POSIX

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ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945[1]
Informatsionnye tekhnologii. Perenosimyi interfeis operatsionnoi sistemy (POSIX).

Bazovye tekhnicheskie trebovaniia, Vypusk 7

Komitet (razrabotchik) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22
Sait komiteta iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=45202
Agentstvo The Austin Common Standards Revision Group
Sait agentstva opengroup.org/austin
Data utverzhdeniia 15.09.2009
Posledniaia popravka ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009/Cor 2:2017
Stadiia 90.60 (17.12.2014)
MKS (ICS) 35.060
Tekushchaia redaktsiia ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009
Otmenennyi standart ISO/IEC 9945-1:2003

ISO/IEC 9945-2:2003
ISO/IEC 9945-3:2003
ISO/IEC 9945-4:2003

POSIX (angl. Portable Operating System Interface -- perenosimyi interfeis operatsionnykh sistem) -- nabor standartov, opisyvaiushchikh interfeisy mezhdu operatsionnoi sistemoi i prikladnoi programmoi (sistemnyi API), biblioteku iazyka C i nabor prilozhenii i ikh interfeisov. Standart sozdan dlia obespecheniia sovmestimosti razlichnykh UNIX-podobnykh operatsionnykh sistem i perenosimosti prikladnykh programm na urovne iskhodnogo koda, no mozhet byt' ispol'zovan i dlia ne-Unix sistem.

Seriia standartov POSIX byla razrabotana komitetom 1003 IEEE. Mezhdunarodnaia organizatsiia po standartizatsii (ISO) sovmestno c Mezhdunarodnoi elektrotekhnicheskoi komissiei (IEC) priniala standart POSIX pod nazvaniem ISO/IEC 9945[2]. Versii standarta POSIX iavliaiutsia osnovoi sootvetstvuiushchikh versii standarta Single UNIX Specification. Standart POSIX opredeliaet interfeis operatsionnoi sistemy, a sootvetstvie standartu Single UNIX Specification opredeliaet realizatsiiu interfeisa i pozvoliaet operatsionnym sistemam ispol'zovat' torgovuiu marku UNIX[3].

Nazvanie <> bylo predlozheno Richardom Stollmanom[4]. Vvedenie v POSIX.1 glasit: <>. <> iavliaetsia zaregistrirovannym tovarnym znakom IEEE[4].

Zadachi

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  • Sodeistvovat' oblegcheniiu perenosa koda prikladnykh programm na inye platformy.
  • Sposobstvovat' opredeleniiu i unifikatsii interfeisov zaranee pri proektirovanii, a ne v protsesse ikh realizatsii.
  • Sokhraniat' po vozmozhnosti i uchityvat' vse glavnye, sozdannye ranee i ispol'zuemye prikladnye programmy.
  • Opredeliat' neobkhodimyi minimum interfeisov prikladnykh programm dlia uskoreniia sozdaniia, odobreniia i utverzhdeniia dokumentov.
  • Razvivat' standarty v napravlenii obespecheniia kommunikatsionnykh setei, raspredelionnoi obrabotki dannykh i zashchity informatsii.
  • Rekomendovat' ogranichenie ispol'zovaniia binarnogo (ob'ektnogo) koda dlia prilozhenii v prostykh sistemakh.

Sostav

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Standart sostoit iz chetyriokh osnovnykh razdelov.

  • Osnovnye opredeleniia (angl. Base definitions) -- spisok osnovnykh opredelenii i soglashenii, ispol'zuemykh v spetsifikatsiiakh, i spisok zagolovochnykh failov iazyka Si, kotorye dolzhny byt' predostavleny sootvetstvuiushchei standartu sistemoi.
  • Obolochka i utility (angl. Shell and utilities) -- opisanie utilit i komandnoi obolochki sh, standarty reguliarnykh vyrazhenii.
  • Sistemnye interfeisy (angl. System interfaces) -- spisok sistemnykh vyzovov iazyka Si.
  • Obosnovanie (angl. Rationale) -- ob'iasnenie printsipov, ispol'zuemykh v standarte.

