nv`m Hvmsky

mtvKH vykypdyh, hAnTSyklvpdyh hHvpSHyt

nv`m Hvmsky
Noam Chomsky

nv`m Hvmsky, 2017
lydh	7 bdTSmbr 1928 (bn 97) ArTSvt hbryt pyldlpyh, pnsylbnyh, ArTSvt hbryt
SHm lydh	Avram Noam Chomsky
mdynh	ArTSvt hbryt ArTSvt hbryt
mkvm mgvrym	lksyngTvn Allston AysT lyyk lyyn Tvsvn
`np md`y	blSHnvt
hSHKHlh	AvnybrsyTt hrvvArd (1955) AvnybrsyTt pnsylbnyh (1949) AvnybrsyTt pnsylbnyh (1951) tyKHvn snTrl hyy (1945) Oak Lane Day School hmKHvn hTKHnvlvgy SHl msTS'vsTs
tpkyd	prvpsvr (1955)
tArym	dvkTvr lpylvsvpyh
tlmydy dvkTvrT	brbrh prTy, Leonard Harold Haines, Tom Wasow, S.-Y. Kuroda, Charles Yang, Ivan Andrew Sag, Ken Hiraiwa, Amy Sara Weinberg, Anoop K. Mahajan, James D. McCawley, Robert C. Berwick, g'nT dyn pvdvr, ryy g'kndvp, g'vn rvbrT rvs, Tnyh ryynhrT, g'vAn brznn, mArk byykr, Alec Marantz, Howard Lasnik, dyyvvyd pzTSky, Mario Montalbetti
Ab	zAb Hvmsky
hSHkph dtyt	AgnvsTyvt
bn Av bt zvg	krvl Hvmsky (24 bdTSmbr 1949 - 19 bdTSmbr 2008 (59 SHnym)) vlryh vsrmn Hvmsky (m-2014)
yldym	Abybh Hvmsky
mspr yldym	3
prsym vhvkrh	mlgt gvgnhyym mdlyyt bng'myn prnklyn (1999)
Htymh
h`rvt	yhvdy, bnv SHl zAb (vylyAm) Hvmsky.
chomsky.info
trvmvt `ykryvt
myysd AsKHvlt hblSHnvt hgnrTybyt, vhvgh hyrrKHyyt Hvmsky.

Abrhm nv`m Hvmsky (bAnglyt: Avram Noam Chomsky, nhgh bAnglyt: /noUm 'tSamski/ nvm TS'vmsky; nvld b-7 bdTSmbr 1928) hvA blSHn, pylvsvp, p`yl SHmAl vmbkr Hbrty yhvdy-AmrykAy. prvpsvr KHbvd lblSHnvt bAvnybrsyTt Aryzvnh vprvpsvr AmryTvs lblSHnvt bmKHvn hTKHnvlvgy SHl msTS'vsTs (MIT) SHm lymd m`l 50 SHnh. bnvsp lp`ylvtv hAkdmyt nvd` b`ykr bSHl KHtybtv hpvlyTyt hmzvhh `m AnrKHv-syndyklyzm vsvTSyAlyzm lybrTryAny vbSHl hbykvrt hnvkbt SHlv `l mdynyvt hHvTS SHl ArTSvt hbryt v`l mdynt ySHrAl.^[1]

hvA myysd AsKHvlt hblSHnvt hgnrTybyt, vhvgh hyrrKHyyt Hvmsky, SHyTt myvn SHl SHpvt pvrmlyvt. hblSHnvt hgnrTybyt nkrAt lp`mym `l SHmv "blSHnvt HvmskyAnyt". KHtb lm`lh m-150 sprym bnvSHAy blSHnvt, mlHmh, pvlyTykh vtkSHvrt hmvnym.

htAvryh SHl Hvmsky KHy ySHnv "dkdvk Avnybrsly" (dkdvk gnrTyby Av dkdvk yvTSr), SHKHl bny hAdm nvldym `mv, grmh lyrydh bHSHybvt zrm hbyhbyvryzm bpsyKHvlvgyh, SHT`n KHy hAdm nvld `m nTyyh lkbl Hyzvkym KHtvTSAh mhhysTvryh hAbvlvTSyvnyt vmhhysTvryh hAySHyt SHlv, vrvKHSH At KHl yKHvlvtyv blmydh, vlhgbrt htmyKHh bmd`ym hkvgnyTybyym.

lHvmsky hv`nk tvAr SHl "prvpsvr mvsd" lblSHnvt, hnytn `l ydy MIT lkbvTSh nbHrt SHl KH-14 prvpsvrym mtHvmym SHvnym.

KHmtngd nHrTS SHl ht`rbvt ArTSvt hbryt bvvyyTnAm, Avth hvA hgdyr KHAympryAlyzm Amrykny, b-1967 Hvmsky zKHh ltSHvmt lb lAvmyt b`kbvt hHybvr SHlv "Hvbtm SHl AynTlkTvAlym" (An'). KHmHvbr l"SHmAl hHdSH", Hvmsky n`TSr mspr p`mym `l ydy hrSHvyvt bArTSvt hbryt vnKHns lrSHymt hAvybym (An') SHl ryTS'rd nyksvn. bSHytvp p`vlh `m AdvArd s. hrmn (An'), Hvmsky byss At mvdl ht`mvlh (An') SHl bykvrt htkSHvrt bsprv Manufacturing consent (An'). hgntv `l HvpSH hbyTvy, gm SHl mKHHySHy SHvAh, yTSrh mHlvkt bprSHt pvrysvn (An') bSHnvt hSHmvnym. lAHr prySHtv m-MIT hvA hmSHyKH lhyvt p`yl nHrTS bAkTybyzm pvlyTy, KHvll htngdvtv lplySHh b`yrAk vtmyKHtv btnv`t Avkyvpyy bArTSvt hbryt, lAHr hmSHbr hKHlKHly h`vlmy (2008).

Hvmsky nvld bpyldlpyh SHbpnsylbnyh^[2], ArTSvt hbryt, lhvrym yhvdym. Abyv, hmHnKH h`bry zAb (vylyAm) Hvmsky, nvld b`yyrh kvpyl SHbpvlyn (bAvkrAynh hmvdrnyt) vhygr lArTSvt hbryt bgyl 18 KHdy lhtHmk mSHyrvt TSbAy, vAmv, Alzy lbyt symvnvbsky, hyyth mvrh ylydt rvsyh hlbnh.

hvA vAHyv dvd HvnKHv KHyhvdym, lmdv `bryt vTSyvnvt; bmyvHd hvSHp`h mSHpHtv mhgvtv SHl AHd h`m bhkSHr zh<sup>[3]</sup>. bTS`yrvtv hyh Hvmsky mkvrb ltnv`t hSHvmr hTS`yr, SHhh zmn mh bkybvTS hzvr` `m r`yytv^[4], vAp SHkl lhySHAr bArTS ySHrAl.

b-1945 lmd pylvsvpyh vblSHnvt bAvnybrsyTt pnsylbnyh, byn hSHAr tHt hdrKHtv SHl zlyg hArys (An'), prvpsvr lblSHnvt, SHd`vtyv hpvlyTyvt Hppv lmdy lAlv SHl Hvmsky. Hvmsky kybl dvkTvrT bblSHnvt b-1955, btvm `bvdt mHkr SHnmSHKHh KHArb` SHnym bAvnybrsyTt hrvvArd. b`bvdt hdvkTvrT SHlv hHl lptH KHmh mr`yvnvtyv hblSHnyym, SHAvtm h`lh bsprv m-1957, "Syntactic Structures" (An') ("mbnym tHbyryym"), AHt m`bvdvtyv hydv`vt byvtr btHvm zh.

