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Portable Document Format
Phan mo rong ten file.pdf
Kieu phuong tien
  • application/pdf[1]
  • application/x-pdf
  • application/x-bzpdf
  • application/x-gzpdf
Ma loai'PDF '[1] (including a single space)
Ma dinh danh loai thong nhat (UTI)com.adobe.pdf
Magic number%PDF
Phat trien boiISO Originally Adobe
Phat hanh lan dau15 thang 6 nam 1993; 32 nam truoc (1993-06-15)
Ban moi nhat2.0
Duoc mo rong thanhPDF/A, PDF/E, PDF/UA, PDF/VT, PDF/X
Tieu chuanISO 32000-2
Dinh dang mo?Co
Websitewww.iso.org/standard/63534.html

Portable Document Format - Dinh dang Tai lieu Di dong (PDF), duoc chuan hoa thanh ISO 32000, la dinh dang file do Adobe phat trien vao nam 1992 de trinh bay tai lieu, bao gom dinh dang van ban va hinh anh, theo cach doc lap voi phan mem ung dung, phan cung va he dieu hanh.[2] Dua tren ngon ngu PostScript, moi file PDF bao gom mo ta day du ve tai lieu phang co bo cuc co dinh, bao gom van ban, phong chu, do hoa vector, hinh anh raster va thong tin khac can thiet de hien thi tai lieu do. PDF co nguon goc tu "The Camelot Project" do dong sang lap Adobe John Warnock khoi xuong vao nam 1991.[3] PDF duoc chuan hoa thanh ISO 32000 vao nam 2008.[4] Phien ban moi nhat la ISO 32000-2:2020 duoc xuat ban vao thang 12 nam 2020.[5]

File PDF co the chua nhieu noi dung khac nhau ngoai van ban phang va do hoa bao gom cac thanh phan cau truc logic, cac thanh phan tuong tac nhu chu thich va truong bieu mau, lop, phuong tien phong phu (bao gom noi dung video), cac doi tuong ba chieu su dung U3D hoac PRC va nhieu dinh dang du lieu khac. Dac ta PDF cung cung cap ma hoa va chu ky so, file dinh kem va sieu du lieu de cho phep cac quy trinh cong viec yeu cau cac tinh nang nay.

De doc duoc tap tin PDF tren may vi tinh, ban phai co mot phan mem ho tro dinh dang nay. Phan mem pho bien hien nay la Adobe Reader hay Foxit Reader.

Lich su

[sua | sua ma nguon]

Su phat trien cua PDF bat dau vao nam 1991 khi John Warnock viet mot bai bao cho mot du an khi do co ten ma la Camelot, trong do ong de xuat tao ra mot phien ban PostScript don gian hoa co ten la Interchange PostScript (IPS).[6][7] Khong giong nhu PostScript truyen thong, tap trung chat che vao viec hien thi cac cong viec in an cho cac thiet bi dau ra, IPS se duoc toi uu hoa de hien thi cac trang tren moi man hinh va moi nen tang.[6]

Adobe Systems da cung cap mien phi thong so ky thuat PDF vao nam 1993. Trong nhung nam dau, PDF chu yeu pho bien trong quy trinh xuat ban tren desktop va canh tranh voi mot so dinh dang khac, bao gom DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica va tham chi ca dinh dang PostScript cua rieng Adobe.

PDF la dinh dang doc quyen do Adobe kiem soat cho den khi duoc phat hanh duoi dang tieu chuan mo vao ngay 1 thang 7 nam 2008 va duoc To chuc Tieu chuan hoa Quoc te cong bo duoi dang ISO 32000-1:2008,[8][9] tai thoi diem do, quyen kiem soat thong so ky thuat duoc chuyen cho Uy ban ISO gom cac chuyen gia tinh nguyen trong nganh. Nam 2008, Adobe da cong bo Public Patent License cho ISO 32000-1 cap quyen Royalty-free cho tat ca cac bang sang che thuoc so huu cua Adobe can thiet de tao, su dung, ban va phan phoi cac trien khai tuan thu PDF.[10]