Versii

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Versii POSIX do 2001 goda

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Do 2001 goda bylo sozdano mnogo standartov POSIX, chast' iz kotorykh ispol'zovalas' dlia formirovaniia standartov Single UNIX Specification. Mnozhestvo operatsionnykh sistem chastichno ili polnost'iu realizovyvalo podderzhku etikh standartov, v sviazi s chem v rukovodstvakh k sistemnym vyzovam i k programmam chasto vstrechaiutsia ssylki na dannye standarty. Na dannyi moment eti standarty iavliaiutsia ustarevshimi i predstavliaiut lish' istoricheskii interes.

POSIX.1. Sistemnoe API dlia iazyka Si

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, zatem IEEE Std 1003.1-1990; ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990.

Standart byl vypushchen v 1988 godu, zanimal 317 stranits, vkliuchal v sebia standart ANSI C i iavlialsia pervym standartom POSIX. Do prisvoeniia nazvaniia POSIX Richardom Stollmanom standart byl izvesten kak IEEE-IX. V 1990 vyshlo obnovlenie standarta s nebol'shimi izmeneniiami pod nazvaniem IEEE Std 1003.1-1990, zanimavshee 356 stranits. Zagolovok obnovlionnogo standarta glasil: <>. Takim obrazom, bylo iavno ukazano, chto standart predstavliaet soboi sistemnoe API dlia iazyka Si[5].

Razdely standarta
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  • Sozdanie i upravlenie protsessami[5]
  • Signaly[6]
    • Iskliucheniia plavaiushchei tochki
    • Narushenie segmentatsii
    • Zapreshchionnye direktivy
    • Oshibki shiny
    • Taimery
  • Operatsii nad failami (katalogami)[5]
  • Kanaly[7]
  • Biblioteka Si (standart Si)
  • Interfeis i kontrol' vvoda-vyvoda
  • Triggery protsessov
Osobennosti standarta
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Iz chisla opisannogo v standarte stoit otmetit' sleduiushchee:

  • dobavlena funktsiia mkfifo(), kak bolee prostoi variant sozdaniia imenovannykh kanalov po sravneniiu s aktivno ispol'zovavsheisia v to vremia funktsiei mknod()[8];
  • opisan format arkhivov tar i cpio[5];
  • opisany faily s informatsiei o pol'zovateliakh i o gruppakh[5].

POSIX.2. Komandnaia obolochka i utility

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.2-1992; ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993[9].

Standart vyshel v 1992 godu v dvukh tomakh obshchim razmerom okolo 1300 stranits. Zagolovok glasil: <>, chto perevoditsia kak <>[5].

Razdely standarta
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  • Komandnyi interpretator
  • Programmnye utility
Osobennosti standarta
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Standart opisyval komandnyi interpretator na osnove System V Bourne shell[5] i okolo sotni utilit komandnoi stroki (vkliuchaia basename, awk, vi, yacc i mnogie drugie)[5].

POSIX.1b. Rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni

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Takzhe izvesten kak POSIX.4[9].

Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, IEEE Std 1003.1i-1995 (tekhnicheskie ispravleniia k 1003.1b).

Iznachal'no izvestnyi kak IEEE P1003.4, standart iavlialsia obnovleniem standarta IEEE Std 1003.1-1990. Obnovlenie iz 590 stranits vkliuchalo v sebia rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni, razrabotannye rabochim komitetom P1003.4[5]. V 1995 godu standart byl dopolnen tekhnicheskimi ispravleniiami (IEEE Std 1003.1i-1995).

Razdely standarta
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  • Planirovka prioritetov[5]
  • Signaly real'nogo vremeni[10]
  • Chasy i taimery[5]
  • Semafory[5]
  • Peredacha soobshchenii[5]
  • Upravlenie pamiat'iu[a][5]
  • Sinkhronizatsiia failov i asinkhronnyi vvod-vyvod[5]
  • Interfeis blokirovki virtual'noi pamiati[10]

POSIX.1c. Potoki

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995.

