DRAM

zyKHrvn dynmy b`l gySHh AkrAyt (DRAM) hvA svg SHl zyKHrvn gySHh AkrAyt ndyp, hmAHsn KHl sybyt SHl myd` bkbl nprd btvKH m`gl mSHvlb. bgll tvp`t zrm hzlygh, hmT`n hSHmvr bkblym zvlg, vlKHn ySH lr`nn At mT`ny hkblym. p`vlt hr`nvn Hyybt lhtbTS` bAvpn mHzvry, vbprT Hyybt lhtbTS` lpny SHhmtH yvrd `d rmt hr`SH. hSHm "zyKHrvn dynmy" mrmz `l hTSvrKH bm`gl HSHmly HyTSvny hmbTS` At hry`nvn, vzAt bnygvd l-SRAM ("zyKHrvn sTTy") SHAynv dvrSH r`nvn mm`gl HyTSvny.

zyKHrvn dynmy mSHmSH KHzyKHrvn hrASHy (RAM) brvb hmHSHbym hAySHyym SHl ymynv, KHmv gm bkvnsvlvt hmSHHkym hbytyym, mHSHbym nyydym, mHSHby KHp yd vtHnvt `bvdh.

ytrvnv SHl h-DRAM hvA bmbnhv hpSHvT: KHl sybyt dvrSHt TrnzysTvr AHd vkbl AHd, bhSHvvAh lSHySHh TrnzysTvrym hndrSHym b-SRAM. mbnh zh mApSHr lyyTSr DRAM bTSpypvt gbvhh vmHyr nmvKH. bnygvd lzyKHrvn hbzk, zhv zyKHrvn ndyp, KHlvmr tvKHn hzyKHrvn lA nSHmr KHASHr Aspkt hmtH npskt. hmbnh hpSHvT yHsyt mApSHr TSpypvt (KHlvmr mspr sybyvt myd` lSHTH m`gl mSHvlb) gdvlh yvtr mKHl svg zyKHrvn AHr.

mKHvnt hpy`nvH "Akvvryvs" SHp`lh bblTS'ly pArk bmlHmt h`vlm hSHnyyh hSHtmSHh bsvg SHl zyKHrvn dynmy. myd` SHkvdd `l srT nyyr nkrA, vtvKHnv hvzn lm`rKH kblym. KHl kbl yKHvl hyh lhyvt T`vn Av prvk: kbl T`vn yyTSg '1', vkbl prvk yyTSg '0'. KHyvvn SHhmT`n `l hkblym zvlg, nbnth m`rKHt SHHydSHh At hmT`n `l hkblym hT`vnym bTSvrh mHzvryt.^[1]

b-1964 yTSr zvg `vbdym mHbrt IBM tA zyKHrvn b`zrt SHymvSH bTrnzysTvr vbdyvdh, SHhvHlpv lAHr mKHn bSHny TrnzysTvrym vSHny ngdym, `yTSvb SHzKHh lSHm mSHl `TSmv. bSHnt 1965, kbvTSh nvspt bHbrt IBM yTSrh SHbb zyKHrvn SHl 16 byT msylykvn hmbvss `l hmvdl hkvdm, vSHhvrKHb m-8 TrnzysTvrym, 64 ngdym vArb` dyvdvt. b-1966 hvmTSA DRAM bm`bdvt IBM vnrSHm KHpTnT `l ydy hmmTSyA.

Hbrvt hmHSHbym vhmvlyKHym lmHTSh hSHvnvt hmSHyKHv lptH zyKHrvn dynmy btyKHvnym SHvnym, vb-1970 Hbrt AynTl hvTSyAh lSHvk At hzyKHrvn hdynmy hmsHry hrASHvn, bSHm 1103. SHbb zh hKHyl 1024 sybyvt.

hpytvH hmSHm`vty hbA hyh SHl Hbrt Mostek, SHb-1973 yTSAh `m rKHyb SHl 4K sybyvt bSHm MK4096. hHydvSH hyh bTSvrt hmy`vn hmrvbbt, mh SHApSHr lhkTyn At mspr hpynym SHl hrKHyb, ytrvn SHhpKH mSHm`vty yvtr KHKHl SHTSpypvt hzyKHrvn gdlh. h-MK4096 htbrr KHtyKHvn yTSyb vmvTSlH, v`m hdgm hbA, MK4116 bkybvlt 16K sybyvt, hSHygh Mostek 75% mhSHvk. Avpn my`vn zh hvA hbsys lTSvrt hmy`vn SHl DRAM `d hyvm.