PDF 1.7, phien ban thu sau cua dac ta ky thuat PDF da tro thanh ISO 32000-1, bao gom mot so cong nghe doc quyen chi do Adobe dinh nghia, chang han nhu Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) va tien ich mo rong JavaScript cho Acrobat, duoc ISO 32000-1 tham chieu la chuan muc va khong the thieu de trien khai day du thong so ky thuat ISO 32000-1.[11] Cac cong nghe doc quyen nay khong duoc chuan hoa va thong so ky thuat cua chung chi duoc cong bo tren trang web cua Adobe.[12][13][14] Nhieu cong nghe trong so do khong duoc ho tro boi cac trien khai PDF pho bien cua ben thu ba.

ISO da xuat ban phien ban 2.0 cua PDF, ISO 32000-2 vao nam 2017, co san de mua, thay the cho thong so ky thuat mien phi do Adobe cung cap.[15] Thang 12 nam 2020, phien ban thu hai cua PDF 2.0, ISO 32000-2:2020, da duoc xuat ban, voi cac giai thich, chinh sua va cap nhat quan trong cho cac tai lieu tham khao chuan muc[16] (ISO 32000-2 khong bao gom bat ky cong nghe doc quyen nao lam tai lieu tham khao chuan muc).[17]Vao thang 4 nam 2023, Hiep hoi PDF da cung cap ISO 32000-2 de tai xuong mien phi.[15]

Dinh dang PDF duoc thay doi nhieu lan khac nhau va hien tai van tiep tuc duoc phat trien. Duoi day la 9 phien ban ung voi cac phien ban cua Acrobat.[18]

  • (1993) - PDF 1.0 / Acrobat 1.0
  • (1994) - PDF 1.1 / Acrobat 2.0
  • (1996) - PDF 1.2 / Acrobat 3.0
  • (1999) - PDF 1.3 / Acrobat 4.0
  • (2001) - PDF 1.4 / Acrobat 5.0
  • (2003) - PDF 1.5 / Acrobat 6.0
  • (2005) - PDF 1.6 / Acrobat 7.0
  • (2006) - PDF 1.7 / Acrobat 8.0
  • (2008) - PDF 1.7, Adobe Extension Level 3 / Acrobat 9.0

Chi tiet ky thuat

[sua | sua ma nguon]

File PDF thuong la su ket hop cua do hoa vector, van ban va do hoa bitmap. Cac loai noi dung co ban trong PDF la:

  • Van ban duoc sap chu duoc luu tru duoi dang luong noi dung (tuc la khong duoc ma hoa duoi dang van ban thuan tuy);
  • Do hoa vector cho hinh minh hoa va thiet ke bao gom hinh dang va duong thang;
  • Do hoa raster cho anh chup va cac loai hinh anh khac; va
  • Cac doi tuong da phuong tien khac.

Trong cac ban sua doi PDF sau nay, mot tai lieu PDF cung co the ho tro cac lien ket (ben trong tai lieu hoac trang web), bieu mau, JavaScript (ban dau co san duoi dang plugin cho Acrobat 3.0) hoac bat ky loai noi dung nhung nao khac co the duoc xu ly bang plugin.

PDF ket hop ba cong nghe:

  • Mot tap hop con tuong duong cua ngon ngu lap trinh PostScript nhung o dang khai bao, de tao bo cuc va do hoa.
  • Mot he thong nhung/thay the phong chu de cho phep phong chu di chuyen cung voi cac tai lieu.
  • Mot he thong luu tru co cau truc de dong goi cac thanh phan nay va bat ky noi dung lien quan nao thanh mot file duy nhat, voi kha nang nen du lieu khi can thiet..