lAHr SHkybl tvAr dvkTvr lymd Hvmsky bmKHvn hTKHnvlvgy SHl msTS'vsTs bmSHKH 19 SHnh. bmhlKH tkvph zv (hHl b`rKH m-1965) n`SHh m`vrb yvtr bpvlyTykh, vT`n ngd m`vrbvt AmrykAyt bmlHmt vyyTnAm. b-1969 prsm At "American Power and the New Mandarins" (An'), spr msvt bnvSHA zh. mAz htprsm bSHl d`vtyv hpvlyTyvt hmzvhvt KHSHmAl rdykly, `lyhn hrTSh brHby h`vlm, vKHtb mspr sprym bnvSHA zh. bmsgrt d`vtyv Alh hvA mbkr bHrypvt At mdynyvt hHvTS hAmrykAyt. bnvsp hvA mbkr Hlk mhmdynvt SHbhn tvmKHt ArTSvt hbryt, KHgvn mdynt ySHrAl, KHHlk mbykvrt `TSmyt `l tmyKHt ArTSvt hbryt bhn. btyvvKHv SHl Abrhm `vz hTSTrp, byHd `m hpylvsvpyt g'vdyt bATlr, hpylvsvp ATyyn blybAr vhmHzAy hvvArd brnTvn lmv`TSh hbynlAvmyt SHl tyATrvn hHvpSH SHhkym mHdSH g'vlyAnv mr Hmys bg'nyn.

Amvnvtyv hbyAv lv tvmKHym rbym bkrb hSHmAl hrdykly, AKH gm mtngdym rbym lA pHvt. bmkbyl, lA nTSH Hvmsky At SHdh hmHkr hblSHny vhmSHyKH lKHtvb vllmd.

Hvmsky htHtn b-1949 `m hblSHnyt krvl SHATS (An'). lzvg nvldv SHny bnym vbt. btv, Abybh, hyA hysTvryvnyt. r`yytv npTrh bdTSmbr 2008 msrTn. Hvmsky mtgvrr blksyngTvn SHbmsTS'vsTs.

`rKH mvrHb - blSHnvt gnrTybyt

"Syntactic Structures" hyh lm`SHh zykvk SHl sprv "Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory" (SHyTSA bSHnt 1955), bv hTSyg dkdvk TrnspvrmTyby (An'). `l py tAvryh zv mb`ym (mylym, byTvyym vmSHpTym) ngzrym m"mbny SHTH" mvpSHTym, SHngzrym b`TSmm m"mbny `vmk" mvpSHTym (hbHnh HvtKHt zv byn mbny SHTH lmbny `vmk n`drt bgrsAvt mvdrnyvt SHl tAvryh zv). Hvky h`brh, yHd `m Hvky mbnh mb` vSHAr `krvnvt mbnyym, SHvlTym hn byyTSvr vhn bprSHnvt mb`ym. b`zrt m`rKHt KHllym tHbyryym mvgblt vm`rKHt mvnHym svpyt, yKHvl Adm lyyTSr mspr Aynsvpy SHl mb`ym SHvnym, lrbvt mb`ym SHAySH lA byTA b`br. hyKHvlt lyTSvr mb`ym bmbnym msvg zh hyA mvldt, Hlk mhmT`n hgnTy SHl bny Adm, vhyA nkrAt dkdvk Avnybrsly. `l py rvb, Anv lA mvd`ym l`krvnvt mbnyym Alv, KHpy SHAynnv mvd`ym lrvb tKHvnvtynv hbyvlvgyvt vhkvgnyTybyvt.

tAvryvt `KHSHvvyvt SHl Hvmsky (KHmv tAvryyt htvKHnyt hmynymlysTyt) Tv`nvt btvkp bzKHvt hdkdvk hAvnybrsly. T`ntv hyA SHh`krvnvt htHbyryym SHbysvd hSHph hm kbv`ym vmvldym, vSHnytn ltAr At hSHvny byn SHpvt h`vlm `l ydy m`rKHt prmTrym bmvH (lmSHl, prmTr hnvSHA hryk, SHmTSby` `l hApSHrvt lyTSvr mSHpT `m nvSHA ryk KHb`bryt Av sprdyt, Av `l Hvsr hApSHrvt lmSHpT msvg zh, KHbAnglyt), SHmtvArym lrvb KHmtgym bynAryym. mKHAn hmvnH `krvnvt vprmTrym, SHlrvb mvTSmd lgySHh zv. `l py T`nvt Alv, yld SHlvmd SHph TSryKH rk lrKHvSH At hpryTym hlksykAlyym (mylym) vmvrpmvt (TSvrnym), vlkbv` At m`rKH hprmTrym hmtAym lSHptv, mh SHyKHvl lhy`SHvt bhtbss `l KHmh dvgmAvt mptH blbd.

hrAyh h`ykryt `lyh mbvsst gySHh zv hyA hkTSb hmhyr SHbv yldym rvKHSHym SHph, vhSHlbym hdvmym brKHySHt SHph SH`vbrym yldym bKHl h`vlm. nvspt lKHKH h`vbdh SHyldym `vSHym svgy SHgyAvt zhym bzmn SHhm lvmdym At SHptm hrASHvnh, bzmn SHSHgyAvt AHrvt, hnrAvt hgyvnyvt yvtr, Aynn mtrHSHvt l`vlm (`l py Hvmsky, `vbdvt Alv mASHSHvt At hT`nh KHy mvHl KHAn thlyKH lmydh KHlly, vlA yyHvdy lKHl SHph).

lr`yvnvtyv SHl Hvmsky hyyth hSHp`h rbh `l Hvkrym SHbdkv At htptHvt hSHph ATSl yldym, AKH rvb hHvkrym SH`vbdym btHvm zh Aynm mkblym At htAvryvt SHl Hvmsky bAvpn mlA. Alh m`dypym lrvb tAvryvt AHrvt (emergentist Av connectionist), SHmtbssvt `l thlyKHy `ybvd KHllyym bmvH, KHlvmr mkblvt At hhnHh SHhyKHvlt hlSHvnyt hyA mvldt, AKH rvAvt byKHvlt hzAt pn AHd SHl KHvSHr h`ybvd SHl hmvH, bnygvd lHvmsky SHsbvr SHhyKHvlt hlSHvnyt hyA yyHvdyt.

hgySHh hHvmskyAnyt KHlpy tHbyr, SHnkrAt lrvb dkdvk gnrTyby, lmrvt hyvth pvpvlryt lmdy, ntklh bbykvrt mTSd rbym, bmyvHd mTSd blSHnym SH`vbdym mHvTS lArTSvt hbryt. hnytvH htHbyry hHvmskyAny hvA lrvb mvpSHT mAvd, vmtbss `l mHkr kpdny SHl kv hgbvl byn mbnym tHbyryym vblty tHbyryym bSHph. SHypvTym tHbyryym mmyn zh dvrSHym hKHrh m`mykh SHl hSHph, vlKHn, msybvt m`SHyvt, blSHnym Alh mtmkdym lrvb bSHpt hAm SHlhm, Av bSHpvt SHhm SHvlTym bhn hyTb, lrvb Anglyt, TSrptyt, grmnyt, AyTlkyt, hvlndyt, ypnyt Av AHd mhnybym hsynyym. gm `bryt ySHrAlyt nHkrh lA m`T, KHyvvn SHKHmh mtlmydyv hHSHvbym SHl Hvmsky hm ySHrAlym. lp`mym nytvH dkdvk gnrTyby Aynv ySHym lgmry KHASHr mdvbr bSHpvt SHTrm nHkrv, vSHynvyym rbym b`np zh htrHSHv bSHl `lyyh bmspr hSHpvt hnHkrvt. `m zAt, hT`nvt bdbr hAvnybrslyvt SHl hdkdvk ntmKHvt `th yvtr mb`br; ldvgmh, hTS`tv SHl kyyn bSHnvt h-90, SHKHl hSHpvt nSHlTvt `l ydy sdr mylym SHl svbyykT-pv`l-AvbyykT (nvSHA-nSHvA-mvSHA), hyyth nrAyt blty sbyrh bSHnvt hSHySHym.

