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Metabase sto periekhomeno

HTML

Apo te Bikipaideia, ten eleuthere egkuklopaideia
 Auto to lemma khreiazetai morphopoiese oste na antapokrinetai stis prodiagraphes morphopoieses tes Bikipaideias. Auto mporei na semainei te demiourgia esoterikon sundesmon, epikephalidon, paragraphon klp.
Gia peraitero boetheia, deite tis selides Pos na epexergasteite mia selida kai Bikipaideia:Odegos morphopoieses arthron.

E HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), sta ellenika glossa semanses uperkeimenou, einai e tupike glossa semanses gia istoselides pou ekhoun skhediastei gia emphanise se programma periegeses istou. Kathorizei to periekhomeno kai te dome tou periekhomenou Istou. Sukhna uposterizetai apo tekhnologies opos e Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) kai glosses desmes energeion opos e JavaScript.

E HTML graphetai upo morphe stoikheion ta opoia apotelountai apo etiketes (tags), oi opoies perikleiontai mesa se sumbola <> kai <> (gia paradeigma <html>), mesa sto periekhomeno tes istoselidas. Oi etiketes HTML sunethos leitourgoun ana zeuge (gia paradeigma <h1> kai </h1>), me ten prote na onomazetai etiketa enarxes kai te deutere etiketa lexes (e se alles periptoseis etiketa anoigmatos kai etiketa kleisimatos antistoikha). Anamesa stis etiketes, oi skhediastes istoselidon mporoun na topothetesoun keimeno, pinakes, eikones klp.

O skopos enos periegete istou (Web browser) einai na diabazei ta eggrapha HTML kai na ta sunthesei se selides pou mporei kaneis na diabasei e na akousei. O browser den emphanizei tis etiketes HTML, alla tis khresimopoiei gia na parousiasei to periekhomeno tes selidas.

Ta stoikheia tes HTML khresimopoiountai gia na ktisoun olous tou istotopous. E HTML epitrepei ten ensomatose eikonon kai allon antikeimenon mesa ste selida, kai mporei na khresimopoiethei gia na emphanisei diadrastikes phormes. Parekhei tis methodous demiourgias domemenon eggraphon (delade eggraphon pou apotelountai apo to periekhomeno pou metapheroun kai apo ton kodika morphopoieses tou periekhomenou) kathorizontas domika semantika stoikheia gia to keimeno, opos kephalides, paragraphous, listes, sundesmous, paratheseis kai alla. Mporoun epises na ensomatonontai senaria entolon se glosses opos e JavaScript, ta opoia epereazoun te sumperiphora ton istoselidon HTML kai apo statikes tis kanoun diadrastikes.

Oi Web browsers mporoun epises na anapherontai se stul morphopoieses CSS gia na orizoun ten emphanise kai te diataxe tou keimenou kai tou upoloipou ulikou. E Koinopraxia tou Pagkosmiou Istou, o opoios demiourgei kai sunterei ta protupa gia ten HTML kai ta CSS, entharrunei te khrese ton CSS anti diaphoron stoikheion tes HTML gia skopous parousiases tou periekhomenou.[1]

To istoriko logotupo, apo to W3C.
O Tim Mperners Li

To 1980, o phusikos Tim Mperners Li, o opoios ergazotan sto CERN, epinoese to ENQUIRE, ena sustema khreses kai diamoirasmou eggraphon gia tous ereunetes tou CERN, kai kataskeuase ena prototupo tou. Argotera, to 1989, proteine ena sustema basismeno sto diadiktuo, to opoio tha khresimopoiouse uperkeimeno.[2] Etsi, ephtiaxe ten prodiagraphe tes HTML kai egrapse ton browser kai to logismiko exuperetete sta tele tou 1990. Ton idio khrono, o Mperners Li kai o mekhanikos sustematon plerophorikes tou CERN Robert Cailliau sunergastekan se mia koine prospatheia eureses khrematodoteses, alla to ergo den uiothetetheke pote episema apo to CERN. Stis prosopikes tou semeioseis apo to 1990[3], o Mperners Li arithmei <>, opos ten genike parousiase plerophorion (p.kh. mia egkuklopaideia), stokheumene demosieuse (keimena boetheias, tekmerioses, ekpaideuses, klp) mekhri akoma kai gia katagraphe prosopikon semeioseon.[4]

Protes prodiagraphes

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E prote demosia diathesime perigraphe tes HTML etan ena eggrapho me to onoma Etiketes HTML, to opoio protoanaphertheke sto Diadiktuo apo ton Mperners Li sta tele tou 1991[5][6]. Periegraphe ta 20 stoikheia ta opoio apotelousan ton arkhiko kai skhetika aplo skhediasmo tes HTML. Ektos apo ten etiketa upersundesmou, oi upoloipes etan entona epereasmenes apo ten SGMLguid, mia morphe demiourgias tekmerioses, phtiagmene sto CERN kai basismene sten SGML. Dekatria apo ekeina ta arkhika stoikheia uparkhoun akoma semera sten HTML 4.[7]