Ngon ngu PostScript

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PostScript la ngon ngu mo ta trang chay trong trinh thong dich de tao hinh anh.[19] No co the xu ly do hoa va co cac tinh nang chuan cua ngon ngu lap trinh nhu phan nhanh va lap.[19] PDF la mot tap hop con cua PostScript, duoc don gian hoa de loai bo cac tinh nang luong dieu khien nhu vay, trong khi cac lenh do hoa van con.[19]

PostScript ban dau duoc thiet ke cho mot truong hop su dung hoan toan khac: truyen cac tac vu in tuyen tinh mot chieu trong do trinh thong dich PostScript se thu thap mot loat lenh cho den khi gap lenh showpage, sau do thuc thi tat ca cac lenh de hien thi mot trang duoi dang hinh anh raster cho thiet bi in.[20] PostScriptkhong nham muc dich luu tru lau dai va hien thi tuong tac thoi gian thuc cac tai lieu dien tu len man hinh may tinh, do do khong can ho tro bat ky thu gi khac ngoai viec hien thi cac trang lien tiep.[20] Neu co loi trong ban in cuoi cung, nguoi dung se sua loi o cap ung dung va gui mot tac vu in moi duoi dang tep PostScript hoan toan moi. Do do, bat ky trang nao trong tep PostScript chi co the duoc hien thi chinh xac duoi dang ket qua tich luy cua viec thuc hien tat ca cac lenh truoc do de ve tat ca cac trang truoc do--bat ky lenh nao trong so do co the anh huong den cac trang tiep theo--cong voi cac lenh de ve trang cu the do va khong co cach de dang nao de bo qua quy trinh do de chuyen sang cac trang khac.[20]

Theo truyen thong, de chuyen tu PostScript sang PDF, mot file PostScript nguon (tuc la mot chuong trinh thuc thi) duoc su dung lam co so de tao ma PDF giong PostScript (xem vi du: Adobe Distiller). Dieu nay duoc thuc hien bang cach ap dung cac ky thuat bien dich chuan nhu bo vong lap, nhung va loai bo cac nhanh khong su dung, tao ra ma hoan toan mang tinh khai bao va tinh.[20] Sau do, ket qua duoc dong goi thanh dinh dang chua, cung voi tat ca cac phu thuoc can thiet de hien thi chinh xac (cac file ben ngoai, do hoa hoac phong chu ma tai lieu tham chieu den) va duoc nen. Cac ung dung hien dai ghi vao trinh dieu khien may in tao truc tiep PDF thay vi phai thong qua PostScript truoc.

La mot dinh dang tai lieu, PDF co mot so uu diem so voi PostScript:

  • PDF chi chua ma PostScript khai bao tinh co the duoc xu ly duoi dang du lieu va khong yeu cau cac trinh bien dich hoac trinh thong dich day du.[20] Dieu nay tranh duoc su phuc tap va rui ro bao mat cua mot cong cu co muc do phuc tap cao hon nhu vay.
  • Giong nhu Display PostScript, PDF da ho tro do hoa trong suot ke tu phien ban 1.4, trong khi PostScript chuan thi khong.
  • PDF thuc thi quy tac rang ma cho bat ky trang cu the nao khong duoc anh huong den bat ky trang nao khac.[20] Quy tac do cung duoc khuyen nghi manh me cho ma PostScript, nhung phai duoc trien khai ro rang (xem vi du: Quy uoc cau truc tai lieu), vi PostScript la ngon ngu lap trinh day du cho phep linh hoat hon va khong gioi han o cac khai niem ve trang va tai lieu.
  • Tat ca du lieu can thiet de hien thi deu duoc bao gom trong chinh file, cai thien kha nang di dong.[21]

Nhuoc diem cua no la:

  • Mat di tinh linh hoat va gioi han trong mot truong hop su dung duy nhat.[can dan nguon]
  • Kich thuoc tep (doi khi lon hon nhieu).[22]

PDF ke tu v1.6 ho tro nhung tai lieu 3D tuong tac: Ban ve 3D co the duoc nhung bang U3D hoac PRC va nhieu dinh dang du lieu khac.[23][24][25]

Dinh dang file

[sua | sua ma nguon]

