VoIP
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VoIP (rASHy tybvt SHl Voice over Internet Protocol) hvA SHm KHlly lTKHnvlvgyvt vlSHyTvt SHvnvt lh`brt dybvr `l-gby rSHtvt IP (KHdvgmt rSHt hAynTrnT). TKHnvlvgyvt Alv mhvvt bsys lmgvvn rHb SHl yySHvmym:
- SHyHvt dybvr btvKHnvt lmsrym myydyym (IM) KHdvgmt ICQ, msng'r, skyyp v`vd
- SHyHvt Tlpvn `l gby hAynTrnT bAmTS`vt mKHSHyry Tlpvn yy`vdyym
- SHyHvt mmHSHbym Al kvvy Tlpvn "rgylym"
- SHyHvt byn SHny kvvy Tlpvn "rgylym" ASHr Hbrt hTlpvn bvHrt lh`byr Avtn `l gby rSHtvt IP (rAv hrHbh bhmSHKH)
ytrvn `ykry lTKHnvlvgyvt h-VoIP hvA hprysh hrHbh SHl rSHt hAynTrnT (vrSHtvt ntvnym nvspvt) vbKHKH nHsKH hTSvrKH lprvs tSHtyvt myvHdvt lTvbt hdybvr (KHgvn kvvy Tlpvn, mKHSHyry Tlpvn vKHv').
ytrvn nvsp bSHymvSH b-IP lh`brt SHyHvt, hvA hSHymvSH bprvTvkvl sTndrTy vnpvTS. gvpym rbym mbTS`ym mHkr vpytvH SHl KHlym SHymvSHyym `bvrv: AbTHt myd`, nyhvl rSHt, nyTvr, AvpTymyzTSyh SHl hbyTSv`ym vKHv', vhSHymvSH b-VoIP yKHvl lhtbss `l KHl Avtv hyd` vhKHlym hkyymym.
TKHnvlvgyh zAt mhvvh tHrvt lm`rKHvt hTlpvnyh bTKHnvlvgyyt PSTN, vrgvlTSyh `l yySHvmy VoIP mvp`lt brmvt SHvnvt bmdynvt h`vlm[1][2]. mrHykt hlKHt byvtr hyA Atyvpyh, ASHr msybvt SHl tHrvt vbyTHvn lAvmy, hgdyrh bSHnym 2002 v-2012 At hSHymvSH byySHvmy VoIP KH`byrh[3].
mhvt hTKHnvlvgyh
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]
TKHnvlvgyvt h-VoIP m`byrvt dybvr `l gby rSHt hntvnym bTSvrh dygyTlyt. hdybvr hAnvSHy hvA Anlvgy bmkvrv, v`l mnt lh`byr Avtv `l rSHtvt ntvnym ySH TSvrKH lkvdd Avtv bTSvrh dygyTlyt. SHyTvt hkydvd SHhyv nhvgvt b`vlm hTlpvnyh, lpny hvp`t h-VoIP, hnyHv SHkyym mslvl ntvnym kbv` byn SHny TSddy hSHyHh, SHhvA b`l rvHb srT mtAym lh`brt hSHyHh, vhvA mSHvryyn lTvbt hSHyHh KHl `vd hyA mtkyymt brvHb hps hAvpyyny SHSHvryyn SHhvA 64 Kbps. hnHvt `bvdh Alv hyv nKHvnvt `bvr rSHtvt Tlpvnyh "rgylvt", AKH Aynn nKHvnvt brSHtvt ntvnym.
brSHtvt ntvnym rvHb hsrT hzmyn lSHymvSH mvSHp` mh`vms hrg`y `l hrSHt vmmspr hmSHtmSHym vhyySHvmym hTSvrKHym At mSHAby hrSHt bKHl rg` vrg` (vlKHn yKHvl lhSHtnvt bKHl rg` vrg`). bnvsp, bgll hAvpy hmzdmn SHl rSHtvt hntvnym, hmyd` bhn lA nSHlH bTSvrh rTSyph (KHdvgmt SHyHt Tlpvn) AlA bHbylvt myd`. KHl Hbylh mKHylh ntH msvym mtvKH KHll hmyd`, vhHbylh `vbrt drKH mslvl SHvnh brSHt `l py h`vms hkyym bKHl rg` vrg` bnkvdvt SHvnvt brSHt.
bSHl KHl htKHvnvt hn"l, TKHnvlvgyvt h-VoIP hSHvnvt TSryKHvt lhtmvdd `m mspr tvp`vt:
- Delay - hSHhyyh hngrmt KHtvTSAh mmrKHyby `ybvd hkvl vhSHhyyh KHtvTSAh mm`rKHt h`brt hntvnym (hSHhyyt rSHt).