To idio to protupo SGML anaparagei merikes apo tis tekhnikes ton tupographon, alla ektos apo aple mimese tes tupographias prosthetei genikeumene semanse basismene se stoikheia, ta opoia mporoun na empholeuontai to ena mesa sto allo kai na pheroun idiotetes. Akoma, to SGML diakhorizei te dome apo to periekhomeno, kateuthunse pros ten opoia argotera kinetheke kai e HTML, me ta CSS. Polla apo ta stoikheia keimenou proerkhontai apo ten tekhnike anaphora ISO TR 9537, Techniques for using SGML (tekhnikes khreses tes SGML), e opoia me te seira tes kaluptei ta kharakteristika ton proimon glosson morphopoieses keimenou pou khresimopoiountan apo ta TYPSET kai RUNOFF, kai eikhan anaptukhthei stis arkhes tes dekaetias tou 1960 gia to leitourgiko sustema CTSS.

O Mperners Li theorese ten HTML os mia ulopoiese tou SGML. Auto oristeke kai episema apo to Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) me te demosieuse tes protes protases gia mia prodiagraphe tes HTML, sta mesa tou 1993[8], e opoia perilambane kai enan Orismo tupou eggraphou (DTD, Document Type Definition) tes SGML, o opoios orize ten grammatike[9]. Auto to prokheiro elexe meta ten parodo exi menon, alla periekhei kati axiosemeioto: ten anagnorise tes etiketas tou NCSA Mosaic gia ten ensomatose eikonon mesa sto keimeno, e opoia antikatoptrizei ten philosophia tou IETF gia ensomatose epitukhemenon prototupon mesa sta protupa.[10] Kati paromoio perieikhe kai to antagonistiko prokheiro tou Dave Raggett, <>, apo ta tele tou, to opoio proteine ten protupopoiese merikon ede ulopoiemenon dunatoteton, opos oi pinakes kai oi phormes[11].

Meta ten lexe ton prokheiron HTML kai HTML+, stis arkhes tou 1994, to IETF demiourgese ten Omada Ergasias gia ten HTML, e opoia to 1995 oloklerose ten <>, me ten prothese na apotelesei ten prote prodiagraphe pano sten opoia tha basizontan oi mellontikes ulopoieseis.[10] E HTML 2.0 demosieuteke os RFC 1866[12], kai perieikhe idees apo ta prokheira HTML kai HTML+.[13] E arithmese 2.0 skopeue apla na xekhorisei ten nea ekdose apo ta prokheira pou proegethekan.[14]

E peraitero anaptuxe kato apo ten epiblepse tou IETF kathusterese logo sugkrouses apopseon. Apo to 1996 kai meta, oi prodiagraphes tes HTML terountai, mazi me ten sumphone gnome ton demiourgon tou logismikou, apo to World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[15] Ostoso, to 2000 e HTML egine epises pagkosmio protupo (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). E teleutaia prodiagraphe tes HTML, e HTML 4.01 demosieuteke apo to W3C to 1999, kai to 2001 demosieutekan epises kai ta lathe kai oi paraleipseis tes (errata).

Istoriko ekdoseon tou protupou

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Khroniko ekdoseon HTML:

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Noembrios 1995
E HTML 2.0 demosieuteke os IETF RFC 1866.[12] Epipleon sumpleromatika RFC prosthesan dunatotetes:
Ton Iounio tou 2000, ola ta anotero kharakteristekan os xeperasmena e istorika, apo to RFC 2854.
Ianouarios 1997
E HTML 3.2[16] demosieuteke os Sustase apo to W3C. Etan e prote ekdose pou anaptukhtheke kai protupopoietheke apokleistika apo to W3C, mia pou to IETF ekleise ten Omada Ergasias gia ten HTML ton Septembrio tou 1996.[17]
Sten HTML 3.2 aphairethekan entelos oi mathematikoi tupoi kai oi uperkalupseis pou proerkhontan apo epektaseis tou protupou apo tritous phoreis. Uiothetethekan oi perissoteres apo tis etiketes optikes diamorphoses tou Netscape alla paraleiphthekan oi etiketes blink tou Netscape kai marquee tes Microsoft, meta apo koine sunainese kai ton duo etaireion.[15] Gia na sumplerothei to keno apo ten aphairese tes dunatotetas anaparastases mathematikon tupon, protupopoietheke to MathML 14 menes argotera.
Dekembrios 1997
Demosieuteke e HTML 4.0[18] apo to W3C, os Sustese. Pareikhe treis ekdokhes:
  • ten Strict, sten opoia apagoreuetai e khrese xeperasmenon stoikheion,
  • ten Transitional, sten opoia epitrepontai ta xeperasmena stoikheia,
  • ten Frameset, sten opoia epitrepontai mono stoikheia frame.
Arkhika e ekdose eikhe to kodiko onoma <[19] E HTML 4.0 uiothetese polla stoikheia kai idiotetes pou proegoumenos khresimopoiountan mono apo sugkekrimenous browser, alla tautokhrona proseblepe sten stadiake katargese ton dunatoteton optikes diamorphoses tou Netscape, semeionontas tis os xeperasmenes, kai proteinontas ta CSS ste these tous. E HTML 4 einai mia epharmoge tou SGML, sumphone me to protupo ISO 8879 - SGML.[20]
Aprilios 1998
Epanekdidetai e HTML 4.0[21] me mikres allages, khoris na allaxei o arithmos ekdoses.:
Dekembrios 1999
Demosieuetai os Sustase tou W3C e HTML 4.01[22]. Prosephere tis idies treis ekdokhes me ten HMTL 4.0. Ta pio prosphata lathe kai paraleipseis (errata) demosieutekan stis 12 MaIou 2001.[23]
Maios 2000
Me to ISO/IEC 15445:2000[24][25] protupopoieitai e ISO HTML, basismene sten HTML 4.01 Strict, os diethnes protupo ISO/IEC. Auto to protupo empiptei ston tomea tou ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 gia tis glosses perigraphes kai epexergasias eggraphon.[24]
Apo ta mesa tou 2008, e HTML 4.01 kai to ISO/IEC 15445:2000 einai oi pio prosphates ekdoseis tes HTML. Parallela anaptukhtheke e XHTML, basismene sten XML, e opoia apaskholese ten Omada Ergasias tou W3C gia ten HTML apo ten arkhe mekhri ta mesa tes dekaetias tou 2000.