File PDF duoc to chuc bang ky tu ASCII, ngoai tru mot so phan tu nhat dinh co the co noi dung nhi phan. File bat dau bang tieu de chua magic number (duoi dang chuoi co the doc duoc) va phien ban dinh dang, vi du: %PDF-1.7. Dinh dang nay la tap hop con cua dinh dang COS ("Carousel" Object Structure).[26] Tep cay COS chu yeu bao gom cac doi tuong, trong do co chin loai:[27]

  • Gia tri Boolean, bieu dien dung hoac sai
  • So thuc
  • Integers
  • Strings, duoc dat trong dau ngoac don ((...)) hoac duoc bieu dien duoi dang thap luc phan trong dau ngoac nhon don (<...>). Chuoi co the chua cac ky tu 8 bit.
  • Ten, bat dau bang dau gach cheo (/)
  • Arrays, tap hop cac doi tuong duoc sap xep nam trong dau ngoac vuong ([...])
  • Dictionaries, Tu dien, tap hop cac doi tuong duoc lap chi muc theo ten nam trong dau ngoac nhon kep (<<...>>)
  • Streams, thuong chua mot luong lon du lieu nhi phan duoc nen tuy y, dung truoc mot tu dien va nam giua cac tu stream va endstream
  • Doi tuong null

Co the chen chu thich su dung ky tu 8 bit co tien to la dau phan tram (%).

Doi tuong co the la truc tiep (duoc nhung trong doi tuong khac) hoac gian tiep. Doi tuong gian tiep duoc danh so bang so doi tuong va so the he va duoc xac dinh giua cac tu khoa obj va endobj neu nam trong goc tai lieu. Bat dau tu phien ban PDF 1.5, cac doi tuong gian tiep (tru cac luong khac) cung co the nam trong cac luong dac biet duoc goi la luong doi tuong (duoc danh dau la /Type /ObjStm). Ky thuat nay cho phep cac doi tuong khong phai luong co bo loc luong chuan duoc ap dung cho chung, giam kich thuoc cua cac tep co nhieu doi tuong gian tiep nho va dac biet huu ich cho Tagged PDF. Luong doi tuong khong ho tro viec chi dinh so the he cua doi tuong (khac voi 0).

Bang chi muc, con duoc goi la bang tham chieu cheo, nam gan cuoi file va cung cap do lech byte cua moi doi tuong gian tiep tu dau file.[28] Thiet ke nay cho phep truy cap ngau nhien hieu qua vao cac doi tuong trong file va cung cho phep thuc hien cac thay doi nho ma khong can ghi lai toan bo file (cap nhat gia tang). Truoc phien ban PDF 1.5, bang se luon o dinh dang ASCII dac biet, duoc danh dau bang tu khoa xref va theo sau phan than chinh bao gom cac doi tuong gian tiep. Phien ban 1.5 da gioi thieu cac luong tham chieu cheo tuy chon, co dang doi tuong luong chuan, co the ap dung cac bo loc. Luong nhu vay co the duoc su dung thay cho bang tham chieu cheo ASCII va chua cac do lech va thong tin khac o dinh dang nhi phan. Dinh dang nay linh hoat o cho no cho phep chi dinh do rong so nguyen (su dung mang /W), do do, vi du, mot tai lieu co kich thuoc khong qua 64 KiB chi co the danh 2 byte cho do lech doi tuong.

Cuoi tep PDF co phan chan trang chua

  • Tu khoa startxref theo sau la mot offset den dau bang tham chieu cheo (bat dau bang tu khoa xref) hoac doi tuong luong tham chieu cheo, theo sau la
  • Danh dau het file %%EOF.

Neu khong su dung luong tham chieu cheo, phan chan trang se duoc dat truoc bang tu khoa trailer theo sau la mot tu dien chua thong tin ma neu khong thi se duoc chua trong tu dien cua doi tuong luong tham chieu cheo:

  • Tham chieu den doi tuong goc cua cau truc cay, con duoc goi la danh muc (/Root)
  • So luong doi tuong gian tiep trong bang tham chieu cheo (/Size)
  • Thong tin tuy chon khac

Trong moi trang, co mot hoac nhieu luong noi dung mo ta van ban, vecto va hinh anh duoc ve tren trang. Luong noi dung dua tren ngan xep, tuong tu nhu PostScript.[29]

Kich thuoc toi da cua mot trang PDF Acrobat, chong len ban do Chau Au.