Razdely standarta
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  • Sozdanie, kontrol' i zavershenie vypolneniia potokov
  • Planirovshchik potokov
  • Sinkhronizatsiia potokov
  • Obrabotka signalov
Osobennosti standarta
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Osnovnoi zadachei standarta iavlialos' obespechenie vozmozhnosti napisaniia reenterabel'nogo koda dlia ispol'zovaniia v mnogopotochnykh programmakh. Iz chisla znachitel'nykh izmenenii stoit otmetit' sleduiushchie:

  • global'naia peremennaia errno iazyka Si bolee ne iavliaetsia global'noi peremennoi i dolzhna ukazyvat' na otdel'nuiu pamiat' dlia kazhdogo potoka[11];
  • dobavleny reenterabel'nye analogi nekotorykh funktsii, k kotorym dobavliaetsia suffiks <<_r>>[11];
  • vse funktsii dlia raboty so vvodom-vyvodom dolzhny byt' realizovany reenterabel'nymi, inache v ikh nazvanii neobkhodimo iavno oboznachat' ikh nebezopasnost' (naprimer, suffiksom <<_unlocked>>)[11];
  • dobavleny funktsii flockfile(), ftrylockfile() i funlockfile() dlia osushchestvleniia blokiruiushchikh operatsii nad potokami dannykh v ramkakh mnogopotochnoi programmy[11].

POSIX.1-1996

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1, 1996 Edition, takzhe izvestnyi kak IEEE 1996 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996).

Standart zanimal 743 stranitsy, ob'edinial ranee razrabotannye versii POSIX i vkliuchal v sebia sleduiushchie standarty[5][12]:

  • IEEE Std 1003.1-1990 (bazovyi API);
  • IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993 (rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni);
  • IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 (potoki);
  • IEEE Std 1003.1i-1995 (tekhnicheskie ispravleniia k standartu 1003.1b).
Razdely standarta
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  • Chast' 1. Sistemnoe API (Iazyk Si)[5]
  • Chast' 2. Komandnyi interpretator i utility[5]
  • Chast' 3. Sistemnoe administrirovanie (v razrabotke)[5]

Pri etom okolo chetverti stranits standarta zanimala istoricheskaia spravka i poiasneniia prichin, po kotorym v nego byli vkliucheny te ili inye funktsii[5].

POSIX.1d. Dopolnitel'nye rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999.

Opisyval dopolnitel'nye rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni[9]. Naprimer, sistemnyi vyzov sem_timedwait() poiavilsia imenno v etom standarte[13].

POSIX.1g. Protokolo-nezavisimye interfeisy

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Pervonachal'noe nazvanie: POSIX 1003.12[13].

Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1g.

Standart byl vypushchen v 2000 godu, opisyval API vzaimodeistviia protsessov drug s drugom i vkliuchal v sebia dva osnovnykh API[14]:

  • Simple Network Interface (SNI)[14];
  • Detailed Network Interface (DNI), vkliuchaiushchii v sebia API soketov na osnove soketov 4.4BSD[15] i pomechennyi ustarevshim X/Open Transport Interface (XTI)[16].

POSIX.1j. Prodvinutye rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000.

Opisyvaet prodvinutye rasshireniia real'nogo vremeni[9].

Versii POSIX posle 2001 goda

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V marte 1997 goda rabochii komitet Austin Group razrabotal standart Single UNIX Specification version 2, kotoryi po svoei suti byl prodolzheniem razvitiia standarta POSIX.1-1996[5][17][18].