AHt mhsybvt h`ykryvt SH`vmdt mAHvry gySHh AlTrnTybyt, hgySHh hpvnkTSyvnlyt-Typvlvgyt Av Typvlvgyh blSHnyt (lrvb myvHst lg'vzp grynbrg), hyA lbss hypvtzvt bdbr Avnybrslym lSHvnyym `l TvvH lSHvnvt rHb KHKHl hApSHr, myvn hvvryATSyvt SHmvpy`vt bSHpvt Alh vyTSyrt tAvryvt hmtbssvt `l tvTSAvt myvnym Alv. hgySHh hHvmskyAnyt nsmKHt yvtr mdy `l hyd` SHl dvbrym ylydym mKHdy SHtvKHl l`kvb AHr mtvdh zv, Ap `l py SH`m hzmn hyA yvSHmh `l mgvvn SHpvt rHb.

`rKH mvrHb - hhyrrKHyh SHl Hvmsky

Hvmsky mpvrsm gm bgll mHkryv `l svgym SHvnym SHl SHpvt pvrmlyvt, vhAm hn msvglvt ltpvs mrKHyby mptH SHl SHpvt AnvSH. hhyrrKHyh SHhvA hTSy` mHlkt dkdvkym pvrmlyym lkbvTSvt `l py KHvH hb`h `vlh. KHlvmr, KHl kbvTSh `vkbt yKHvlh lyTSvr m`rKH rHb yvtr SHl SHpvt pvrmlyvt mzv SHkdmh lh. lT`ntv SHl Hvmsky, mvdlyzTSyh SHl hbTym msvymym bSHph Tb`yt dvrSHt dkdvk pvrmly mvrKHb yvtr (KHpy SHhvA nmdd bhyrrKHyyt Hvmsky) mASHr mvdlyzTSyh SHl SHpvt AHrvt. ldvgmh, bzmn SHSHph rgvlryt Hzkh mspyk ltAr mvrpvlvgyh Anglyt, hyA Aynh Hzkh mspyk KHdy ltAr tHbyr Angly. bnvsp lhyvth rlvvnTyt lblSHnvt, hyrrKHyyt Hvmsky n`SHth HSHvbh bmd`y hmHSHb, vySH lh kSHrym HSHvbym gm ltvrt hAvTvmTym.

`bvdtv hmkvryt bpvnvlvgyh nkrAt "The sound pattern of English". hvA prsm Avth yHd `m mvrys hAly. `bvdh zv nHSHbt myvSHnt <sup>[drvSHh hbhrh]</sup> (Am KHy bAHrvnh hvdpsh mHdSH), vHvmsky lA prsm `vd mAmrym `l pvnvlvgyh.

l`bvdtv SHl Hvmsky bblSHnvt ySH hSHlKHvt mSHm`vtyvt `l psyKHvlvgyh v`l hKHyvvnym SHAlyhm hyA nTth bmAh h-20. htAvryh SHlv `l dkdvk Avnybrsly hyyth htkph ySHyrh `l htAvryvt hbyhbyvrysTyvt hmbvssvt SHl zmnv vsyy`h rbvt lhbnt hAvpn bv SHph nrKHSHt `l ydy yldym vmh bdyvk `vmd bysvd hyKHvlt lprSH SHph. h`krvnvt hbsysyym SHl tAvryh zv (Ap `l py SHhm Aynm bhKHrH hT`nvt hHzkvt yvtr SHl gySHt h`krvnvt vhprmTrym) mkvblym `th KHm`T lgmry.

bSHnt 1959, Hvmsky prsm bykvrt (SHzKHth lhdym gdvlym) `l sprv SHl prdryk skynr, "Verbal Behavior". bspr T`n skynr, mrASHy hbyhbyvrysTym, SHSHph Aynh AlA "htnhgvt". skynr T`n KHy SHph, KHmv KHl htnhgvt AHrt (mKHlb hmzyl ryr bTSypyyh lArvHh v`d lpsntrn Amn bhvp`h), nvb`t m"Aymvn `l ydy Hyzvk v`nySHh bmSHKH zmn". SHph, ld`t skynr, nlmdt lgmry `l ydy htnyh mh`vlm SHmkyp At lvmd hSHph.

bykvrtv SHl Hvmsky `l hmtvdvlvgyh vhnHvt hysvd SHl skynr sllh At hdrKH lmhpKHh KHngd hdvkTrynh hbyhbyvrysTyt, SHSHlTh bpsyKHvlvgyh. bsprv m-1966, "Cartesian Linguistics", vb`bvdvt nvspvt, Hvmsky prSH hsbr `l SHpvt AnvSH, SHn`SHh lmvdl hHkyrh btHvmym AHrym bpsyKHvlvgyh. bmHkr hmvdrny, Hlk nyKHr mhhnHvt bdbr hAvpn bv pv`lt htvd`h nSHAb ySHyrvt mr`yvnvt SHHvmsky hyh mnsHm hmSHKHn` hrASHvn btkvph hmvdrnyt.

ySHnm SHlvSHh r`yvnvt `ykryym:

rASHyt, hr`yvn SHhmvH hvA "kvgnyTyby", SHhmvH mKHyl mTSbym mnTlyym, Amvnvt, spkvt vKHKH hlAh. Hvmsky hrAh SHhdrKH hpvpvlryt lhbnt htvd`h, KHmKHylh btvKHh Amvnvt vAp mTSbym mnTlyym blty mvd`ym, Hyybt lhyvt nKHvnh.

SHnyt, hvA T`n SHHlkym nrHbym mmh SHhmvH hbvgr msvgl l`SHvt hm "mvldym". Am KHy Ap yld lA nvld KHSHhvA yvd` AvTvmTyt ldbr SHph KHlSHhy, KHl hyldym nvldym `m yKHvlt lmydt SHph Hzkh, SHmApSHrt lhm lrKHvSH mspr SHpvt bmhyrvt rbh bSHnvtyhm hrASHvnvt. psyKHvlvgym mAvHrym yvtr hrHybv tzh zv hrbh m`br lSHph; htvd`h lA nHSHbt `vd KH"lvH Hlk" b`t hlydh.

SHlySHyt, Hvmsky hpKH At hmvSHg "mvdvlry" lHlk `ykry SHl hArKHyTkTvrh hkvgnyTybyt SHl htvd`h. htvd`h mvrKHbt mm`rKH SHl tt-m`rKHvt mtmHvt, hmkyymvt bynyhn yHsy gvmlyn, `m zrmym mvgblym SHl tkSHvrt bynyhn. mvdl zh mnvgd lHlvTyn lr`yvn hySHn SHnytn lhgy` lKHl pyst myd` btvd`h `l ydy KHl thlyKH kvgnyTyby AHr. lA nytn, lmSHl, "lKHbvt" ASHlyvt AvpTyvt, gm KHASHr Anv yvd`ym SHhn ASHlyh.

nyyls k. g'rnh, Htn prs nvbl lpyzyvlvgyh Av lrpvAh, hSHtmSH bmvdl hgnrTyby SHl Hvmsky KHdy lhsbyr At hm`rKHt hHysvnyt hAnvSHyt, KHSHhvA mtAym "mrKHybym SHl dkdvk gnrTyby... `m mrKHybym SHvnym SHl mbny hHlbvn". KHvtrt hhrTSAh SHl g'rnh hyyth "hdkdvk hgnrTyby SHl hm`rKHt hHysvnyt".