- Jitter - mpny SHKHl Hbylh yKHvlh l`bvr mslvl SHvnh brSHt, gm kTSb hhg`h SHl hHbylvt Aynv kbv`.
- Packet Reorder - bgll hmslvlym hSHvnym yytKHn SHHbylh msvymt "t`kvp" Hbylh AHrt, vyyvvTSr blbvl bsdr SHl hHbylvt.
- Packet Loss - Aybvd Hbylvt - yytKHn SHHlk mhHbylvt yAbdv vl`vlm lA ygy`v Al hy`d.
- rvHb srT mSHtnh - mSHvm SHyySHvmym SHvnym yKHvlym lyTSvr `vms `l hrSHt, `l yySHvmy h-VoIP lhtmvdd `m SHynvyym brvHb hsrT hzmyn `bvrm bKHl rg` vrg`.
mkvdd kvl - Vocoder
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]- `rKH mvrHb - Vocoder
hmkvdd (Vocoder - Voice Coder) hvA lb-lybh SHl TKHnvlvgyyt h-VoIP. bAmTS`vt kydvd mtAym SHl Avtvt hdybvr, nytn lhtgbr `l tKHvnvt rSHt h-IP vlhTSlyH lh`byr `lyh dybvr.
SHm` mv`br bTlpvnyh rgylh bkTSb SHl 64 kylv byT lSHnyyh. kTSb zh nHSHb lkTSb hbsysy lh`brt dybvr bAyKHvt SHl SHyHt Tlpvn. `l ydy SHymvSH bmkvdd nytn ldHvs At hSHm` lkTSbym nmvKHym bhrbh vbKHKH lHsvKH rvHb srT rb. Hlk mrvHb hsrT SHnHsKH mSHmSH lh`brt Avtvt bkrh lhtmvddvt `m htvp`vt hn"l (KHgvn SHydvr mHdSH SHl Hbylvt, mspvr KHl Hbylh bmspr sydvry, hgdlt hytyrvt SHl hmyd` bKHl Hbylh, hvspt kvdym ltykvn SHgyAvt). p`vlvt nvspvt SHmbTS` hmkvdd hn:
- m`byr rk dybvr AnvSHy, vmsnn TSlylym myvtrym vr`SH rk`.
- m`byr rk At hdybvr `TSmv, vnmn` mh`brt hSHkT SHbyn hmSHpTym, hmylym vhAvtyvt.
- yvTSr rHSH-nvHvt (comfort noise) `l mnt lgrvm lmAzyn tHvSHh SHhkv lA nvtk, Apylv brg`ym SHbhm rvHb hsrT nHsKH `l ydy SHny hmngnvnym hkvdmym. hrHSH nvTSr mkvmyt vlA mSHtmSH bmSHAby rSHt ykrym.
mkvddym mkvblym b-VoIP:
- G.711
- G.723
- G.729
SHylvb byn Tlpvnyh l-VoIP
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]- `rKH mvrHb - Tlpvnyyt IP
Hbrvt Tlpvnyh rbvt, KHdvgmt Fring, mTSAv SHzvl hrbh yvtr lSHlm `bvr Hybvr rHb srT lAynTrnT mASHr `bvr Hybvr rHb srT lvvyny Av syby. hSHymvSH b-VoIP mbvTS` bAHt mhdrKHym hbAvt:
- hmnvy mHzyk mKHSHyr Tlpvn rgyl, vrk lAHr SHhSHyHh mgy`h lmrKHzyyh hyA mtvrgmt l-VoIP vmv`brt `l gby hAynTrnT Al mrKHzyyt hy`d, vSHm hyA mtvrgmt Hzrh lTlpvnyh rgylh vmv`brt Al mKHSHyr hTlpvn SHl hTSd hSHny.