Khroniko ekdoseon prokheiron tes HTML

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To logotupo tes HTML 5
Oktobrios 1991
Prote demosieuse tou HTML Tags,[5] enos anepisemou eggraphou tou CERN anapherei dodeka etiketes HTML.
Iounios 1992
Proto anepisemo prokheiro tou HTML DTD,[26] me epta[27][28][29] anatheoreseis (15 Iouliou, 6 Augoustou, 18 Augoustou, 17 Noembriou, 19 Noembriou, 20 Noembriou, 22 Noembriou)
Noembrios 1992
Anepisemo prokheiro HTML DTD 1.1 (to proto me arithmo ekdoses, basismeno stis anatheoreseis RCS, oi opoies xekinoun me 1.1 anti gia 1.0)[29]
Iounios 1993
Demosieuetai e Hypertext Markup Language[30] apo ten Omada Ergasias IIIR tou IETF os ena prokheiro gia to Diadiktuo (kati san eisegese gia protupo). Antikatastatheke apo mia deutere ekdose[31] ena mena argotera, akolouthoumene apo exi akoma prokheira demosieumena apo to idio to IETF[32] ta opoia telika odegesa sten HTML 2.0 me to RFC1866.
Noembrios 1993
Demosieuteke e HTML+ apo to IETF os Prokheiro-Diadiktuou, kai os antagonistike protase gia to prokheiro tes Hypertext Markup Language. Elexe ton Maio tou 1994.
Aprilios 1995 (grammene ton Martio tou 1995)
E HTML 3.0[33] protatheke os protupo apo to IETF, alla e protase elexe pente menes argotera khoris alle energeia. Perieikhe polles apo tis dunatotetes pou sumperilambanontan sten protase tou Raggett gia ten HTML+, opos ten uposterixe gia pinakes, te roe keimenou guro apo eikones kai ten probole poluplokon mathematikon tupon.[34]
To W3C xekinese ten anaptuxe tou dikou tou Arena browser os dokimastike platphorma gia ten HTML 3 kai gia ta CSS[35][36][37] alla e HTML 3.0 den petukhe, gia diaphorous logous. To prokheiro theoretheke uperbolika makru, me 150 selides, kai o ruthmos anaptuxes tou browser, kathos kai o arithmos ton endiapheromenon meron uperebainan tis dunatotetes tou IETF.[15] Oi etaireies pou diethetan browser, sumperilambanomenon ton Microsoft kai Netscape ekeino ton kairo, epelexan na ulopoiesoun diaphoretika uposunola ton dunatoteton tou prokheirou tes HTML 3, kathos kai na eisagoun tis dikes tou epektaseis s' auto.[15] Oi epektaseis autes elegkhan emphanisiaka stoikheia ton eggraphon, antitheta me ten <<pepoithese [tes akademaikes koinotetas mekhanikon] oti to khroma, to paraskenio, to megethos kai o tupos tes grammatoseiras etan oposdepote exo apo to stokhos mias glossas tes opoias e monadike prothese etan na kathorisei pos organonetai ena eggrapho.>>[15] O Dave Raggett, sunergates tou W3C gia polla khronia, skholiase oti <<Mekhri enos semeio, e Microsoft ektise ten epikheirematike tes drasterioteta ston Isto epekteinontas tis dunatotetes tes HTML.>>[15]
Ianouarios 2008
Demosieuetai e HTML5 os ena Prokheiro Ergasias apo to W3C.[38]
Paroti e suntaxe moiazei arketa me to SGML, e HTML5 den prospathei pleon na apotelei epharmoge tou SGML, kai orizetai os autonome, mazi me ten XHTML5 e opoia basizetai sten XML.[39]

