaria 2020 goda vypushchena publichnaia spetsifikatsiia versii Vulkan 1.2[34].

15 ianvaria 2020 goda Khronos Group ob'iavila chto HLSL-kompiliator ot Microsoft teper' podderzhivaet transliatsiiu v SPIR-V. Teper' HLSL nariadu s GLSL ofitsial'no iavliaetsia iazykom programmirovaniia sheiderov dlia Vulkan[35].

17 marta 2020 goda byla dobavlena podderzhka trassirovki luchei[36].

22 ianvaria 2022 goda vypushchena publichnaia spetsifikatsiia versii Vulkan 1.3[37].

1 sentiabria 2022 vypushcheno rasshirenie VK_EXT_mesh_shader[38] dlia podderzhki mesh sheiderov[39].

Ispol'zovanie Vulkan

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Igry

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  • The Talos Principle -- pervaia igra ot khorvatskoi kompanii Croteam, ispol'zuiushchaia dannuiu tekhnologiiu na praktike[40].
  • Dota 2 -- 23 marta 2016 goda byla dobavlena eksperimental'naia podderzhka Vulkan i popala v reliz v mae 2016[41].
  • Doom -- 11 iiulia 2016 goda Id Software vypustili patch dlia igry Doom (2016), v kotorom otrisovka grafiki i raschiot fizicheskikh vzaimodeistvii byli peredelany s OpenGL na Vulkan[42][43][44].
  • Doom Eternal -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan.
  • Rage 2 -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan.
  • vkQuake -- port igry Quake na Vulkan vypushchen v iiule 2016[45][46].
    • Ofitsial'noe pereizdanie Quake, vyshedshee 19 avgusta 2021 goda, ispol'zuet Vulkan po umolchaniiu.
  • Need for Speed: No Limits, Vainglory i Heroes of Incredible Tales -- v iiune 2016 goda Samsung ob'iavila o podderzhke portirovaniia igr s OpenGL ES na Vulkan dlia smartfona Samsung Galaxy S7[47].
  • Mad Max (igra, 2015) -- 30 marta 2017 goda v beta-test vyshla versiia igry dlia Linux, ispol'zuiushchaia Vulkan.
  • Olympus Rising -- Podderzhka dobavlena 20 avgusta 2016.
  • Rust -- Podderzhka dobavlena 13 ianvaria 2017.
  • Destinations -- Podderzhka dobavlena 22 fevralia 2017.
  • Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus -- Podderzhka dobavlena 27 oktiabria 2017[48].
  • Escape from Tarkov -- ob'iavleno dobavlenie podderzhki v budushchem[49].
  • X4 Foundations -- ob'iavlena podderzhka Vulkan[50].
  • Star Citizen -- ob'iavlena podderzhka Vulkan[51].
  • No Man's Sky -- podderzhka dobavlena v patche 1.77.
  • World War Z -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan.
  • Red Dead Redemption 2 -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan. Igra podderzhivaet dva API -- Vulkan i DirectX 12, no soglasno otzyvam igrokov i obzoram, proizvoditel'nost' pri ispol'zovanii Vulkan vyshe[52].
  • Detroit: Become Human -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan.
  • Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege i Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint -- 28 ianvaria 2020 goda byla dobavlena eksperimental'naia podderzhka API Vulkan.
  • X-Plane 11 -- 3 aprelia 2020 goda, studiia-razrabotchik igry-aviasimuliatora vypustila obnovlenie 11.50, kotoroe vkliuchaet v sebia API Vulkan.
  • Path of Exile -- 28 maia 2020 goda bylo vypushcheno obnovlenie 3.10.2 s podderzhkoi beta-versii otrisovshchika na baze Vulkan[53].
  • Baldur's Gate III -- iznachal'no ispol'zuet API Vulkan. Igra podderzhivaet dva API -- Vulkan i DirectX 11.
  • War Thunder -- podderzhka Vulkan byla dopolnitel'noi k OpenGL, v nastoiashchee vremia Vulkan po umolchaniiu ispol'zuetsia kak minimum v versii klienta dlia Linux.
  • PUBG: New State -- mobil'naia igra s podderzhkoi graficheskogo interfeisa Vulkan i OpenGL ES pri vykhode (04.11.2021).
  • Counter-Strike 2 -- podderzhka byla dobavlena v den' vykhoda igry v beta-test po priglasheniiam. Igra podderzhivaet dva API -- Vulkan i DirectX 11. Po umolchaniiu ispol'zuet DirectX11, a perekliuchit' API Vulkan mozhno tol'ko propisav <<-vulkan>> v parametrakh zapuska igry. V nastoiashchee vremia API Vulkan po umolchaniiu podderzhivaetsia tol'ko dlia Steam Deck.
  • Brawl Stars -- mobil'naia krossplatformennaia igra. Podderzhka byla dobavlena 16 Dekabria 2021 goda. Ranee igra podderzhivala OpenGL.
  • Team Fortress 2 -- 20 aprelia 2024 goda byla dobavlena 64-bitnaia versiia igry, a takzhe podderzhka Vulkan[54].