hHvkr prvp' dnyAl dvr mAvnybrsyTt bn-gvryvn mrAh bmHkryv KHy SHyTtv SHl Hvmsky mvT`yt mysvdh, kvdm KHl bmvbn hpSHvT SHhyA lA md`: SHhry Hvmsky Tv`n SHySH bmvH hAnvSHy "mbnh myvHd" mbly SHhvA msbyr mhyKHn TSmH vKHyTSd. dvr l`vmt zAt, KHmv Hvkrym rbym hmAmTSym kvdm KHl At tvrt hAbvlvTSyh bbvAm lhsbyr KHl tvp`h AnvSHyt vTb`yt AHrt, msbyr KHy hSHph hHlh lhtptH lA bmylym AlA b'mymzys', KHlvmr Hykvy hAdm tvp`vt Tb` rlvvnTyvt lkyvmv vlkyvm SHvtpyv. ld`t dvr mdvbr lpyKHKH bhtptHvt SHl tkSHvrt msvgym SHvnym, SH`d hyvm mApyynt At hAdm, vSHmlym hm rk Hlk mmnh: kSHr `yn, hTSb`h, SHpt gvp vKHdvmh. lSHyTtv SHl dvr SHph hyA 'TKHnvlvgyh' hmtptHt KHl h`t, mh SHmsbyr KHmvbn At hmgvvn hlSHvny h`TSvm hmApyyn At hAnvSHvt, KHmv gm KHl SHph KHSHl`TSmh.

mykvd nvsp SHl `bvdtv hpvlyTyt SHl Hvmsky hyh nytvH SHl mdyh pvpvlryt (bmyvHd bArTSvt hbryt), hmbnym vhmgblvt SHlh, vtpkydh btmyKHh bAynTrsym mmSHltyym vSHl `skym gdvlym. SHlA KHmv bm`rKHvt TvTlyTryvt, SHbhn ApSHr l`SHvt SHymvSH bKHvH pyzy `l mnt lKHpvt dbrym `l hAvKHlvsyyh, mSHTrym dmvkrTyym - KHmv zh SHl ArTSvt hbryt - yKHvlym l`SHvt SHymvSH rk bAmTS`ym blty-Alymym SHl SHlyTh (mlbd mkrym p`vTym SHl Alymvt mTSd hmdynh). bh`rh SHmTSvTTt l`ytym krvbvt, Hvmsky T`n SH"t`mvlh mSHmSHt ldmvkrTyh bAvtv Avpn SHbv hAlh mSHmSHt bmdynvt TvTlyTryvt" (Media Control). sprv, "Manufacturing Consent -- The Political Economy of the Mass Media", SHHvbr yHd `m AdvArd s. hrmn, Hvkr nvSHA zh l`vmk, vmTSyg At htAvryh mAHvry hnytvH hmAvgd b`bvdvt AHrvt SHlv (rAv mvdl t`mvlh).

b-1971 n`rKH dybyyT ("hdybyyT byn Hvmsky lpvkv"), bynv lbyn hpylvsvp hpvsT-sTrvkTrlysT hTSrpty mySHl pvkv.

bmSHKH hSHnym Hvmsky h`lh hstyygvyvt Hmvrvt mhbykvrt `l hmd` mKHyvvn hdkvnsTrvkTSyh vhpvsT mvdrnyzm:

bylyty At mrbyt Hyy b`bvdh `l SHAlvt msvg zh, vhSHtmSHty bSHyTvt hyHydvt `lyhn yd`ty; Avtn SHyTvt hmvtkpvt KHAn KH"md`", "rTSyvnlyvt", "lvgykh" vKHKH hlAh. bhtAm lKHKH, Any kvrA dpym Alh btkvvh msvymt SHhm y`zrv ly "lhmryA" m`l mgblvt Alh, Av Avly yTSy`v mhlKH SHvnh lgmry. Any HvSHSH KHy htAKHzbty. ySH lhvdvt, Avly Alv hn mgblvty. bAvpn `kby lmdy, '`yny bvhvt' KHASHr Any kvrA SHyH pvlysylby `l htmvt SHl pvsT sTrvkTvrlyzm vpvsT mvdrnyzm; mh SHAny mbyn hvA b`ykr Amytvt mvsKHmvt Av T`vyvt, AKH zh hvA rk SHbryr mKHmvt hmlym hKHvllt. Amt, ySHnm dbrym rbym nvspym SHAyny mbyn: hmAmrym bgylyvnvt hAHrvnym lmtmTykh vpyzykh, ldvgmh. AKH ySHnv hbdl. bmkrh hSHny, Any yvd` AyKH lhgy` lmTSb bv Any mbyn Avtm, vAp `SHyty zAt, bmkrym bhm hyh `nyyn myvHd bSHbyly; vAny gm yvd`, SHAnSHym btHvmym Alv yKHvlym lhsbyr At htKHnym hllv lAnSHym brmty, KHKH SHAvKHl lrKHvSH Ayzv hbnh (Hlkyt) SHAny m`vnyyn bh. bnygvd lKHKH, lA nrAh KHy AySH msvgl lhsbyr ly mdv` hpvsT-KHKH-vKHKH hAHrvn hvA SHvnh (bmrbyt hmkrym) mAmt mvbnt mAlyh, T`vt Av g'ybrySH, vAyny yvd` KHyTSd lhmSHyKH.

Hvmsky m`yr KHy hbykvrt KHngd "md` hgbr hlbn" dvmh mAvd lhtkpvt AnTySHmyvt KHngd "pyzykh yhvdyt" (Trmynvlvgyh bh hSHtmSHv hnATSym KHdy lSHlvl mHkr SHn`SHh `l ydy md`nym yhvdym):

lm`SHh, KHl hr`yvn SHl "md` hgbr hlbn" mzKHyr ly, Any HvSHSH, At hmvnH "pyzykh yhvdyt". yytKHn SHzhv pgm nvsp SHly, AKH KHASHr Any kvrA mAmr md`y, Ayny yKHvl lnHSH Am hmHbr hvA lbn Av zKHr. hdbr nKHvn gm lgby dyvnym `l `bvdh bKHyth, bmSHrd, Av bmkvm AHr. Any mTyl spk bKHKH SHhsTvdnTym, hHbrym vhkvlgvt hlA-lbnym, `ymm Any `vbd, ytrSHmv bmyvHd mhT`nh SHHSHybtm vhbntm SHvnh mzv SHl "md` hgbr hlbn" bgll "htrbvt, hmgdr Av hgz`" SHlhm. Any HvSHd KHy 'hpt`h' lA thyh hmylh hmdvykt ltyAvr tgvbtm.

-- nv`m Hvmsky `l rTSyvnlyvt/md` (bAnglyt)

lmrbh hTS`r, AynKH yKHvl lhdyH At hnvKHlym `l ydy hTSb`h, mKHyvvn SHm`vlm lA hTSb`t `bvrm mlKHtHylh.

-- nAvm SHKHvtrtv "SHlTvn b`tyd" bmrKHz hSHyrh SHl h-YM-YWHA bnyv yvrk, 16 bpbrvAr 1970

Hvmsky hvA AHd mhydv`ym SHbAnSHy hSHmAl hAmrykAy. hvA mgdyr `TSmv bmsvrt hAnrKHyzm, pylvsvpyh pvlyTyt SHhvA msKHm KHHypvSH AHr KHl TSvrh SHl hyrrKHyh vHysvlh, Am hyA Aynh mvTSdkt. hvA mzdhh bmyvHd `m hzrm hAnrKHv-syndyklysTy bAnrKHyzm, hnvTh lKHyvvn hsvTSyAlyzm. SHlA KHmv AnrKHysTym rbym, Hvmsky lA mtngd tmyd lpvlyTykt bHyrvt; hvA tmKH bmv`mdym lbHyrh. hvA tyAr `TSmv KH"Hbr lms`" SHl hmsvrt hAnrKHysTyt, bnygvd lAnrKHysT Thvr, bSHbyl lhsbyr mdv` hvA mvKHn mdy p`m lkyym yHsym `m hmdynh.

syKHvm bynyym SHl bykvrtv `l mdynyvth SHl mdynt ySHrAl mAz mlHmt SHSHt hymym hvpy` bsprv Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood, SHyTSA lAvr bSHnt 1974.

drKHy hp`vlh h`ykryvt SHl Hvmsky KHvllvt KHtybt mAmrym bmgzynym vbsprym v`ryKHt dyvnym. ySH lv m`gl rHb SHl tvmKHym bKHl rHby h`vlm, vhdbr gvrm lv l`ytym lkbv` dyvnym SHntyym mrASH. hvA pvpvlry bmyvHd bkrb sTvdnTym bAvnybrsyTAvt bArTSvt hbryt vbkndh. Avlm, ySHnh gm kbvTSh gdvlh SHl AnSHym hmbkrym At d`vtyv - hn SHmrnym vhn lybrlym, vKHn AnrKHysTym msvymym, ASHr Amnm lrvb msKHymym `m nytvHyv hpvlyTyym, AKH mHSHybym At tmyKHtv bpvlyTykt bHyrvt KH`vmdt bnygvd l`krvnvtyhm.