V 1999 godu bylo priniato reshenie, soglasno kotoromu konsortsium The Open Group i Institut inzhenerov po elektrotekhnike i elektronike (IEEE) priniali reshenie ob ob'edinenii usilii v sovmestnoi razrabotke standartov POSIX i Single UNIX Specification. Novyi standart POSIX dolzhen byl zamenit' sushchestvovavshie na tot moment standarty POSIX (POSIX.1 i POSIX.2 i dr.), stav osnovoi dlia Single UNIX Specification version 3. Takzhe bylo resheno obnarodovat' budushchii standart, razrabotku kotorogo planirovalos' zakonchit' k 2001 godu[19].

V 2001 godu vse predydushchie standarty POSIX byli ob'edineny v odin obshchii standart, kotoryi predpolagalos' ispol'zovat' kak osnovu dlia budushchikh standartov Single UNIX Specification[13].

POSIX.1-2001

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1-2001; ISO/IEC 9945:2002[13].

V 2001 godu osnovnye optsional'nye standarty POSIX, razrabotannye ranee, byli ob'edineny v edinyi standart POSIX.1-2001. S tekh por priniato imenovat' standarty POSIX, dobavliaia k nim v konets god izdaniia[20]. POSIX.1-2001 iavliaetsia osnovoi standarta Single UNIX Specification version 3[21].

POSIX.1-2001 orientirovan na standart iazyka C99 i mozhet vkliuchat' v sebia funktsii i zagolovochnye faily iz C99[22].

Standart vkliuchaet v sebia:

  • osnovnye poniatiia i opredeleniia;
  • sistemnye interfeisy i zagolovochnye faily;
  • opisanie komandnogo interpretatora na urovne iskhodnogo koda i utilit komandnoi stroki.

POSIX.1-2004

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1-2004.

Standart iavliaetsia neznachitel'nym obnovleniem standarta POSIX.1-2001. Vkliuchaet v sebia dva tekhnicheskikh ispravleniia[23]. Opisanie standarta dostupno v internete[24].

POSIX.1-2008

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Standarty: IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (ISO/IEC 9945:2009), tekhnicheskoe ispravlenie IEEE Std 1003.1-2008/Cor 1-2013 (ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009/Cor 1:2013).

Standart razrabotan v 2008. V 2013 godu k standartu bylo razrabotano tekhnicheskoe ispravlenie No. 1 pod nazvaniem IEEE Std 1003.1-2008/Cor 1-2013. Obshchedostupnuiu besplatnuiu kopiiu standarta mozhno naiti v internete[25]. POSIX.1-2008 lezhit v osnove standarta Single UNIX Specification version 4[26].

Standart opisyvaet:

  • osnovnye poniatiia i opredeleniia standarta;
  • sistemnye interfeisy i zagolovochnye faily;
  • opisanie komandnogo interpretatora na urovne iskhodnogo koda i utilit komandnoi stroki;
  • poiasneniia o neobkhodimosti standarta, o prichinakh vkliucheniia vozmozhnostei (ili otkaza ot vkliucheniia) v standart.

POSIX.1-2017

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Standart: IEEE Std 1003.1-2017 (ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009/Cor 2:2017).

Standart razrabotan v 2017 i iavliaetsia tekushchim[27]. Iavliaetsia vtoroi popravkoi k redaktsii ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009.

Po sravneniiu s predydushchim standartom soderzhit v osnovnom ispravleniia oshibok i perenos optsional'nykh vozmozhnostei v kategoriiu obiazatel'nykh. V tom chisle optsional'nymi perestali byt' mnogie funktsii dlia raboty s potokami, vkliuchaia blokirovki chteniia-zapisi. V chislo novykh funktsii v osnovnom vkhodiat funktsii dlia raboty s lokaliami[28].

