Urocyon
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| Urocyon[2] | |
|---|---|
| Gray and island fox | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Subfamily: | Caninae |
| Tribe: | Urocyonini |
| Genus: | Urocyon Baird, 1857[3] |
| Type species | |
| Canis virginianus[5] | |
| Species | |
| |
Urocyon (Greek: "tailed dog"[7]) is a genus of Canidae which includes the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and the island fox (Urocyon littoralis).[2] These two fox species are found in the Western Hemisphere. Whole genome sequencing indicates that, among living canids, Urocyon is sister to the remaining genera.[8] Fossils of what is believed to be the ancestor of the gray fox, Urocyon progressus, have been found in Kansas and date to the Upper Pliocene,[9] with some undescribed specimens dating even older.[10]
Extant species
[edit]| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gray fox | Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) |
Southern half of North America from southern Canada to the northern part of South America (Venezuela and Colombia), excluding the mountains of northwestern United States |
LC
|
| Island fox | Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1857) Six subspecies
|
Channel Islands (off the coast of Southern California) |
NT
|
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Extinct species
[edit]
| Species name | Type specimen era and location[4] |
|---|---|
| U. citrinus | Tedford et al., 2009. Early Irvingtonian, Citrus County, Florida. |
| U. galushai | Tedford et al., 2009. Late Blancan, San Simon Valley, Graham County, Arizona. |
| U. minicephalus | Martin, 1974. Late Irvingtonian, Sumter County, Florida. |
| U. progressus | Stevens, 1965. Early Blancan, Meade County, Kansas. A later review found that the material represents Urocyon, but because of its fragmentary nature cannot be diagnosed as to species.[4] |
| U. webbi | Tedford et al., 2009. Middle Hemphillian, Citrus County, Florida. |
Cozumel fox
[edit]The Cozumel fox is a critically endangered small gray fox found on the island of Cozumel, Mexico. The last reported sighting was in 2001, but surveys focusing on this species have not yet been carried out.[11] In September 2023, a live Cozumel fox was rescued from a road and subsequently released.[12][13]
The Cozumel fox has not been scientifically described, but is a dwarf form, like the island fox. Compared to the island fox, however, it is slightly larger, being up to three-quarters the size of the gray fox. No skins or complete skulls of the Cozumel fox exist in any museum exhibitions, so scientists have mainly examined sub-fossils collected during archaeological excavations of Mayan civilizations who inhabited the island about 1,500-500 years ago. Upon evaluating bones from about 12 adult individuals, scientists have concluded that the Cozumel fox is extremely small - approximately 60-80% the body size of other mainland specimens.[14]
The fox had been isolated on Cozumel for at least 5,000 years, and probably far longer. These dates would indicate that Urocyon had colonized the island before the first arrival of humans there.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ "Fossilworks: Urocyon".
- ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 582-583. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Baird, S. 1857. Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. vol.8(1):121, 138. Vulpinae
- ^ a b c d e Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1-218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. S2CID 83594819.
- ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel; Goldfuss, Georg August; Wagner, Andreas Johann (1774). Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Vol. 3. p. 361. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.67399.( The mammals in illustrations according to nature, with descriptions)
- ^ Urocyon.
- ^ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803-819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
- ^ Stevens, M.S. (1965). "A new species of Urocyon from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas". Journal of Mammalogy. 46 (2): 265-269. doi:10.2307/1377846. JSTOR 1377846.
- ^ Prevosti, F.J.; Rincoon, A.D. (2007). "A new fossil canid assemblage from the late Pleistocene of northern South America: The canids of the Inciarte asphalt pit (Zulia, Venezuela), fossil record and biogeography". J. Paleontol. 81 (5): 1053-1065. doi:10.1666/pleo05-143.1. hdl:11336/242701. S2CID 131259363.
- ^ Cuaron, Alfredo D.; Martinez-Morales, Miguel Angel; McFadden, Katherine W.; Valenzuela, David & Gompper, Matthew E. (2004). "The status of dwarf carnivores on Cozumel Island, Mexico". Biodiversity and Conservation. 13 (2): 317-331. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.2040. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000006501.80472.cc. S2CID 25730672.
- ^ Maya, Riviera (2023-09-18). "Rarely seen gray fox rescued 'disoriented' from Cozumel highway". Riviera Maya News. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ Wilkinson, Laura (2023-09-21). "Cozumel Wildlife Grey Fox - Cozumel 4 You". Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ a b Gompper, M.E.; Petrites, A.E.; Lyman, R.L. (2006). "Cozumel Island fox (Urocyon sp.) dwarfism and possible divergence history based on subfossil bones". Journal of Zoology. 270 (1): 72-77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00119.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
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