Hvmsky mbdyl bbyrvr byn Trvr hmKHvvn lpgy`h bAzrHym lbyn pgy`h bHyylym vbmtknym TSbAyym vSHvll KHl hTSdkh lTrvr^{[drvSH mkvr]}. bSHbyl Hvmsky, Trvr hvA m`SHh AvbyykTyby, lA yHsy. Avlm Hvmsky SHm dgSH rb bhtyyHsvt lTrvr `l m`SHyhn SHl mmSHlvt bpgy`h bAzrHym. hvA mTSyyn bsprv 9-11, `mvd 76:

hrg mvpkr SHl AzrHym tmymym hvA Trvr, lA mlHmh KHngd Trvr.

`l y`ylvt hTrvr:

rASHyt, h`vbdh hyA SHTrvr mSHyg At mTrvtyv. hvA Aynv nKHSHl. hvA `vbd. Alymvt bdrKH KHll mSHygh At mTrvtyh. zvhy hhysTvryh SHl h`vlm. SHnyt zvhy T`vt mHkryt rTSynyt mAvd lT`vn, KHpy SHn`SHh bdrKH KHll, KHy Trvr hvA nSHkv SHl hHlSH. KHSHAr AmTS`y hAlymvt, Trvr hvA b`ykr nSHkv SHl hHzk, mKHyvvn SHhHzk gm SHvlT bm`rKHvt hdvkTrynvt, hTrvr SHlv lA nHSHb KHTrvr. dbr zh krvb lhyvt Avnybrsly. Ayny yKHvl lHSHvb `l yvTSA dvpn hysTvry, Apylv hgrv`ym SHbrvTSHy hhmvnym rvAym At h`vlm bdrKH zv. KHKH, lmSHl, hnATSym. hm lA byTS`v Trvr bAyrvph hKHbvSHh. hm hgnv `l hAvKHlvsyyh hmkvmyt mhTrvr hprTyzny. vKHmv tnv`vt htngdvt AHrvt, hyh zh Trvr. hnATSym hp`ylv Trvr ngdy.

Hvmsky hvA mbkr `kSHn vmtmyd SHl mmSHlt ArTSvt hbryt. bsprv 9-11, sdrt rAyvnvt bnvSHA pygv`y 11 bspTmbr, hvA Tv`n, KHpy SHT`n b`br, SHmmSHlt ArTSvt hbryt hyA hmvbylh bmdynvt hTrvr bzmnym hmvdrnyym. hvA bykr At mmSHlt ArTSvt hbryt `l m`vrbvth bmlHmt vyyTnAm, vbmlHmt hvdv-syn; ht`rbvth bmdynvt drvm vmrKHz Amrykh, vtmyKHth hTSbAyt bySHrAl, `rb hs`vdyt vTvrkyh. Hvmsky mmkd At hbykvrt hHryph byvtr SHlv `l ydydvt rSHmyvt SHl ArTSvt hbryt, bzmn SHAvybvt rSHmyvt SHlh, KHbryt hmv`TSvt lSH`br vTSbA TSpvn vyyTnAm, hvA mbkr rk b`kypyn. hvA msbyr zAt `l ydy h`ykrvn hbA: Ayn SHvm `rKH mvsry blSHpvT At m`SHyhm SHl AHrym. yvtr HSHvb lh`ryKH At hmvsr SHl hp`vlvt SHySH lKH yKHvlt lhSHpy` `lyhn bmsgrt hSHyTh hdmvkrTyt.

Hvmsky hdgySH SHvb vSHvb At htAvryh SHlv, `l pyh Hlk nyKHr mmdynyvt hHvTS SHl ArTSvt hbryt mbvss `l "Ayvm hdvgmh hTvbh" - SHm nrdp SHhTSy` Hvmsky ltAvryyt hdvmynv, vmTSyg dvvkA bAvr Hyvby At hsKHnh SHmmnh mzhyrh tAvryyt hdvmynv. "Ayvm hdvgmh hTvbh" pyrvSHv SHmdynh yKHvlh lptH bhTSlHh `TSmAvt mKHlKHlh kpyTlysTyt vmhSHp`t ArTSvt hbryt, vbKHKH lhvvt dvgmh lmdynvt AHrvt, KHvll mdynvt SHbhn ySH lArTSvt hbryt AynTrsym KHlKHlyym Hzkym. Ayvm zh, Tv`n Hvmsky, grm lArTSvt hbryt lht`rb vldKHA SHvb vSHvb tnv`vt svTSyAlysTyvt vAHrvt bAzvrym b`vlm, SHbhm Ayn lArTSvt hbryt Ap AynTrs KHlKHly Av byTHvny HSHvb. bAHt m`bvdvtyv hmpvrsmvt, What Uncle Sam Really Wants, Hvmsky mSHtmSH btAvryh zv KHdy lhsbyr At ht`rbvt ArTSvt hbryt bgvATmlh, lAvs, nykrgvAh vgrndh.

Hvmsky mAmyn SHmdynyvt hmlHmh hkrh SHl mmSHlt ArTSvt hbryt lA `vTSbh lHlvTyn `l ydy prnvyh AnTy-svbyyTyt, AlA nvTSrh gm KHdy lSHmr At hSHlyTh hAydAvlvgyt vhKHlKHlyt SHl ArTSvt hbryt b`vlm. KHpy SHhvA KHtb b"hdvd sm": "...mh SHArTSvt hbryt rvTSh hvA 'yTSybvt', KHlvmr byTHvn lm`mdvt h`lyvnym vlmp`lym zrym gdvlym".

lpy Hvmsky lAHr mlHmt h`vlm hSHnyyh hHl thlyKH SHl d`yKHh AmrykAyt.

lAHr Hysvlv SHl AvsAmh bn-lAdn prsm mAmr bv tkp At mmSHlt ArTSvt hbryt `l hp`vlh SHhprh ldbryv At hHvk hbynlAvmy, vT`n KHy pSH`yv SHl nSHyA ArTSvt hbryt g'vrg' bvSH "`vlym bmydh rbh `l Alh SHl bn-lAdn"^[5].

Hvmsky mtngd btkypvt lm`rKHt "mdynt htAgyd hkpyTlysTyt" SHl ArTSvt hbryt vbnvt bryth. hvA tvmKH bd`vtyv SHl myKHAl bAkvnyn `l hsvTSyAlyzm, vdvrSH HvpSH KHlKHly bnvsp l"SHlyTh bAmTS`y hyyTSvr SHl hpv`lym b`TSmm, vlA b`lym vmnhlym SHSHvlTym bhm vkvb`ym At KHl hhHlTvt". hvA mtyyHs lKHKH KH"svTSyAlyzm Amyty", vmtAr At hsvTSyAlyzm hsvbyyTy KHdvmh, bmvnHy "SHlyTh TvTlyTryt", lsgnvn hkpyTlysTy SHl ArTSvt hbryt; KHl AHt mSHyTvt Alh mbvsst `l svgym vrmvt SHvnvt SHl SHlyTh, vlA `l Argvn Av y`ylvt.