Co hai bo cuc cho cac file PDF: khong tuyen tinh (khong duoc "toi uu hoa") va tuyen tinh ("toi uu hoa"). Cac tep PDF khong tuyen tinh co the nho hon cac tep tuyen tinh tuong ung cua chung, mac du chung cham hon khi truy cap vi cac phan du lieu can thiet de lap rap cac trang cua tai lieu nam rai rac trong file PDF. Cac file PDF tuyen tinh (con duoc goi la file PDF "toi uu hoa" hoac "toi uu hoa web") duoc xay dung theo cach cho phep chung duoc doc trong plugin trinh duyet Web ma khong can cho toan bo file tai xuong, vi tat ca cac doi tuong can thiet de hien thi trang dau tien deu duoc sap xep toi uu khi bat dau file.[30] Cac tep PDF co the duoc toi uu hoa bang phan mem Adobe Acrobat hoac QPDF.

Kich thuoc trang khong bi gioi han boi chinh dinh dang. Tuy nhien, Adobe Acrobat ap dat gioi han la 15 trieu x 15 trieu inch, hoac 225 nghin ti in2 (145,161 km2).[31]:1129

Xem them

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Tham khao

[sua | sua ma nguon]
  1. ^ a b The application/pdf Media Type, 2004, RFC 3778
  2. ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated (thang 11 nam 2006). "PDF Reference" (PDF). 1.7 (an ban thu 6). Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 1 thang 10 nam 2008. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.
  3. ^ "What is a PDF? Portable Document Format | Adobe Acrobat DC" (bang tieng Anh). Adobe Systems Inc. Luu tru ban goc ngay 30 thang 1 nam 2023. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.
  4. ^ "ISO 32000-1:2008" (PDF). Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 26 thang 7 nam 2018.
  5. ^ "ISO 32000-2 - PDF Association" (bang tieng Anh). Truy cap ngay 27 thang 1 nam 2025.
  6. ^ a b Pfiffner, Pamela (2003). Inside the Publishing Revolution: The Adobe Story. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. tr. 137. ISBN 0-321-11564-3.
  7. ^ Laurens Leurs. "The history of PDF". Truy cap ngay 19 thang 9 nam 2007.
  8. ^ "ISO 32000-1:2008 - Document management - Portable document format - Part 1: PDF 1.7". ISO. ngay 1 thang 7 nam 2008. Luu tru ban goc ngay 6 thang 12 nam 2010. Truy cap ngay 21 thang 2 nam 2010.
  9. ^ Orion, Egan (ngay 5 thang 12 nam 2007). "PDF 1.7 is approved as ISO 32000". The Inquirer. Ban goc luu tru ngay 13 thang 12 nam 2007. Truy cap ngay 5 thang 12 nam 2007.
  10. ^ "Public Patent License, ISO 32000-1: 2008 - PDF 1.7" (PDF). Adobe Systems Inc. 2008. Luu tru (PDF) ban goc ngay 18 thang 6 nam 2009. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.
  11. ^ "Guide for the procurement of standards-based ICT - Elements of Good Practice, Against lock-in: building open ICT systems by making better use of standards in public procurement". European Commission. ngay 25 thang 6 nam 2013. Luu tru ban goc ngay 19 thang 9 nam 2020. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023. Example: ISO/IEC 29500, ISO/IEC 26300 and ISO 32000 for document formats reference information that is not accessible by all parties (references to proprietary technology and brand names, incomplete scope or dead web links).
  12. ^ "ISO/TC 171/SC 2/WG 8 N 603 - Meeting Report" (PDF). Edit me. ngay 27 thang 6 nam 2011. Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 26 thang 11 nam 2012 - qua Archive. XFA is not to be ISO standard just yet. The Committee urges Adobe Systems to submit the XFA Specification, XML Forms Architecture (XFA), to ISO for standardization The Committee is concerned about the stability of the XFA specification Part 2 will reference XFA 3.1