Ekdoseis tes XHTML

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Kurio lemma: XHTML

E XHTML einai xekhoriste glossa e opoia os anadiamorphose tes HTML 4.01 me khrese tes XML 1.0. Sunekhizei na anaptussetai:

  • XHTML 1.0,[40] demosieuteke stis 26 Ianouariou 2000, os Sustase tou W3C, meta anatheoretheke kai epanekdotheke ten 1 Augoustou 2002. Prospherei tis idies treis ekdokhes opos e HTML 4.0 kai 4.01, anadiamorphomenes os XML, me mikrous periorismous.
  • XHTML 1.1,[41] demosieuteke stis 31 MaIou 2001, os Sustase tou W3C. Basizetai sten XHTML 1.0 Strict, alla periekhei mikres allages, mporei na parametropoiethei, mporei na anamorphothei khresimopoiontas Arthromata tes XHTML, ta opoia demosieutekan stis 10 Apriliou 2001, os Sustase tou W3C.
  • XHTML 2.0,.[42][43] Den uparkhei protupo XHTML 2.0, einai ena prokheiro eggrapho kai theoreitai akoma ergo se exelixe. E XHTML 2.0 den einai sumbate me ten XHTML 1.x kai epomenos mporei pio sosta na kharakteristei os mia nea glossa pou einai empneusmene apo ten XHTML para os anabathmise tes uparkhousas XHTML 1.x.
  • XHTML5, einai anabathmise tes XHTML 1.x, kai exelissetai parallela me ten HTML5 sto idio prokheiro.[44]

E semanse HTML apoteleitai apo merika basika sustatika, sumperilambanomenon ton stoikheion (kai ton idioteton tous), tous basismenous se kharakteres tupous dedomenon, tis anaphores kharakteron kai tis anaphores ontoteton. Ena xekhoristo semantiko sustatiko einai e delose tupou eggraphou (document type declaration), e opoia orizei sto programma periegeses (browser) ton tropo emphanises tes selidas.

Sten HTML, to programma Hello world, ena sunethismeno programma upologiste pou khresimeuei gia te sugkrise glosson programmatismou, glosson senarion kai glosson semanses, phtiakhnetai me 9 grammes kodika, paroti oi nees grammes einai proairetikes sten HTML:


<html>
<head>
<title>Hello HTMLtitle>
head>
<body>
<p>Hello worldp>
body>
html>

(To keimeno anamesa sto <html> kai to </html> perigraphei ten istoselida, kai to keimeno metaxu tou <body> kai tou </body> einai to orato meros tes. To semasmeno keimeno <title>Hello HTML</title> kathorizei ton titlo pou tha emphanizetai sten mpara titlou tou browser.)

E delose tupou eggraphou (to ) ston pio pano kodika einai gia ten HTML5. An den sumperilambanetai e delose <!doctype html>, tote merikoi browser tha kataphugoun sten leitourgia quirks gia ten emphanise tes selidas.[45]

Kurio lemma: Stoikheia HTML

Ta eggrapha HTML apotelountai apo stoikheia HTML ta opoia sten pio genike morphe tous ekhoun tria sustatika: ena zeugos apo etiketes, ten <> kai ten <>, merikes idiotetes mesa sten etiketa ekkineses, kai telos to keimeno e to graphiko periekhomeno metaxu ton etiketon, to opoio mporei na perilambanei kai alla stoikheia empholeumena mesa tou. To stoikheio HTML mporei na einai otidepote anamesa stis etiketes ekkineses kai termatismou. Telos, kathe etiketa perikleietai se sumbola <> kai <>, delade < kai >.

Epomenos, e genike morphe enos stoikheiou HTML einai: periekhomeno. Merika stoikheia HTML perigraphontai os adeia e kena stoikheia, ekhoun te morphe , kai den ekhoun katholou periekhomeno. To onoma kathe stoikheiou HTML einai to idio onoma pou khresimopoieitai stis antistoikhes etiketes. To onoma tes etiketas termatismou xekina me mia plagia <>, e opoia paraleipetai sta adeia stoikheia. Telos, an den anapherontai reta oi idiotetes enos stoikheiou, tote khresimopoiountai oi proepiloges se kathe periptose.

Paradeigmata stoikheion

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Kephalida tou eggraphou HTML: <head>...</head>. Sunethos periekhei ton titlo, p.kh.:

<head>
<title>O titlostitle>
head>

Epikephalides: oi epikephalides sten HTML orizontai me tis etiketes <h1> eos <h6> :

<h1>Epikephalida1h1>
<h2>Epikephalida2h2>
<h3>Epikephalida3h3>
<h4>Epikephalida4h4>
<h5>Epikephalida5h5>
<h6>Epikephalida6h6>

Paragraphoi:

<p>Paragraphos 1p> <p>Paragraphos 2p>

Allage grammes: <br>. E diaphora anamesa sto <br> kai to <p> einai oti to <
> allazei gramme khoris na allazei ten semantike dome tes selidas, eno to <

> temakhizei te selida se paragraphous. To <
> einai ena adeio stoikheio, delade den ekhei periekhomeno, oute kai khreiazetai etiketa termatismou.