`l py Hvmsky, h`rvtyv SHl bAkvnyn `l hmdynh hTvTlyTryt hyv nbvAvt SHl mdynt hmSHTrh hsvbyyTyt hbrvTlyt SH`mdh lkvm. hvA mTSTT At Amrtv SHl bkvnyn "...lAHr SHnh... hmhpKHh ty`SHh grv`h mhTSAr b`TSmv", vmrHyb At hr`yvn SHhmdynh hsvbyyTyt hdykTTvryt hyyth AKH TSmyHh Tb`yt SHl AydAvlvgyh bvlSHbykyt lgby SHlyTh bmdynh. hvA Ap KHynh At hkvmvnyzm hsvbyyTy KH"svTSyAlyzm mzvyp", vT`n KHy, bnygvd lmh SHHvSHbym rbym bArTSvt hbryt, ySH lhtyyHs lkrysth SHl bryt hmv`TSvt KH"nyTSHvn kTn `bvr hsvTSyAlyzm", vlA `bvr hkpyTlyzm.

b-For Reasons of State, Hvmsky mgn `l hT`nh KHy bmkvm m`rKHt kpyTlysTyt, SHbh AnSHym hm "`bdy tlvSH hSHKHr", Av m`rKHt AvTvryTTybyt, SHbh hHlTvt n`SHvt `l ydy v`dh mrKHzyt, Hbrh yKHvlh ltpkd llA `bvdh bSHKHr. lT`ntv, AnSHy hAvmh TSryKHym lhyvt msvglym lbHvr `bvdvt Avtn hm m`dypym. AnSHym yhyv HvpSHyym l`SHvt KHrTSvnm, vh`bvdh Avth hm bHrv mrTSvnm thyh hn "mtgmlt" v"y`ylh Hbrtyt". hHbrh tnvhl `l ydy m`rKHt SHl AnrKHyzm rvdp SHlvm, llA mvsdvt KH"mdynh" Av "mmSHlh".

Hvmsky gdl bmsvrt trbvtyt hTSyvnyt-yhvdyt.^[6] Abyv hyh AHd mhHvkrym hmvKHrym byvtr SHl hSHph h`bryt, vhvA lymd bbyt spr dty. Hvmsky hyh mvksm vm`vrb bpvlyTykh hSHmAlnyt-TSyvnyt, KHpy SHhvA mtAr:

ht`nyynty mAvd b...mAvr`vt TSyvnyym vbAkTybyzm; Av mh SHnkrA bzmnv 'TSyvny', Ap `l py SH`th Avtm r`yvnvt nkrAym 'AnTy-TSyvnyym'. ht`nyynty bApSHrvyvt lmdynh svTSyAlysTyt, dv-lAvmyt, bSHbyl ArTS ySHrAl, vbkybvTSym vbKHl m`rKHt h`bvdh hmSHvtpt SHhtptHh byySHvbym hyhvdym SHm (hyySHvb)... hr`yvnvt hm`vrplym SHhyv ly bzmnv (1947) KHllv nsy`h lArTS ySHrAl, Avly lkybvTS, vlhy`SHvt m`vrb bnysyvnvt lm`n SHytvp p`vlh yhvdy-`rby, bmsgrt svTSyAlysTyt, bnygvd lr`yvn hAnTy-dmvkrTy SHl mdynh yhvdyt (`mdh SHhyv lh mTSddym rbym bzrm hmrKHzy SHl hTSyvnvt)

-- Peck, `m' 7

hvA bykvrty mAvd byHs lmdynyvt ySHrAl KHlpy hplsTynym vmy`vTym Atnyym yhvdyym btvKH ySHrAl. bykvrtv Aynnh pvsHt gm `l AySHym TSybvryym ySHrAlym; b`t dyvn mSHvdr bAvnybrsyTt hrvvArd `m hprvpsvr Aln drSHvbyTS KHynh Hvmsky At SHm`vn prs "rvTSH hmvnym"<sup>[7]</sup>. mbyn sprym vmAmrym rbym, nHSHb sprv, "The Fateful Triangle", AHd mhTksTym hmrKHzyym mbyn Alv hmtngdym lTypvl hySHrAly bplsTynym vltmyKHh AmrykAyt bySHrAl. hvA Ap gynh At htpkyd SHmylAh ySHrAl b"hdrKHt Trvr hmdynh" bmKHyrt nSHk lArTSvt Amrykh hlTynyt, SHhvA mtAr KHmdynvt bvbh SHl ArTSvt hbryt, KHgvATmlh bSHnvt h-70 (What Uncle Sam Really Wants, prk 2.4). bnvsp lKHKH, hvA gynh p`mym rbvt vbhHlTyvt At ArTSvt hbryt `l tmyKHth hTSbAyt vhdyplvmTyt bySHrAl, vAp Hlkym SHl hkhylh hyhvdyt `l tpkydm bhSHgt tmyKHh zv. KHKH, lmSHl, hvA T`n KHlpy hlygh ngd hSHmTSh (ADL):

hmSHgyHh hrSHmyt hmvbylh `l AnTySHmyvt, hlygh ngd hSHmTSh... mprSHt AnTySHmyvt KHHvsr nKHvnvt lhyKHn` ldrySHvtyh lgby tmyKHh brSHvyvt ySHrAlyvt... hhygyvn SHl zh hvA brvr: AnTySHmyvt hyA htngdvt lAynTrsym SHl ySHrAl (KHpy SHrvAh Avtm h-ADL).

h-ADL znHh lm`SHh At tpkydh hkvdm KHtnv`h lzKHvyvt hAzrH, vn`SHth l'AHd hTSyrym hmrKHzyym' SHl t`mvlh ySHrAlyt bArTSvt hbryt, KHpy SHmtArt zAt llA hrp h`ytvnvt hySHrAlyt, vhyA m`vrbt bm`kb, rSHymvt SHHvrvt... tgvbvt TSybvryvt zv`mvt lbykvrt `l p`vlvt ySHrAlyvt, vKHKH hlAh. mAmTSym Alh, SHnSH`nym `l rmyzvt lAnTySHmyvt Av hASHmvt ySHyrvt, mKHvvnym lhsTh Av l`r`vr hAvpvzyTSyh KHngd mdynyvt ySHrAl, KHvll syrvbh SHl ySHrAl, btmyKHh Amryknyt, lnv` lKHyvvn hsKHm KHlly pvlyTy.^[8]

bkSHr lsKHsvKH hySHrAly-plsTyny, Hvmsky `br mtmyKHh bmdynh dv-lAvmyt ltmyKHh bptrvn SHty hmdynvt, ldbryv, mpny SHhkvdm Hdl lhyvt m`SHy.^[9]

bmAy 2010 nysh l`bvr drKH gSHr Alnby myrdn, bdrKHv lhrTSAh bAvnybrsyTt byr zyt, AKH ySHrAl mn`h At KHnystv.^[10][11] KHSHbv` lAHr mKHn bykr blbnvn, vnpgSH SHm `m nTSyg HzbAllh bdrvm lbnvn, hSHyyH' nbyl kAvvk.^[12]

b-2013 SHKHn` At hpyzykAy sTybn hvkyng lhHrym At ySHrAl.^[13]

hbykvrt SHlv lKHybvSH hySHrAly vtmyKHtv bhHlTvt mv`TSt hbyTHvn bnvg` lsKHsvKH hySHrAly plsTyny grrv bykvrt rbh. hbykvrt SHlv `l mdynt ySHrAl vKHn `l hSHp`t hyhvdym `l hmmSHl hAmrykAy, hvbylh lKHKH SHhvA hvASHm bAnTy-ySHrAlyvt vAp bAvTvAnTySHmyvt.

b-11 bmAy 2006 hvA npgSH bbyyrvt `m mzKH"l HzbAllh, Hsn nsrAllh, vAmr KHy hsybvt lhHzkt hnSHk SHl HzbAllh mvTSdkvt. hbykvr `vrr z`m rb bySHrAl.^[14]