Igrovye dvizhki

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  • Source 2 -- V marte 2015, Valve Corporation anonsirovala Source 2, kotoryi poluchil podderzhku Vulkan.
  • Serious Engine 4 -- V fevrale 2016, Croteam ob'iavila o podderzhke Vulkan v Serious Engine.
  • Unreal Engine 4 -- V fevrale 2016, Epic Games anonsirovala Unreal Engine 4 s podderzhkoi Vulkan.
  • Unreal Engine 5 -- Poskol'ku dvizhok -- prodolzhenie Unreal Engine 4, v niom uzhe byl Vulkan iznachal'no.
  • Torque 3D[angl.] -- V aprele 2016, razrabotchiki ob'iavili chto dobavili podderzhku Vulkan.
  • Quake Engine -- V iiune 2016 byla dobavlena podderzhka Vulkan.
  • id Tech 3 -- V mae 2017 byla dobavlena podderzhka Vulkan.
  • id Tech 4 -- V avguste 2017 byla dobavlena podderzhka Vulkan.
  • id Tech 6 -- V mae 2016 id Software ob'iavili chto Doom na dvizhke id Tech 6 budet podderzhivat' Vulkan.
  • id Tech 7 -- V iiune 2018 id Software anonsirovali dvizhok id Tech 7 kotoryi rabotaet iskliuchitel'no na Vulkan.
  • Xenko -- V iiule 2016, byla dobavlena podderzhka Vulkan.
  • Unity -- Podderzhka Vulkan poiavilas' v versii 5.6.
  • CryEngine -- Podderzhka Vulkan poiavilas' v versii 5.4.
  • Intrinsic -- besplatnyi kross-platformennyi igrovoi dvizhok s otkrytym iskhodnym kodom, kotoryi podderzhivaet Vulkan.
  • Unigine -- V aprele 2017, Unigine Corp anonsirovala podderzhku Vulkan dlia svoego dvizhka Unigine.
  • Abyss Engine -- V mae 2017, Deep Silver vypustila Galaxy on Fire 3 Manticore na Android s podderzhkoi Vulkan.
  • Banshee 3D -- besplatnyi kross-platformennyi igrovoi dvizhok s otkrytym iskhodnym kodom, kotoryi podderzhivaet Vulkan.
  • Godot Engine -- Byla dobavlena podderzhka v versii 4.0[55].
  • Turbo Engine (Leadwerks 5.0) -- platnyi dvizhok, ot Leadwerks Technologies.