<p>Aute <br> einai mia paragraphos <br> me <br> allages grammesp>

Autos einai enas sundesmos se HTML: Gia te demiourgia tou khresimopoieitai e etiketa <a>. E idioteta href periekhei te selida proorismou tou sundesmou.

<a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/">Enas sundesmos ste Bikipaideia!a>

Skholia:


Ta skholia mporoun na boethesoun sten katanoese tes semanses. Den emphanizontai sten istoselida.

Uparkhoun diaphoroi tupoi stoikheion sten HTML.

E domike semanse perigraphei ton skopo tou keimenou
Gia paradeigma, to <h2>Golf</h2> semainei oti e lexe <> tha einai mia epikephalida deuterou epipedou. E domike semanse den emperiekhei sugkekrimeno tropo emphanises, alla oi perissoteroi phullometretes ekhoun diko tous prokathorismeno tropo gia te morphopoiese olon ton stoikheion. To periekhomeno mporei na morphopoiethei optika me te khrese ton CSS.
E semanse optikes morphopoieses perigraphei ten emphanise tou keimenou, askheta apo ton skopo tou.
Gia paradeigma to <b>entono keimeno</b> upodeiknuei oti oi suskeues pou tha emphanisoun to keimeno tha to kanoun entono, alla den leei ti tha kanoun me to keimeno oi suskeues pou den mporoun na to emphanisoun, opos gia paradeigma oi suskeues phonetikes anagnoses selidon. Toso sten periptose tou <b>entonou</b> oso kai tou <i>plagiou</i>, uparkhoun alla stoikheia ta opoia mporei optika na emphanizontai idia, alla einai pio semantika, opos to <strong>semantiko keimeno</strong> kai to <em>keimeno me emphase</em> antistoikha. Einai eukolotero na ermeneusei enas phonetikos phullometretes ta teleutaia duo stoikheia. Ostoso, den einai isotima me ta antistoikha stoikheia optikes morphopoieses. Gia paradeigma ena programma phonetikes anagnoses tes selidas den tha prepei na propherei me emphase ton titlo enos bibliou, alla otan to idio periekhomeno emphanizetai se mia othone tote o titlos tha einai me plagia grammata. Ta perissotera stoikheia optikes morphopoieses ekhoun theorethei xeperasmena meta ten prodiagraphe HTML 4.0, kai ekhoun antikatastathei apo ta CSS.
E semanse uperkeimenou kanei merika tmemata enos eggraphou na sundeoun me alla eggrapha.
To stoikheio anchor demiourgei enan upersundesmo sto eggrapho, kai e idioteta href orizei ton stokho tou sundesmou. Gia paradeigma, e semanse HTML <a href="http://el.wikipedia.org">Bikipaideia</a> emphanizei to keimeno <<Bikipaideia>> os upersundesmo. Gia ten emphanise mias eikonas os sundesmou, mporei na eisakhthei ena stoikheio <> os periekhomeno tou stoikheiou <>. Opos kai to <
>, to <> einai adeio stoikheio. Ekhei idiotetes alla den ekhei periekhomeno, oute etiketa termatismou: <a href="http://example.org"><img src="image.gif" alt="Keimeno perigraphes" width="50" height="50" border="0"></a>.

Oi perissoteres idiotetes ton stoikheion einai zeuge onomaton kai timon, ta opoia diakhorizontai me ena <<=>> kai graphontai mesa sten etiketa ekkineses enos stoikheiou, meta to onoma tou stoikheiou. E time mporei na perikleietai se mona e dipla eisagogika, paroti times pou apotelountai apo sugkekrimenous kharakteres mporoun na graphontai khoris eisagogika sten HTML, alla okhi sten XHTML.[46][47] To na menoun oi times ton idioteton khoris eisagogika theoreitai anasphales.[48] Ektos apo tis idiotetes pou graphontai os zeuge onomaton kai timon, uparkhoun kai merikes oi opoies epereazoun to stoikheio apla me ten parousia tous mesa sten etiketa ekkineses,[5] opos e idioteta ismap tou stoikheiou img.[49]

Uparkhoun kai merikes koines idiotetes oi opoies emphanizontai se polla stoikheia:

  • E idioteta id parekhei ena anagnoristiko gia ena stoikheio to opoio einai monadiko se oloklero to eggrapho. Khresimopoieitai gia na tautopoiei to stoikheio oste ta CSS na mporoun na allaxoun ton tropo pou auto emphanizetai, kathos kai ta senaria mporoun na allaxoun, na metakinesoun e na diagrapsoun ta periekhomena e ten emphanise tou. Akoma, an ena id prostethei sto URL mias selidas, parekhei ena monadiko anagnoristiko gia ena tmema tes selidas, gia paradeigma: http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Idiotetes
  • E idioteta class parekhei te dunatoteta taxinomeses paromoion antikeimenon sten idia klase. Mporei na khresimopoiethei gia na na apodosei kapoia semasia sto stoikheio, e gia skopous emphanises. Gia paradeigma, ena eggrapho HTML mporei na khresimopoiei ten episemanse class="notation" se merika stoikheia gia na xekhorisei apo to upoloipo keimeno tou eggraphou. Kata ten emphanise tou eggraphou, auta ta stoikheia mporei -gia paradeigma- na emphanizontai ola mazi sto telos tes selidas os uposemeioseis, askheta me ten these pou emphanizontai mesa ston kodika. Epises oi idiotetes class khresimopoiountai semasiologika sta microformat. Ena stoikheio mporei na ekhei pollaples klaseis, gia paradeigma to class="notation important" bazei to stoikheio toso sten klase <> oso kai sten <>.
  • E idioteta style epharmozei stul emphanises se sugkekrimena stoikheia. Theoreitai kalutere taktike na khresimopoiountai oi idiotetes id e class oste na epilegetai to stoikheio mesa se ena CSS, alla merikes phores mporei na einai pio aplo na anatethoun style kateutheian sto stoikheio.
  • E idioteta title prosthetei mia exegese sto stoikheio sto opoio epharmozetai. Stous perissoterous phullometretes aute e idioteta emphanizetai os anaduomeno parathuro boetheias (tooltip).
  • E idioteta lang tautopoiei ten phusike glossa ton periekhomenon tou stoikheiou, e opoia mporei na einai diaphoretike apo to upoloipo eggrapho. Gia paradeigma, mesa se ena eggrapho mporei na uparkhei to keimeno:
    , opos lene kai oi Galloi.

    "}}"><p>Ti na kanoume; <span lang="fr">c'est la viespan>, opos lene kai oi Galloi.p>

To stoikheio abbr mporei na khresimopoiethei gia na epideixei merikes apo tis pio pano idiotetes:

<abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTMLabbr>

Auto to paradeigma emphanizetai os: HTML. Stous perissoterous phullometretes, otan stathei o deiktes tou pontikiou pano apo auto to stoikheio, tote tha emphanistei ena anaduomeno parathuro me to periekhomeno <>.

Ta perissotera stoikheia mporoun epises na dekhtoun ten idioteta dir e opoia kathorizei ten kateuthunse tou keimenou. E time <> tes idiotetas, deikhnei keimeno pou diabazetai apo dexia pros ta aristera, opos gia paradeigma sta Arabika, sta Persika e sta Ebraika.[50]

Anaphores ontoteton kharakteron

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

Apo ten ekdose 4.0 kai meta, sten HTML orizetai ena sunolo apo 252 anaphores ontoteton kharakteron kai ena sunolo apo 1.114.050 anaphores ontoteton arithmon. Kai ta duo sunola epitrepoun te graphe monadikon kharakteron os semanse, anti khresimopoiontas tous idious tous kharakteres. Enas kharakteras kai e antistoikhe semanse gi' auton theorountai isodunames ontotetes, kai emphanizontai idia.

Aute e dunatoteta diaphuges kharakteron me auton ton tropo epitrepei ten ermeneia kharakteron opos < kai & (otan graphontai os &lt; kai &amp;, antistoikha) os keimeno kai okhi os semanse. Gia paradeigma, o kharakteras < kanonika semainei ten enarxe mias etiketas, kai to & semainei ten enarxe mias anaphoras ontotetas kharaktera e arithmou. E graphe tous os &amp; e &#x26; e &#38; epitrepei sto & na sumperilambanetai mesa sto periekhomeno enos stoikheiou e mesa sten time mias idiotetas. Epises, o kharakteras diplon eisagogikon ("), o opoios khresimopoieitai gia na periballei ten time mias idiotetas, prepei na graphetai os &quot; e &#x22; e &#34; otan emphanizetai mesa sten idia ten time tes idiotetas. Omoios, o kharakteras monon eisagogikon ('), prepei na graphetai os &#x27; e &#39; (alla okhi os &apos;, me exairese ten graphe se XHTML[51]) otan emphanizetai mesa sten idia ten time tes idiotetas. An enas demiourgos eggraphou HTML parablepsei na grapsei auta ta sumbola os ontotetes kharakteron e arithmon, tote merikoi browser mporoun na einai arketa epieikeis kai prospathoun na khresimopoiesoun to paraplesio periekhomeno gia na mantepsoun ten prothese tou khreste. To apotelesma den pauei na einai akure semanse, e opoia kanei to eggrapho ligotero prosito se allous browser oi opoioi mporei na prospathesoun na analusoun to eggrapho gia allous skopous, opos gia paradeigma gia ten katakhorese tou periekhomenou tou se mekhanes anazeteses.