Hvmsky hstbKH bSH`rvryyh KHASHr htngd lpyTvryv vhrSH`tv SHl rvbrT pvrysvn SHhKHHySH At kyvmm SHl tAy hgzym. rvbrT pvrysvn hyh mrTSh TSrpty SHbSHnt 1979 prsm spr SHbv T`n SHlA hyh nysyvn mKHvvn lhSHmyd At hyhvdym vSHtAy hgzym lA hyv kyymym. hprSHh `vrrh SH`rvryyh vgrmh lpyTvryv SHl pvrysvn mhmvsd bv lymd vlHkykt Hvk gyysv, hAvsr hKHHSHt hSHvAh bTSrpt. pvrysvn Ap hvrSH` bbyt mSHpT bhvTSAt dybh, hvA nkns vnSHpT lmAsr. Hvmsky Htm `l `TSvmh ltt lpvrysvn "mymvSH HvpSHy SHl zKHvyvtyv hHvkyvt", KHSHhKHvvnh hyyth lHvpSH hbyTvy. bnvsp, Hvmsky KHtb msh bSHm "Some Elementary Comments on The Rights of Freedom of Expression"^[15], SHbh T`n KHy Ayn lpgv` bHvpSH hbyTvy gm KHASHr mdvbr bhKHHSHt hSHvAh. KHmv KHn, T`n Hvmsky, SHpvrysvn lA tvmKH bnATSyzm vSHhKHHSHt hSHvAh bAvpn KHlly Aynh mhvvh hvKHHh lAnTySHmyvt Av ltmyKHh bnATSym. pvrysvn prsm At hmAmr SHl Hvmsky (llA ydy`tv) KHhkdmh lsprv "Memoire en defense", bv hvA mgn `l `TSmv.

Hvmsky hvASHm gm `l ydy Argvnym yhvdym rbym (bynyhm hlygh ngd hSHmTSh vdbrh lypSHTdT) KHAnTySHmy vKHsngvr SHl hnATSym ("Nazi apologist"). hhysTvryvn hTSrpty pyyr vydAl-nAkh bsprv "rvTSHy hzyKHrvn" KHtb `l Hvmsky:

Ath rSHAy lvmr 'lAvyby hgrv` byvtr ySH zKHvt lHyrvt'... (Abl) AynKH rSHAy lkHt zyvp vlTSbv` Avtv bgvny Amt^[16]

Hvmsky hdgySH p`mym rbvt SHhvA lA msKHym `m pvrysvn, vdvvkA mSHvm KHKH `lyv lhyAbk lm`n HvpSH hbyTvy SHlv, vhpnh At mbkryv lTSyTvT msprv mSHnt 1967:

rk lhyKHns lzyrt dyvn bnvg` lhAm hnATSym byTS`v zvv`vt SHKHAlv, mSHm`v lAbd At hAnvSHyvt SHl hAdm

bSHnt 2006 syngr Hvmsky b`ytvn "gArdyAn" gm `l zKHvth SHl hmHbrt dyAnh g'vnsTvn SHKHtbh spr vhpKHh dvbrt lmKHHySHy hTbH SHl AzrHym bvsnym mvslmym bsrbrnyTSh `l ydy lvHmym bvsnym srbym. mdbryv lA hyh ApSHr lhbyn SHhvA mKHyr bkyvmv SHl hTbH v`vrr bykvrt mTSd h`ytvnAy dyyvvyd AhrvnvbyTS', b`l Tvr b"Tyyms" vAHrym.^[17]

bykvrt `l Hvmsky hv`lth gm bsprv SHl hsvpr hSHmrny pyTr SHvvyyTSr (An'), "Do as I Say (Not as I Do): Profiles in Liberal Hypocrisy", hmbkr At hTSby`vt SHmpgynym, lT`ntv, p`ylym pvlyTyym vhvgym lybrlyym. bsprv Tv`n SHvvyTSr lTSby`vt mTSd Hvmsky mTSd KHmh KHyvvnym:

1. lmrvt h`rKHym hAnrKHysTyym (bmyvHd btHvm hb`lvt `l rKHvSH) SHlhm mTyp Hvmsky, hry SHAvrH Hyyv hprTyym hvA kpyTlysTy: Hvmsky gr bbyt ykr vmnhl At hSHk`vtyv bTSvrh kpyTlysTyt.
2. lmrvt hbvz hrb SHbv mdbr Hvmsky `l hm`rKHvt hmmsdyvt SHl ArTSvt hbryt (vbmyvHd `l hm`rKHvt hbyTHvnyvt SHlh) hvA lkH mhpnTgvn vmhTSbA hAmrykAy KHsp lmymvn mHkryv.

• lSHvn vHrvt, msvt bnvSHAym AydAvlvgyym, pvlyTyym vhysTvryym (mAnglyt: Hgy pvrSHnr), mprSH yrvSHlym, 1979
• lSHvn vrvH, hvTSAt spryyt pv`lym, 1978
• SHph vSHAlvt `l hyd`: hrTSAvt mnAgvAh, trgvm: nv`h SHvbl, hvTSAt rslyng, 2004 [1986]
• AvTvpyh lAdvnym, trgvm: dpnh rvznblyT, hvTSAt prds, 2000
• Ayzh myn yTSvrym AnHnv? (?What Kind of Creatures Are We), trgvm, mbvA vh`rvt: `ydn lndv, hvTSAt ydy`vt sprym, spry `lyyt hgg, 2020 (yTSA bAnglyt b-2015)

• hhyrrKHyh SHl Hvmsky
• hTSvrh hnvrmlyt SHl Hvmsky
• hdybyyT byn Hvmsky lpvkv

• vvlpgng b. SHperlyKH, nv`m Hvmsky, mAnglyt: yptH hlrmvn-KHrml, ydy`vt AHrvnvt, 2012
• mhpKHt Hvmsky byySHvmh l`bryt, mAt mSHh Azr, ndps bm`lvt, 9, 1, 1977
• SHyHh kTSrh `m nv`m Hvmsky (mrAyyn: yhvdh vyzn), dHk - KHtb `t lsprvt Tvbh, KHrKH v', 2016

myzmy krn vykymdyh
TSyTvTym bvvykyTSyTvT: nv`m Hvmsky
tmvnvt vmdyh bvvykySHytvp: nv`m Hvmsky

• Atr hAynTrnT hrSHmy SHl nv`m Hvmsky

• nv`m Hvmsky, brSHt hHbrtyt pyysbvk
• nv`m Hvmsky, brSHt hHbrtyt Goodreads
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr prvykT hgnAlvgyh bmtmTykh
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr dblp
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr ResearchGate
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr gvgl skvlr
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr Semantic Scholar
• nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr AnTSyklvpdyh bryTnykh (bAnglyt)
• Turning the tide hblvg SHl nv`m Hvmsky
• SHyrh Hdd, hmvH, bAtr hArTS, 31 bAvkTvbr 2005 - ryAyvn `m nv`m Hvmsky
• SHy zmyr, byn pvlyTykh lblSHnvt: myhv nv`m Hvmsky?, bAtr ynet, 17 bmAy 2010
• SHyzp rpAly, lmh `dyyn Ayn bynh mlAKHvtyt?, bAtr KHlKHlysT, 15 bnvbmbr 2012
• nv`m Hvmsky, hSHnh h-514: glvblyzTSyh lTvbt my?, bAtr "h`vkTS", 15 bdTSmbr 2012 - trgvm: prvpsvr hnry vsrmn; `ryKHh: Avrnh brkAy
• rv`y SHvSHn, h`vlm AHry hkvrvnh: ryAyvn `m nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr vvAlh, 23 bAvkTvbr 2020
• rHl nvyvvyrt', tyk nv`m Hvmsky: dyvknv SHl yhvdy AnTySHmy, ntyb HSHvvn tSHs"v
• vyvvyAn Avvns, Hvmsky T`h, 2014, bAtr AlKHsvn
• Hvmsky vsvTSyAlyzm
• Hvmsky vAnrKHyzm
• myd` nvsp `l Hvmsky vAnrKHyzm
• pvol AybvTsvon, `dvyvt mpryKHvt At tyAvryyt lymvd hSHph SHl Hvmsky, bmdvr syynTypyk Amrykn SHl mKHvn dvydsvn, 12 bynvAr 2017
• SHny lyTmn, lhsbyr bkvmyks At htyAvryh SHl nv`m Hvmsky, bAtr hArTS, 27 bApryl 2014
• `vprh `vpr, n`m Hvmsky: "rkvvyAm lHlvm hAmrykAy": mdv` hdmyvn lmTSyAvt hySHrAlyt mbhyl KHl KHKH, hblvg "svprt sprym", 30 bspTmbr 2016.
• nv`m Hvmsky (1928-), dp SH`r bspryyh hlAvmyt