- hmnvy mHzyk mKHSHyr Tlpvn rgyl, hmtHbr Al "mtAm SHyHvt", vzh mHvbr lAynTrnT.
- hmnvy mHzyk mKHSHyr Tlpvn yy`vdy, hmtHbr ySHyrvt Al hAynTrnT.
SHylvb `m prvTvkvlym AHrym
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]TKHnvlvgyyt h-VoIP `TSmh nvtnt m`nh rk lh`brt hdybvr byn tHnvt brSHt. AKH Ayn dy bKHKH. bnvsp lh`brt hdybvr byn hTSddym, TSryKH lkyym m`rKHt lyTSyrt kSHr byn hTSddym (KHdvgmt hHyvg brSHtvt Tlpvn rgylvt). SHty SHyTvt `ykryvt lKHKH hn:
- hSHtyyKHvt lyySHvm rHb yvtr ASHr mkyym kSHr byn hTSddym. yySHvmym rbym KHbr mbTS`ym thlyKH hAytvr SHl hTSddym hrTSvyym (ldvgmh, rSHymt hHbrym btvKHnvt lmsrym myydyym), vnytn lhtbss `lyhn `l-mnt lAtr At hTSd SHmvlv rvTSym lbTS` SHyHt VoIP.
- kyvm rSHt IPtel. SHyTh zv mApSHrt Hyvg lmspry Tlpvn "rgylym", bdvmh lHyvg SHl mspry Tlpvn bm`rKHt Tlpvn "rgylh", gm `bvr TSyvd SHmSHtyyKH lrSHtvt tkSHvrt ntvnym vbAvpn msvrty Ayn lv "mspr Tlpvn rgyl". prvTvkvly IPtel mrKHzyym hm H.323 v-SIP.
rAv gm
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]kySHvrym HyTSvnyym
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]- Atr hAynTrnT hrSHmy SHl VoIP
- gl mvr, "ySHrAl Hvllh At mhpKHt h-VoIP vt`TSb At h`tyd", bAtr ynet, 4 bmAy 2005
- VoIP Telephony News
- syKHvm KHns VOIP 2006 hSHnty
- hysTvryh SHl VOIP
- VoIP, bAtr AnTSyklvpdyh bryTnykh (bAnglyt)
h`rvt SHvlyym
[`ryKHt kvd mkvr | `ryKHh]- ^ gyl`d ns, mvTb mAvHr? mSHrd htkSHvrt ysdyr SHyHvt VoIP bslvlr, bAtr KHlKHlysT, 7 bdTSmbr 2010
- ^ yvsy gvrbyTS, `nkyvt hslvlr hAmrykAyvt yApSHrv SHymvSH b-VoIP, bAtr KHlKHlysT, 7 bAvkTvbr 2009
- ^ Ethiopian Telecom law affirms Skype's legality - Jul 13, 2012 , bAtr mSHrd hHvTS SHl Atyvpyh (bAnglyt)
| Tlpvnyh | ||
|---|---|---|
| mKHSHyrym | mKHSHyr Tlpvn * Tlpvn slvlry * Tlpvn HKHm * Tlpvn Hyrvm mvbnh brKHb * Tlpvn TSybvry * Tlpvn ryys | |
| AmTS`y tSHlvm | Asymvn * KHrTys Hyvg | |
| mspry Tlpvn | mspr Tlpvn * kydvmt Tlpvn * kydvmt Tlpvn byn-lAvmyt * kydvmt Tlpvn bySHrAl * nyydvt msprym * spr Tlpvnym | |
| Tlpvnyh | PSTN * ISDN * ADSL * SS7 * mrKHzyyh | |
| slvlr | tkSHvrt slvlryt * Tlpvn slvlry * ndydh | |
| tkn TKHnvlvgyyt tkSHvrt slvlr | kdm dvr 0G * dvr rASHvn 1G * dvr SHny 2G * dvr SHlySHy 3G * dvr rby`y 4G * dvr HmySHy 5G | |
| Tlpvn mbvss AynTrnT | Tlpvnyyt IP * SIP * H.323 * VoIP * Vocoder | |