E diaphuge dieukolunei epises te khrese kharakteron pou eite einai duskolo na daktulographethoun, eite den sumperilambanontai kan sten kodikopoiese kharakteron tou eggraphou. Gia paradeigma, o tonismenos kharakteras e (delade to e), o opoios tupika sunantatai se merikes europaikes glosses, mporei na graphei se opoiodepote eggrapho HTML os e ontoteta &eacute; e os e arithmetike anaphora &#233; e &#xE9;, khresimopoiontas kharakteres oi opoioi einai diathesimoi se ola ta plektrologia kai uposterizontai se oles tis kodikopoieseis kharakteron. Oi kodikopoieseis Unicode, opos e UTF-8, einai sumbates me olous tous sugkhronous browser kai epitrepoun ten prosbase se skhedon olous tous kharakteres olon ton sustematon graphes tou kosmou.[52]

Tupoi dedomenon

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

Sten HTML orizontai merikoi tupoi dedomenon gia to periekhomeno ton stoikheion, opos senaria entolon e stylesheet, kai mia plethora tupon gia tis times ton idioteton, sumperilambanomenon ton ID, ton name, ton URI, diaphoron arithmon kai monadon mekous, glosson, tupon arkheion polumeson, khromaton, kodikopoieseon kharakteron, emeromenion klp.

Delose tupou eggraphou

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

Ta eggrapha HTML prepei na arkhizoun me mia Delose tupou eggraphou (Document Type Declaration, anepisema legetai kai <>). Aute e delose boetha tous browser na katalaboun pos prepei na diabasoun to periekhomeno tou eggraphou kai pos na to parousiasoun meta, kai idiaitera otan khresimopoieitai to quirks mode.

O arkhikos skopos tou doctype etan na epitrepei ten analuse kai epibebaiose ton eggraphon HTML apo ergaleia SGML ta opoia etan basismena sto Document Type Definition (DTD). To DTD sto opoio anapheretai to DOCTYPE periekhei mia grammatike se glossa mekhanes, e opoia kathorizei ti epitrepetai kai ti apagoreuetai na uparkhei mesa sto eggrapho. Oi browser, apo ten alle, den ulopoioun ten HTML os epharmoge tes SGML kai sunepos den diabazoun to DTD. Sten HTML5 den orizetai kanena DTD, logo eggenon tekhnologikon periorismon. Etsi to doctype <!doctype html> den anapheretai se kanena.

Ena paradeigma doctype se HTML 4 einai:


Aute e delose anapheretai sto DTD gia ten ekdokhe <> tes HTML 4.01. Ta programmata epibebaioses kodika ta opoia basizontai se SGML, diabazoun to DTD me skopo na ermeneusoun katallela to eggrapho kai na epaletheusoun ten orthoteta tou. Stous sugkhronous browser, ena egkuro doctype energopoiei te leitourgia kata ta protupa, anti gia to quirks mode.

Epipleon, sten HTML 4.01 parekhontai kai ta DTD Transitional kai Frameset.

E Semasiologike HTML einai enas tropos graphes tes HTML me emphase sto noema tes semasmenes plerophorias para sten emphanise tes. E HTML sumperilambanei semasiologika stoikheia apo ten sullepse tes,[53] sumperilambanei omos kai stoikheia apokleistika emphanisiaka, opos tis etiketes <font>, <i> kai <center>. Uparkhoun epises kai ta semasiologika oudetera span kai div. Apo ta tele tes dekaetias tou 1990, otan ta CSS arkhisan na douleuoun stous perissoterous browser, oi skhediastes istoselidon entharrunontan na apopheugoun te khrese ton emphanisiakon etiketon tes HTML kai na protimoun na diakhorizoun to periekhomeno apo ten parousiase.[54]

Se mia suzetese gia ton Semasiologiko isto, o Tim Mperners Li kai alloi edosan paradeigmata tropon me tous opoious exupna logismika pelate istou tha mporoun mia mera na periegountai ston Isto kai na briskoun, na philtraroun kai na suskhetizoun ta proegoumenos askheta kai ademosieuta dedomena, pros ophelos ton anthropon khreston.[55] Deka khronia meta, den einai akoma koine e khrese tetoion programmaton, alla merikes apo tis idees tou Web 2.0, ton mashups kai ton istoselidon sugkrises timon proionton mporei na plesiazoun sto skeptiko ekeino. E basike diaphora metaxu auton ton epharmogon kai ton exupnon logismikon tou Mperners Li, einai oti oi trekhouses methodoi sugkentroses plerophorion sunethos skhediazetai apo programmatistes istou, oi opoioi ede xeroun tis topothesies istou kai ta API ton dedomenon pou theloun na sunenosoun, na sugkrinoun kai na sunduasoun.

Enas semantikos tupos logismikoi pou periegeitai automata to diadiktuo kai diabazei istoselides, khoris proegoumene gnose tou periekhomenou tous, einai kai ta programmata ton mekhanon anazeteses. Auta ta logismika exartountai apo ten semasiologike sapheneia ton istoselidon pou briskoun, kathos khresimopoioun diaphores tekhnikes kai algorithmous gia na diabazoun kai na taxinomoun ekatommuria selidon kathemerina, kai na parekhoun stous episkeptes tous te dunatoteta anazeteses, khoris ten opoia o Pagkosmios Istos tha eikhe mono ena mikro klasma tes khresimotetas tou.