POSIX.1-2024

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Eto pustoi razdel, kotoryi eshchio ne napisan.
Zdes' mozhet raspolagat'sia otdel'nyi razdel. Pomogite Vikipedii, napisav ego. (25 ianvaria 2019)

Profili POSIX 1003.13

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Standart POSIX 1003.1 podkhodit ne dlia vsekh operatsionnykh sistem. Vstraivaemye operatsionnye sistemy ne vsegda realizuiut podderzhku tekh ili inykh funktsii. Standart POSIX 1003.13 opisyvaet podmnozhestvo standarta POSIX 1003.1 dlia vstraivaemykh sistem, kotoroe razdeleno na 4 profilia. Profili byli razrabotany, chtoby obespechit' perenosimost' programm na urovne iskhodnykh kodov dlia operatsionnykh sistem s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostiami. Oni predstavliaiut soboi podmnozhestvo standarta POSIX 1003.1, to est' opisyvaiut tol'ko chast' vozmozhnostei, vkliuchionnykh v original'nyi standart. Takim obrazom, profili ne konfliktuiut s original'nym standartom[29].

Tekushchim iavliaetsia standart IEEE 1003.13-2003[30], kotoryi iavliaetsia razvitiem standarta IEEE Std 1003.13-1998 i osnovyvaetsia na standarte IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Takzhe v standart vkliucheny POSIX.26-2003 (IEEE Std 1003.26-2003), POSIX.13a, POSIX.13b[31] i ISO/IEC 14519:2001[istochnik ne ukazan 1471 den'].

Na 2016 god razrabotany sleduiushchie profili:

  • POSIX PSE54 (mnogopol'zovatel'skaia mnogoprotsessnaia operatsionnaia sistema s podderzhkoi potokov i failovoi sistemy);
  • POSIX PSE53 (mnogoprotsessnaia operatsionnaia sistema s podderzhkoi potokov i failovoi sistemy);
  • POSIX PSE52 (odnoprotsessnaia operatsionnaia sistema s podderzhkoi potokov i failovoi sistemy);
  • POSIX PSE51 (odnoprotsessnaia operatsionnaia sistema s podderzhkoi potokov, bez failovoi sistemy).

Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika profilei

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Podderzhivaemye vozmozhnosti[29] PSE51 PSE52 PSE53 PSE54 Pervoe poiavlenie
Protsessy - - + + 1003.1-90
Konveiery - - + + 1003.1-90
Faily i katalogi - + [b] + [b] + 1003.1-90
Pol'zovateli i gruppy - - - + 1003.1-90
Zashchita pamiati - - + + 1003.1b-93
Chasy i taimery vysokogo razresheniia + + + + 1003.1b-93
Signaly real'nogo vremeni + + + + 1003.1b-93
Semafory + + + + 1003.1b-93
Razdeliaemaia pamiat' + + + + 1003.1b-93
Mezhprotsessovyi obmen dannymi + + + + 1003.1b-93
Potoki + + + + 1003.1c-95
Potokobezopasnye funktsii + + + + 1003.1c-95
Atributy potokov, adres steka + + + + 1003.1c-95
Atributy potokov, razmer steka + + + + 1003.1c-95
Razdelenie protsessa mezhdu potokami - - + + 1003.1c-95
Prioritety potokov + + + + 1003.1c-95
Nasledovanie prioritetov potokami + + + + 1003.1c-95
Zashchita prioritetov potokov + + + + 1003.1c-95

Podderzhka operatsionnymi sistemami

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V zavisimosti ot stepeni sovmestimosti so standartami, OS mogut byt' polnost'iu ili chastichno sovmestimy s POSIX. Sertifitsirovannye produkty mogut byt' naideny na saite IEEE[32]. Besplatnyi dostup k versii standarta IEEE Std 1003.1-2017 nakhoditsia na saite <<The Open Group>>[33].

POSIX-sertifitsirovannye

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C 1996 goda standart SUS vkliuchaet v sebia standart POSIX, poetomu sertifitsirovannye na standart UNIX operatsionnye sistemy mozhno schitat' odnovremenno sertifitsirovannymi i na standart POSIX.

POSIX-sovmestimye

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Zaiavlena polnaia sovmestimost' s odnoi iz versii standarta POSIX.