psyKHvlvgyh
psyKHvlvg * psyKHvtrpyh * pylvsvpyh SHl hpsyKHvlvgyh
`npy mHkr	psyKHvbyvlvgyh * kvgnyTybyt * htptHvtyt * Hbrtyt * AySHyvtyt * hSHvvAtyt * psyKHvptvlvgyh * psyKHvpyzykh * psyKHvblSHnvt * psyKHvlvgyh AbvlvTSyvnyt * nvyrvpsyKHvlvgyh * psyKHvlvgyh trbvtyt * psyKHvlvgyh byn trbvtyt * rAv gm: psyKHyATryh
tHvmy `ysvk	klynyt * HynvKHyt * Argvnyt/t`svktyt * SHykvmyt * rpvAyt * mSHpTyt * TSbAyt * spvrT
AsKHvlvt	sTrvkTvrlyzm * pvnkTSyvnlyzm * pnvmnvlvgyh * psyKHvAnlyzh * AyndybydvAlyt * hvmnysTyt * byhbyvryzm * AkzysTnTSyAlyzm * gSHTlT * psyKHvlvgyh Hyvbyt * psyKHvdynmykh
mvSHgym KHllyym	tvd`h * tpysh * lA-mvd` * zyKHrvn * lmydh * rvvHh npSHyt * hpr`h npSHyt * TrAvmh npSHyt * mbHny AySHyvt * AynTlygnTSyh * myynd * rgSH
hkTgvryh "psyKHvlvgyh" bmyzmym AHrym SHl krn vykymdyh: vykymylvn * vykyspr * vykyTSyTvT

psyKHvlvgyh kvgnyTybyt
`npy mHkr	zyKHrvn * tpysh * kSHb * lmydh * pvnkTSyvt nyhvlyvt * AynTlygnTSyh * ptrvn b`yvt * kblt hHlTvt * kTgvryzTSyh * rKHySHt SHpt Am * yyTSvgym mnTlyym * yTSyrtyvt * mvmHyvt * rgSHvt * kvgnyTSyh Hbrtyt
mvSHgy ysvd	sKHmh * hyvrysTykh * mvdlym nvrmTybyym vmvdlym dskrypTybyym * kydvd * SHlyph * zyKHrvn `bvdh * Ab Typvs * tAvryh SHl tvd`h * ApkT sTrvp * ApkT msybt hkvkTyyl * msgvr * `ybvd mlmTh-lm`lh vmlm`lh-lmTh * HSHybh mst`pt * gSHTlT * AynhybyTSyh * `KHbh smvyh * hsHt d`t * ndydt mHSHbvt * ASHlyh * SHypvT mtAm * chunking * TSvvAr bkbvk * hTrmh * tvbnh * mHSHbvt Aylv
AySHym bvlTym	nv`m Hvmsky * An Tryzmn * dvnld brvdbnT (An') * Alynvr rvSH * sTybn kvslyn (An') * znvn pylySHyn * rvg'r SHprd (An') * g'vrg sprlyng (An') * myKHAl pvznr (An') * ryTS'rd SHypryn * hrbrT syymvn * g'vn svvlr (An') * g'vn Andrsvn * dnyAl KHhnmn * dvd nbvn * myykl gznygh * `mnvAl dvnHyn * g'vrg' mylr * `mvs Tbrsky * Aln bAdly * Arvvyng bydrmn (An') * dyyvvyd mAyyr (An') * AdvArd Tvlmn * Avlryk nyysr (An') * SHAvl hvKHSHTyyn

AvHzr mtvKH "https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=nv`m_Hvmsky&oldid=42558695"

kTgvryvt:

• psyKHvlvgyh kvgnyTybyt
• nv`m Hvmsky
• Amnym SH`l SHmm KHvKHb lKHt mynvry
• blSHnym vlSHvnAym yhvdym AmrykAym
• AnrKHysTym AmrykAym
• AnrKHysTym yhvdym
• AtAysTym yhvdym
• bvgry hSHvmr hTS`yr
• sTrvkTvrlyzm
• yhvdym Hbry hAkdmyh hlAvmyt lmd`ym SHl ArTSvt hbryt
• blSHnvt gnrTybyt
• sgl hmKHvn hTKHnvlvgy SHl msTS'vsTs
• zvKHy mlgt gvgnhyym
• zvKHy prs kyvTv yhvdym
• zvKHy prs Hzyt hyd`
• p`yly SHmAl rdykly
• AtAysTym AmrykAym
• zvKHy prs lnn: spry `yvn
• zvKHy mdlyyt bng'myn prnklyn
• bvgry AvnybrsyTt pnsylbnyh
• b`ly tvAr dvkTvr mAvnybrsyTt hrvvArd
• mkbly tvAr dvkTvr lSHm KHbvd mAvnybrsyTt bvAnvs Ayyrs
• svTSyAlysTym AmrykAym
• AnTy-AmrykAym
• Hrm `l ySHrAl
• AmrykAym SHnvldv b-1928

kTgvryvt mvstrvt:

• dpym `m kySHvrym SHbvrym
• vykyntvnym:`rKHym Hsry tvvyt b`bryt: mkvm mgvrym
• vykyntvnym:`rKHym Hsry tvvyt b`bryt
• vykyntvnym:`rKHym Hsry tvvyt b`bryt: mkvm lymvdym
• vykyntvnym:`rKHym Hsry tvvyt b`bryt: mvnHh ldvkTvrT
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: lA mtAym
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: lA mtAym: mkvm lydh
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: mtAym
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: mtAym: AzrHvt
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: lA mtAym: prs SHzKHh bv
• vykypdyh: `rKHym hdvrSHym hbhrh
• vykyntvnym:`rKHym Hsry tvvyt b`bryt: prs SHzKHh bv
• vykyntvnym - hSHvvAt `rKHym: lA mtAym: Atr rSHmy
• `rKHym `m kySHvry rSHt Hbrtyt
• `rKHym `m prvpyly md`nym
• `rKHym `m tbnyt bryTnykh
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh J9U
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh PLWABN
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh ACM-DL
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh BIBSYS
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh BNC
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh BNE
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh BNF
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh CANTIC
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh CANTIC2
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh CINII
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh DBLP
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh DtBio
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh GND
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh ICCU
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh ISNI
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh LCCN
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh LNB
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh MusicBrainz
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh MGP
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NDL
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NKC
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NLA
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NLG
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NLK
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NLR
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NSK
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NTA
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh NUKAT
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh ORCID
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh RERO
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh SELIBR
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh SNAC-ID
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh SUDOC
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh Semantic Scholar author
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh Trove
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh ULAN
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh VcBA
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh VIAF
• vykypdyh: `rKHym `m mzhh WorldCat-VIAF
• bkrt zhvyvt `m 38 pryTym
• vykypdyh - `rKHym mvmlTSym lSH`br