Oi semasiologikes domes pou ede uparkhoun sten HTML, einai semantiko na epharmozontai katholika, gia na boethoun to periekhomeno tou demosieumenou keimenou na ginetai kalutera antilepto. Me auto ton tropo, ta logismika ton mekhanon anazeteses, alla kai alla logismika pou phtiakhnoun mashup e alla ubridia apo to periekhomeno ton istotopon tha mporoun kalutera na ektimoun te semasia tou keimenou pou briskoun sta eggrapha HTML.[56] Pros to skopo auto, oi etiketes tes HTML pou exuperetousan mono emphanisiako skopo theorountai xeperasmenes sten XHTML, kai apagoreuontai sten HTML5.

Telos, e semasiologika grammene HTML beltionei ten prositoteta ton eggraphon ston isto. Gia paradeigma, stous browser gia khrestes me problemata orases e akoes, einai pio eukole e soste apodose tes domes tou eggraphou me tropo allo apo ton optiko, otan auto einai sosta semasiologika semasmeno.

Metaphora tes HTML

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

Ta arkheia HTML, opos sumbainei kai me tous upoloipous tupous arkheion tou upologiste, mporoun na metapherthoun me pollous tropous. Ostoso, logo tes leitourgias tes HTML, oi duo pio sunethismenoi tropoi einai meso HTTP apo enan exuperetete, e meso E-mail.

Kurio lemma: HTTP

O Pagkosmios Istos apoteleitai kurios apo arkheia HTML ta opoia metapherontai apo exuperetetes pros browsers khresimopoiontas to protokollo HTTP. Ostoso, mia pou to idio protokollo mporei epipleon na metapherei eikones, ekho kai allo periekhomeno, khreiazetai enas tropos anagnorises tou tupou tou periekhomenou pou metapheretai. Etsi, mazi me to idio to arkheio, metapherontai kai merikes epipleon plerophories, e metadedomena, metaxu auton kai o tupos MIME (gia paradeigma text/html e application/xhtml+xml) kathos kai e kodikopoiese kharakteron pou khresimopoieitai.

Stous sugkhronous browser, o tupos MIME pou sunodeuei to arkheio HTML mporei na epereazei ton tropo pou auto emphanizetai. Gia paradeigma, ena arkheio to opoia sunodeuetai apo enan tupo XHTML MIME, anamenetai na einai grammeno se glossa sosta diatupomene, kata ta protupa tes XML. An den einai, tote ta sphalmata ston kodika mporei na apotrepsoun ten orthe apeikonise tou arkheiou. Epeide e XHTML 1.0 kai e XHTML 1.1 einai panta sumbates me ten XML, to W3C uposterizei oti den paizei rolo poios tupos MIME tha khresimopoiethei.[57][58].[59]

Arketa programmata elektronikes allelographias ensomatonoun dunatotetes tes HTML, oste na epitrepoun stous khrestes na khresimopoioun ten semanse tes HTML sta menumata tous, gia na stelnoun keimeno me khroma, me morphopoiese, e kai me ensomatomenes eikones kai diagrammata. Ostoso, oi methodoi autes prokaloun merika problemata, ta opoia prokalountai aph' enos apo ten elleipse kapoiou protupou gia ten perilepse HTML se E-mail (me apotelesma o kathe programmatistes na energei kata boulese), kai aph' eterou apo te dunatoteta ekmetalleuses auton ton dunatoteton apo kakoboulous khrestes.

Onomata arkheion

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

O pio koinos tupos arkheiou gia eggrapha HTML einai .html, omos ekhei epibiosei kai e suntomeuse .htm, apo merika palaiotera leitourgika sustemata pou den anagnorizan epektaseis arkheion me perissotera apo tria grammata. Epipleon, sta Microsoft Windows khresimopoieitai o tupos .hta (apo to HTML Application) o opoios deikhnei oti to arkheio sumperilambanei HTML mazi me kapoia dunamika stoikheia pou to kanoun na ekteleitai os epharmoge.

Demiourgia me programmata WYSIWYG

[Epexergasia | epexergasia kodika]

Ena thema antiparatheses stis koinotetes ton demiourgon periekhomenou gia ton Isto einai e khrese programmaton WYSIWIG (What You See Is What You Get), delade programmaton sta opoia o khrestes skhediazei optika te selida opos tha phainetai meta ston browser tou episkepte. Auto kanei te gnose tes HTML proairetike gia ten kataskeue mias istoselidas. Auto to montelo demiourgias me programmata WYSIWIG ekhei gnorisei entones kritikes,[60][61] kurios logo tes kakes poiotetas tou kodika pou demiourgeitai automata.

Parola auta, oi epexergastes istoselidon WYSIWYG einai demophileis logo tes eukolias pou parekhoun.

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