Po bol'shei chasti POSIX-sovmestimye

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Ofitsial'no ne sertifitsirovannye kak POSIX-sovmestimye, no sootvetstvuiushchie po bol'shei chasti.

Chastichno POSIX-sovmestimye

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POSIX dlia Windows

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  • Cygwin -- obespechivaet chastichnoe sootvetstvie POSIX dlia nekotorykh produktov Microsoft Windows.
  • Podsistema dlia UNIX-prilozhenii (SUA) -- neobiazatel'naia podsistema Windows, obespechivaiushchaia gotovoe okruzhenie dlia kompiliatsii i ispolneniia POSIX-sovmestimykh prilozhenii[67]. Sootvetstvie standartu POSIX.2 na urovne komandnoi stroki obespechivaetsia s pomoshch'iu komandnoi obolochki ksh[68].
  • <<Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX>> -- obespechivaet polnoe sootvetstvie POSIX dlia nekotorykh produktov Microsoft Windows. Operatsionnye sistemy na baze Windows NT do Windows 2000 imeli POSIX-uroven', vstroennyi v OS, i <> predostavlialo UNIX-podobnoe okruzhenie. Dlia polucheniia POSIX-sovmestimosti v Windows XP nuzhno skachat' i ustanovit' besplatnyi paket <>. UNIX-podsistema vstroena v Enterprise i Ultimate redaktsii Windows Vista i ne mozhet byt' dobavlena v drugie redaktsii.
  • Windows Subsystem for Linux -- prosloika sovmestimosti, vpervye poiavivshaiasia v Windows 10 i realizuiushchaia API iadra Linux poverkh Windows. Pozvoliaet zapuskat' okruzhenie nekotorykh distributivov v prostranstve pol'zovatelia.
  • UWIN -- nabor bibliotek i utilit, obespechivaiushchikh POSIX-sovmestimoe okruzhenie poverkh Win32 API[69].
  • UnxUtils -- nabor portirovannykh pod biblioteku Microsoft C Run-time (msvcrt.dll) utilit GNU[70].

Sm. takzhe

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Primechaniia

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Kommentarii

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  1. | Sistemnyi vyzov mmap i razdeliaemaia pamiat'.
  2. | 1 2 U PSE53 uproshchionnaia failovaia sistema -- bez imenovannykh kanalov, atributov failov i polucheniia putei po shablonu poiska.

Istochniki

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  1. | ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 - Informatsionnye tekhnologii. Perenosimyi interfeis operatsionnoi sistemy (POSIX). Bazovye tekhnicheskie trebovaniia, Vypusk 7 . www.iso.org. Data obrashcheniia: 12 fevralia 2016.
  2. | ISO/IEC 9945 . www.unix.org. Data obrashcheniia: 7 ianvaria 2016. Arkhivirovano 4 marta 2016 goda.
  3. | The UNIX System -- The Single UNIX Specification . www.unix.org. Data obrashcheniia: 7 ianvaria 2016. Arkhivirovano 22 avgusta 2011 goda.
  4. | 1 2 POSIX(r) 1003.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ Version 1.12) (angl.) (2 fevralia 2006). Data obrashcheniia: 5 marta 2008. Arkhivirovano iz originala 22 avgusta 2011 goda.
  5. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 W. Richard Stevens, Bill Fenner, Andrew M. Rudoff. UNIX Network Programming. -- Addison-Wesley Professional, 2004-01-01. -- S. 25--28. -- 1032 s. -- ISBN 9780131411555. -- [Arkhivirovano 2 iiulia 2016 goda.]
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Literatura

[pravit' | pravit' kod]

Ssylki

[pravit' | pravit' kod]
Standarty The Open Group
Standarty IEEE
Tekushchie
Seriia 802
802
802.1
802.3
802.11
802.15
Seriia P
Zameneny
Standarty ISO
1
po
9999
10000
po
19999
20000+
Komandy Unix
Utility POSIX.1-2008
Istochnik -- https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=POSIX&oldid=146172605