DRAM bdrKH KHll mAvrgn bm`rKH mrvb` SHl kbl AHd vTrnzysTvr AHd lKHl tA. tmvnvt hhdgmh mSHmAl mrAvt dvgmh pSHvTh SHl m`rKH SHl 4 `l 4 tAym (zyKHrvn DRAM mvdrny mvrKHb mAlpy tAym lAvrKH vlrvHb).

hkvvym hArvKHym hmHbrym KHl SHvrh nkrAym bSHm kvvy mylh (word line). KHl `mvdh mvrKHbt b`TSm mSHny kvvy byTym (bit lines), KHl AHd mHvbr lKHl tA AHsvn AHr b`mvdh (htmvnh Aynh mKHylh prT HSHvb zh). kvvym Alv ydv`ym bdrKH KHll KHkv byT + vkv byT -, KHASHr bynyhm mHvbr mhpKHym. zvhy dvgmh lmSHvb Hyvby, vlKHn sydvr zh yhyh yTSyb rk KHASHr AHd mkvy hbyT brmt mtH gbvh, vhSHny brmt mtH nmvKH.

`l mnt lkrvA byT m`mvdh, TSryKH lbTS` At hp`vlvt hbAvt:

1. hmgbr mKHvbh, vkvy hbyTym nT`nym T`ynh mkdmyt (precharge) lmtHym zhym ASHr hm bAmTS` byn rmt hmtH hgbvh lnmvKH. kvvy hbyT bnvyym bAvpn symTry `l mnt lSHmvr `lyhm mAvznym KHmh SHApSHr.
2. m`gl hT`ynh hmkdmyt mKHvbh. mKHyvvn SHkvy hbyT mAvd ArvKHym, hkybvl SHlhm yHzyk At hmtH hmkdmy lzmn kTSr mAvd. zvhy dvgmh llvgykh dynmyt.
3. hkv mylh hnbHr mv`lh lrmt mtH gbvhh. p`vlh zv mHbrt kbl AHsvn AHd lSHny kvvy hbyT. hmT`n mSHvtp byn tA hAHsvn lbyn kv hbyT hmtAym, vlKHn mSHnh bmkTSt At mtH hkv. `l Ap SHn`SHym mAmTSym rbym lSHmvr `l hkybvl SHl tAy hAHsvn gbvh vhkybvl SHl kvvy hbyT nmvKH, ydv` SHhkybvl prvpvrTSyvnly lgvdl hpysy, vAvrKHm SHl kvvy hbyT hvA mkvr ldAgh `bvr mtH kv hbyT.
4. hmgbr mvdlk. hmSHvb hHyvby lvkH pykvd vmgbyr At hprSH hmtH hkTn `d ASHr byT AHd brmh hnmvKHh, vhbyT hSHny brmh hgbvhh. bnkvdh zv, hSHvrh bmTSb ptvH vh`mvdh yKHvlh lhybHr.
5. kryAt myd` mzyKHrvn h-DRAM nlkHt mhmgbr, nbHrt `l ydy KHtvbt h`mvdh. kryAvt rbvt yKHvlvt lhtbTS` KHASHr hSHvrh ptvHh bTSvrh zv.
6. b`vd hkryAh mtbTS`t, zrm mmSHyKH lzrvm bkvy hbyT mhmgbrym ltAy hAHsvn. zrm zh mHdSH At hmT`n btA hAHsvn. bhtAm lAvrKHm SHl kvvy hbyT, p`vlh zv lvkHt zmn rb m`br lp`vlt hhgbrh vHvppt lp`vlh AHt Av yvtr SHl kryAt `mvdh.
7. KHASHr ngmrt hp`vlh SHl HydvSH hzrm bSHvrh, kv hmylh mKHvbh `l mnt lntk At kbly hAHsvn, hmgbr mKHvbh, vkvy hbyT nT`nym T`ynh mkdmyt SHvb.

`l mnt lKHtvb lzyKHrvn, hSHvrh KHtvbh vmgbr SHl h`mvdh hmbvkSHt mvKHrH bAvpn zmny lmTSb hrTSvy, KHKH SHyKHryH At kv hbyT lmTSb zh, ASHr Tv`n At kbl hAHsvn l`rKH hrTSvy. bSHl hmSHvb hHyvby, hmgbr yySHAr yTSyb bmTSb hrTSvy Ap lAHr hsrt hgvrm hmAlTS.

• RDRAM
• SDRAM