Biblioteki-obiortki

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  • Anvil -- sokrashchaet vremia na napisanie rabochego prilozheniia Vulkan s nulia. Chast' proekta GPUOpen[angl.][56].
  • GLOVE -- <>, deistvuet kak promezhutochnyi sloi mezhdu OpenGL ES i Vulkan[57].
  • MoltenVK -- pozvoliaet prilozheniiam Vulkan rabotat' poverkh Metal[angl.] v operatsionnykh sistemakh macOS i iOS ot Apple[58].
  • V-EZ -- <> dlia Vulkan, prednaznachen dlia uproshcheniia slozhnosti ispol'zovaniia Vulkan. Chast' proekta GPUOpen[59].
  • Vulkan-Hpp -- obiortka dlia iazyka programmirovaniia C++[60].
  • Vulkano -- obiortka dlia iazyka programmirovaniia Rust[61].
  • PasVulkan -- obiortka dlia iazyka programmirovaniia Object Pascal[62].
  • NVK -- Vulkan API dlia Node.js, pozvoliaet pisat' prilozheniia na iazykakh programmirovaniia JavaScript i TypeScript[63].
  • DXVK -- obiortka dlia ispol'zovaniia DirectX 8-11 igr i prilozhenii pod Vulkan bez neobkhodimosti ikh perepisyvat'
  • nGlide -- obiortka dlia ispol'zovaniia Glide igr i prilozhenii pod Vulkan bez neobkhodimosti ikh perepisyvat'.
  • D9VK -- obiortka dlia ispol'zovaniia DirectX 9 igr i prilozhenii pod Vulkan bez neobkhodimosti ikh perepisyvat'. Iavliaetsia chast'iu DXVK s versii 1.5 ot 16 dekabria 2019.
  • D8VK -- obiortka dlia ispol'zovaniia DirectX 8 igr i prilozhenii pod Vulkan bez neobkhodimosti ikh perepisyvat'. Iavliaetsia chast'iu DXVK s versii 2.4 ot 10 iiulia 2024.

Sovmestimost'

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Nachal'naia spetsifikatsiia utverzhdaet, chto Vulkan budet rabotat' na oborudovanii, kotoroe v nastoiashchee vremia podderzhivaet OpenGL ES 3.1 ili OpenGL 4.x i vyshe[64]. V kachestve podderzhki Vulkan potrebuet novykh graficheskikh draiverov, no eto ne obiazatel'no oznachaet, chto vse sushchestvuiushchie ustroistva, kotorye podderzhivaiut OpenGL ES 3.1 ili OpenGL 4.x budut imet' dostupnye draivery s podderzhkoi Vulkan.

