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Help:IPA/Central Italian

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For the help page regarding IPA for Standard Italian, see Help:IPA/Italian.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Central Italian on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Central Italian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and < > , see IPA SS Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Central Italian

The charts below show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations of Central and Tuscan Italian pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation SS Entering IPA characters.

Standard Italian phonemes, in bold, are followed by their most common phonetic values and their respective occurrence among dialects. Unless otherwise noted, unmentioned dialectal realizations are the same as for Standard Italian (e.g. Tuscan andando is [an'dando], not [an'nanno], and is therefore not listed below). Examples in the chart are spelled in Standard Italian.

The phonological processes described in the notes are normally valid at word boundaries as well.

Consonants[1] and semiconsonants
Phoneme Phones Examples Occurrence English approximation
b b orbo, base, sembrare all dialects base
liberta, una bibita Tuscany and easternmost Umbria
b: most non-Tuscan dialects[2] rib bone
m gamba, cambio Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] mate
d d addentare, perdere all dialects date
l scaldare parts of Marche late
n andando, sindaco Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] nose
dz[4] dz gazza, manzo all dialects[5] lads
dZ dZ Sergio, un giro all dialects jade
d:Z logica, la gente most non-Tuscan dialects[2] mad joker
Z Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[6] leisure
f f figli, effetto, confondere all dialects fade
g g magro, agghindare all dialects game
j j maiali, chiave all dialects Yale
k g ancora, in chiesa Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] game
k palchi, accanto all dialects scale
k amico, la cura southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] this game
h most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] hay
l l ala, bellezza all dialects lane
r
r 		soldi, molto Lazio, parts of Marche and southern Umbria carro or caro in Spanish
y[4] j maglio, tigli Lazio vermilion or vermilion
y other dialects
m m temperamento, ammirare all dialects main
n n annona, lancio all dialects[9] nine
n con gnomi canyon
ng ingordo, ovunque ring
m inverno, canfora comfit
m buon pasto, in modo tale main
n[4] n bagno, spegnere all dialects canyon
p b tempo, in piazza Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] base
p pattini, arpa all dialects space
p dopo, i pini southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] this base
F most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] between fay and pay
r r
r 		cortometraggio, arrivo all dialects[10] carro or caro in Spanish
s s sospiro, anglosassone all dialects[11] same
ts insieme, perso rats
S sospiro, anglosassone southern areas of Umbria and Marche shade
S[4] conscia, cuscino all dialects
t d tarantola, in Toscana Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] date
t costoletta, a Taranto all dialects state
t ditata, la tavola southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] this date
th most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] thane
ts[4] ts pazza, danzo, Lazio all dialects[5] rats
tS dZ conceria Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] jade
tS ciao, nel cielo all dialects[4][6] chap
S cacio, ora di cena shade
v v cavallo, avremo all dialects vane
w w squallido, guardare all dialects waste
z z risma, bismuto all dialects laze
rosa, visivo Tuscany and easternmost Umbria
s most non-Tuscan dialects same
Stressed vowels and diphthongs[12]
Phoneme Phones Occurrence English approximation
a a all dialects between fat and father[13]
e e all dialects fader
e non-Tuscan dialects[14] feather
e all dialects
e non-Tuscan dialects[14] fader
je[15] je certain non-Tuscan dialects yet
je other dialects
i i all dialects eat
o o all dialects story
o non-Tuscan dialects[14] off
o all dialects
o non-Tuscan dialects[14] story
wo[15] o all dialects off
u u all dialects cool
Unstressed vowels
Phoneme Phones Occurrence English approximation
a a all dialects between fat and father[13]
e e all dialects fader
i certain non-Tuscan dialects[16] eat
i all dialects
e certain non-Tuscan dialects[16] fader
o o all dialects story
u Sabina, southern areas of Umbria and Marche[17] cool
u all dialects
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
' primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable)
, secondary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable)
. syllable separation indicator
: long vowel or geminated consonant indicator

Notes

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  1. ^ Consonant length is phonemic, with dialects featuring syntactic gemination as well, though sometimes with a different occurrence from the standard outside Tuscany.
  2. ^ a b After a vowel, /b/ and /dZ/ are always geminated in all Central dialects.
  3. ^ a b In these dialects, (semi)vowel-preceding /mb/ and /nd/ undergo total progressive assimilation to [m:] and [n:], respectively.
  4. ^ a b c d e f As it is the standard, /dz/, /ts/, /y/, /n/ and /S/ are always geminated after a vowel; this means in such instances /S/ and single /tS/ (realized as [S]) are only distinguished by their length (e.g. pesce ['peS:e] vs pece ['pe:Se]).
  5. ^ a b Though this is generally true for most words, /dz/ and /ts/ may not have the exact same distribution everywhere.
  6. ^ a b If preceded by a vowel, single /tS/ and (in Tuscany) /dZ/ generally deaffricate.
  7. ^ a b c d In those places nasals trigger the voicing of certain following consonants.
  8. ^ a b c d e f In such areas, single /k/, /p/, /t/ lenite after a vowel, in Tuscany (in which such consonants, if geminated instead, might be slightly aspirated [kh], [ph], [th]) following a phenomenon known as Tuscan gorgia.
  9. ^ As in Standard Italian, assimilation to the following consonant always occurs for nasals.
  10. ^ In a few South Central dialects, chiefly Romanesco, geminated /r:/ is always a single flap [r]: e.g. guera ['gwe:ra] instead of guerra.
  11. ^ /s/ becomes an affricate in post-consonantal position, except after another /s/.
  12. ^ Stressed vowels tend to be realized as longer in a non-final open syllable.
  13. ^ a b Closer to fat in most British and Irish accents; closer to father in most North American, Australian and New Zealand accents
  14. ^ a b c d Some non-Tuscan dialects may differ from the standard in the distribution of stressed close- and open-mid vowels in certain restricted cases (e.g. Tuscan attentamente [a,t:enta'mente], sarebbe [sa'reb:e], sono ['so:no] vs Marchigiano attentamente [a,t:enda'mende], Romanesco sarebbe [sa'reb:e], sono ['so:no]).
  15. ^ a b We refer here to /je/ and /wo/ as resulting from diphthongization of Latin e and o, respectively (e.g. cuoco, from Latin coquus, or lieve, from levis); not to cases like sapiente, from Latin sapiens, or annacquo, third singular past historic of annacquare, whose pronunciation is the same as in Standard Italian for all dialects).
  16. ^ a b This change only occurs in a few monosyllables, e.g. Romanesco si te ce vedi [si t:e Se 've:di] vs Standard se ti ci vedi [se t:i tSi 've:di].
  17. ^ Occurs word-finally in a few words, e.g. Marchigiano rosciu ['roS:u] for Standard rosso ['ros:o].

See also

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Comparisons
Introductory guides