  13. ^ "Embedding and publishing interactive, 3-dimensional, scientific figures in Portable Document Format (PDF) files". PLOS ONE. 8 (9). 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069446.s001. the implementation of the U3D standard was not complete and proprietary extensions were used.
  14. ^ Rosenthol, Leonard (2012). "PDF and Standards" (PDF). Adobe Systems. Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 2 thang 9 nam 2013. Truy cap ngay 20 thang 10 nam 2013 - qua Parleys.
  15. ^ a b "Announcing no-cost access to the latest PDF standard: ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0)" (Thong cao bao chi). PDF Association. ngay 16 thang 6 nam 2023 [Updated; originally published 5 April 2023]. Luu tru ban goc ngay 23 thang 9 nam 2023. Truy cap ngay 6 thang 10 nam 2023.
  16. ^ "ISO 32000-2:2020 is now available". PDFA. ngay 14 thang 12 nam 2020. Luu tru ban goc ngay 4 thang 12 nam 2022. Truy cap ngay 3 thang 2 nam 2021.
  17. ^ "ISO 32000-2 - Document management -- Portable document format -- Part 2: PDF 2.0". ISO. ngay 5 thang 1 nam 2021. Luu tru ban goc ngay 28 thang 1 nam 2021. Truy cap ngay 3 thang 2 nam 2021.
  18. ^ "History of PDF Openness". Luu tru ban goc ngay 14 thang 10 nam 2007. Truy cap ngay 14 thang 10 nam 2007.
  19. ^ a b c Pfiffner, Pamela (2003). Inside the Publishing Revolution: The Adobe Story. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. tr. 137. ISBN 0-321-11564-3.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Pfiffner, Pamela (2003). Inside the Publishing Revolution: The Adobe Story. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. tr. 139. ISBN 0-321-11564-3.
  21. ^ "PostScript Language Reference" (PDF). Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 24 thang 7 nam 2021.
  22. ^ Anton Ertl, Martin. "What is the PDF format good for?". complang.tuwien.ac.at. Vienna University of Technology. Luu tru ban goc ngay 4 thang 4 nam 2024. Truy cap ngay 8 thang 4 nam 2024.
  23. ^ "3D supported formats". Adobe Systems Inc. ngay 14 thang 7 nam 2009. Ban goc luu tru ngay 12 thang 2 nam 2010. Truy cap ngay 21 thang 2 nam 2010.
  24. ^ "Supported file formats in Acrobat and Reader". Adobe Systems Inc. ngay 11 thang 11 nam 2022. Luu tru ban goc ngay 21 thang 12 nam 2022. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.
  25. ^ "JavaScript for Acrobat 3D | Adobe Acrobat Developer Center". Adobe Systems Inc. Ban goc luu tru ngay 12 thang 11 nam 2009. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.
  26. ^ Pravetz, Jim. "In Defense of COS, or Why I Love JSON and Hate XML". jimpravetz.com. Ban goc luu tru ngay 2 thang 5 nam 2014.
  27. ^ "ISO 32000-2 - Document management -- Portable document format -- Part 2: PDF 2.0". ISO. ngay 5 thang 1 nam 2021. Luu tru ban goc ngay 28 thang 1 nam 2021. Truy cap ngay 3 thang 2 nam 2021.
  28. ^ Adobe Systems, PDF Reference, pp. 39-40.
  29. ^ PikePdf documentation. "Working with content streams". Luu tru ban goc ngay 5 thang 7 nam 2022. Truy cap ngay 8 thang 5 nam 2022.
  30. ^ "Adobe Developer Connection: PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification". Adobe Systems Inc. Ban goc luu tru ngay 15 thang 11 nam 2006. Truy cap ngay 13 thang 12 nam 2010.
  31. ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated (thang 11 nam 2006). "PDF Reference" (PDF). 1.7 (an ban thu 6). Ban goc (PDF) luu tru ngay 1 thang 10 nam 2008. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 1 nam 2023.

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