Sm. takzhe

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Ssylki

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Primechaniia

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  1. | Vulkan on FreeBSD . Vulkan GPU info (1 iiunia 2021). Data obrashcheniia: 22 maia 2022. Arkhivirovano 14 marta 2022 goda.
  2. | Vulkan on QNX . www.khronos.org (14 iiulia 2021). Data obrashcheniia: 14 iiulia 2021. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2021 goda.
  3. | Nintendo Switch Listed as Vulkan and OpenGL Conformant - My Nintendo News . My Nintendo News. Excite Global Media (19 dekabria 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 14 iiulia 2021. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2021 goda.
  4. | Palumbo, Alessio. Nintendo Switch Officially Supports Vulkan, OpenGL 4.5 & OpenGL ES . WCCF Tech (19 dekabria 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 14 iiulia 2021. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2021 goda.
  5. | Conformant Products . khronos.org. The Khronos Group (28 aprelia 2018). Data obrashcheniia: 28 fevralia 2018. Arkhivirovano 28 ianvaria 2017 goda.
  6. | Vulkan on Raspberry Pi . www.raspberrypi.org (14 iiulia 2021). Data obrashcheniia: 14 iiulia 2021. Arkhivirovano 20 iiulia 2021 goda.
  7. | Vulkan now official, with 1.0 API release and AMD driver [Updated] . Ars Technica. Conde Nast (16 fevralia 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 18 fevralia 2016. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2021 goda.
  8. | Valich, Theo. Mantle Cycle is Complete as Khronos Releases Vulkan 1.0 . VR World (17 fevralia 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 19 fevralia 2016. Arkhivirovano 11 maia 2022 goda.
  9. | GitHub - KhronosGroup/MoltenVK: MoltenVK is an implementation of the high-performance, industry-standard Vulkan graphics and compute API, that runs on Apple's Metal graphics framework, bringing Vulkan to iOS and macOS. Data obrashcheniia: 12 sentiabria 2019. Arkhivirovano 19 iiulia 2021 goda.
  10. | VxWorks offers support for many standard graphic libraries, such as ..., and Vulkan . WinDriver. Data obrashcheniia: 8 noiabria 2021. Arkhivirovano 8 noiabria 2021 goda.
  11. | Vulkan : Graphics and compute Belong Together (PDF). Khronos.org (mart 2015). Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 18 dekabria 2016 goda.
  12. | Vulkan - Graphics and compute belong together . Khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 9 maia 2021 goda.
  13. | glNext revealed as Vulkan graphics API . Data obrashcheniia: 27 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 14 oktiabria 2016 goda.
  14. | Mantle is a Vulkan: AMD's dead graphics API rises from the ashes in OpenGL's successor | PCWorld . Data obrashcheniia: 27 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 7 noiabria 2016 goda.
  15. | AMD Gaming: One of Mantle's Futures: Vulkan | AMD Blogs . Community.amd.com. Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano iz originala 6 marta 2015 goda.
  16. | Not dead yet: AMD's Mantle powers new Vulkan API, VR efforts . ExtremeTech. Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 22 aprelia 2016 goda.
  17. | AMD's Mantle Lives On In Vulkan - Lays The Foundation For The Next OpenGL . Wccftech.com (20 iiunia 2014). Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 19 avgusta 2020 goda.
  18. | Kirsch, Nathan. Is AMD Mantle Dead As We Have Known It? Vulkan API Uses Mantle Technology for OpenGL . Legit Reviews. Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2015. Arkhivirovano 26 iiunia 2015 goda.
  19. | Programmnyi interfeis Vulkan(tm) | AMD . Data obrashcheniia: 24 noiabria 2019. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2019 goda.
  20. | Vulkan API ofitsial'no podderzhivaet multi-GPU na Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 i Linux (rus.). PlayGround.ru. Data obrashcheniia: 24 noiabria 2019.
  21. | AMD otkryla iskhodnyi kod V-EZ, obolochki krossplatformennogo nizkourovnevogo Vulkan API . Data obrashcheniia: 28 avgusta 2018. Arkhivirovano 28 avgusta 2018 goda.
  22. | GitHub - GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/V-EZ . Data obrashcheniia: 28 avgusta 2018. Arkhivirovano 29 avgusta 2018 goda.
  23. | Trademark Status & Document Retrieval . tsdr.uspto.gov. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 11 maia 2013 goda.
  24. | glNext revealed as Vulkan graphics API . www.develop-online.net. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 14 oktiabria 2016 goda.
  25. | Valve announces Source 2 engine, free for developers . Polygon. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 5 marta 2015 goda.
  26. | GDC 2015: Valve Announces Source 2 Engine - IGN . IGN. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 4 marta 2015 goda.
  27. | Valve Developed An Intel Linux Vulkan GPU Driver - Phoronix . www.phoronix.com. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 24 sentiabria 2015 goda.
  28. | Learning More About The Intel Vulkan Driver, Linux Vulkan Plans - Phoronix . www.phoronix.com. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 24 sentiabria 2015 goda.
  29. | Evan Odabashian on Twitter . Twitter. Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 19 avgusta 2020 goda.
  30. | Reto Meier. Low-overhead rendering with Vulkan | Android Developers Blog . Low-overhead rendering with Vulkan | Android Developers Blog (10 avgusta 2015). Data obrashcheniia: 9 noiabria 2015. Arkhivirovano 8 marta 2016 goda.
  31. | Khronos Vulkan Registry . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 9 marta 2018. Arkhivirovano 10 marta 2018 goda.
  32. | Vulkan Applications Enabled on Apple Platforms . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 28 fevralia 2018. Arkhivirovano 28 fevralia 2018 goda.
  33. | Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.1 . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 9 marta 2018. Arkhivirovano 14 aprelia 2022 goda.
  34. | Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.2 . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 15 ianvaria 2020. Arkhivirovano 11 maia 2022 goda.
  35. | HLSL as a First Class Vulkan Shading Language . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 15 ianvaria 2020. Arkhivirovano 15 ianvaria 2020 goda.
  36. | Khronos Group Releases Vulkan Ray Tracing . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 17 marta 2020. Arkhivirovano 17 marta 2020 goda.
  37. | Khronos Strengthens Vulkan Ecosystem with Release of Vulkan 1.3, Public Roadmap and Profiles . www.khronos.org. Data obrashcheniia: 25 ianvaria 2022. Arkhivirovano 25 ianvaria 2022 goda.
  38. | VK_EXT_mesh_shader . Data obrashcheniia: 8 sentiabria 2022. Arkhivirovano 8 sentiabria 2022 goda.
  39. | Mesh Shading for Vulkan . Data obrashcheniia: 8 sentiabria 2022. Arkhivirovano 8 sentiabria 2022 goda.
  40. | Williams, Daniel; Smith, Ryan (17 fevralia 2016). Quick Look: Vulkan Performance on The Talos Principle. Anandtech. Arkhivirovano 15 maia 2022. Data obrashcheniia: 19 fevralia 2016.
  41. | Dota 2 Update - May 23rd 2016 . store.steampowered.com. Valve. Data obrashcheniia: 24 maia 2016. Arkhivirovano 8 noiabria 2020 goda.
  42. | Vulkan Support Now Live - FAQ (angl.). 11 iiulia 2016. Arkhivirovano 17 iiunia 2017. Data obrashcheniia: 1 aprelia 2017.
  43. | DOOM stala pervoi igroi-blokbasterom s podderzhkoi Vulkan API. OSZone. 11 iiulia 2016. Arkhivirovano 14 iiulia 2016. Data obrashcheniia: 11 iiulia 2016.
  44. | DOOM - Vulkan Support Now Live . bethesda.net. Data obrashcheniia: 11 iiulia 2016. Arkhivirovano 6 avgusta 2019 goda.
  45. | Papadopoulos, John. Here is your first look at the first Quake being recreated in Unreal Engine 4 (fan project) . Dark Side of Gaming (21 iiulia 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 26 avgusta 2016. Arkhivirovano 12 aprelia 2022 goda.
  46. | Larabel, Michael. Quake 1 Ported To Run On Vulkan . Phoronix. Phoronix Media (25 iiulia 2016). Data obrashcheniia: 26 avgusta 2016. Arkhivirovano 11 maia 2022 goda.
  47. | See How Vulkan API and Galaxy S7 Create More Immersive Gaming Experiences (angl.). 2016-06-28. Arkhivirovano 24 fevralia 2017. Data obrashcheniia: 1 aprelia 2017.
  48. | Tvit Tiago Sousa 12.06.2017 . Data obrashcheniia: 19 iiunia 2017. Arkhivirovano 30 maia 2019 goda.
  49. | Forum: Vulkan API Support? Data obrashcheniia: 19 iiunia 2017. Arkhivirovano 22 iiulia 2017 goda.
  50. | X4 Foundations: neue 3D-Engine auf Basis von Vulkan wegen VR. PC Games Hardware (nem.). Arkhivirovano 14 noiabria 2017. Data obrashcheniia: 14 noiabria 2017.
  51. | forums.robertsspaceindustries.com . Arkhivirovano iz originala 1 maia 2017 goda.
  52. | Red Dead Redemption 2. Sravnitel'noe testirovanie videokart (rus.). Overclockers.ua. Data obrashcheniia: 24 noiabria 2019. Arkhivirovano 19 dekabria 2019 goda.
  53. | Obnovlenie 3.10.2 s beta-versiei otrisovshchika na baze Vulkan. Path of Exile. 28 maia 2020. Data obrashcheniia: 28 maia 2020.
  54. | Team Fortress 2 -- Team Fortress 2 Update Released -- Novosti Steam (rus.). store.steampowered.com (18 aprelia 2024). Data obrashcheniia: 21 aprelia 2024. Arkhivirovano 21 aprelia 2024 goda.
  55. | Godot Engine. Godot Engine - Godot 3.1 is out, improving usability and features . godotengine.org. Data obrashcheniia: 17 marta 2019. Arkhivirovano 18 marta 2019 goda.
  56. | Proekt Anvil na saite GitHub
  57. | Proekt GLOVE na saite GitHub
  58. | Proekt MoltenVK na saite GitHub
  59. | Proekt V-EZ na saite GitHub
  60. | KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Hpp. -- 2020-12-07. Arkhivirovano 15 dekabria 2020 goda.
  61. | Proekt Vulkano na saite GitHub
  62. | Proekt PasVulkan na saite GitHub
  63. | Proekt NVK na saite GitHub
  64. | Vulkan Overview . The Khronos Group. Data obrashcheniia: 5 iiulia 2016. Arkhivirovano 8 dekabria 2015 goda.

Literatura

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Istochnik -- https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulkan&oldid=150559824