Ulan-Ude

Ulan-Ude (/U'la:nU'de/;^[8] Russian: Ulan-Ude, Russian pronunciation: [U'lan U'de]; Buryat: Ulaan-Ude, romanized: Ulaan-Ude, IPA: [U,la:n_'ud@]) is the capital city of Buryatia, Russia, located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 404,426 recorded in the 2010 Census,^[9] making the city the third-largest in the Russian Far East by population.

Ulan-Ude was first called Udinskoye (Udinskoe, ['udjInsk@j@]) for its location on the Uda River. It was founded as a small fort in 1666.^[10] From around 1735, the settlement was called Udinsk (Udinsk, [U'djinsk]) and was granted town status under that name in 1775.^{[citation needed]} It was renamed Verkhneudinsk (Verkhneudinsk, [vjIrxnjI'udjInsk]; "Upper Udinsk") in 1783, to differentiate it from Nizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different Uda River near Irkutsk which was granted town status that year.^{[citation needed]}

The descriptors "upper" and "lower" refer to the positions of the two cities relative to each other, rather than the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its river, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch. The current name was given to the city on 27 July 1934 and means "red Uda" in Buryat, reflecting the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Ulan-Ude lies 5,640 kilometers (3,500 mi) east of Moscow and 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Lake Baikal. It is 600 meters (2,000 ft) above sea level at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Ulan-Burgas mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda, which divides the city.^[11]

Ulan-Ude is traversed by two rivers, the Selenga and Uda. The Selenga provides the greatest inflow to Baikal Lake, supplying 50% of all rivers in its basin. The Selenga brings about 30 cubic kilometers (7 cubic miles) of water into the lake per year, exerting a major influence on the lakewater's renewal and its sanitary condition. Selenga is the habitat of the most valuable fish species such as Omul, Siberian sturgeon, Siberian taimen, Thymallus and Coregonus.^{[citation needed]}

Uda is the right inflow of the Selenga river. The length of the watercourse is 467 kilometers (290 miles).

The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were the Evenks and, later, the Buryat Mongols. Ulan-Ude was settled in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks as the fortress of Udinskoye. Due to its favorable geographical position, it grew rapidly and became a large trade center which connected Russia with China and Mongolia and, from 1690, was the administrative center of the Transbaikal region.^{[citation needed]}

By 1775, it was known as Udinsk, and in 1783 it was granted city status and renamed Verkhneudinsk. After a large fire in 1878, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The Trans-Siberian Railway reached the city in 1900 causing an explosion in growth. The population, which was 3,500 in 1880, reached 126,000 in 1939.^[12]

From 6 April to October 1920, Verkhneudinsk was the capital of the Far Eastern Republic, also known as the Chita Republic.^[13] It was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. On 27 July 1934, the city was renamed Ulan-Ude.^{[citation needed]}

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a period of rapid and uncontrolled illegal construction of private houses on officially designated agricultural land began. This phenomenon became known as Nakhalovki. Due to the deteriorating economic situation in the region, the city of Ulan-Ude emerged as a favourable destination for internal migration. However, the growing population was met with an insufficient supply of formal housing, which in turn fuelled the spread of Nakhalovki districts in the city suburbs. The uncontrolled growth of those districts make them suffer from lack of necessary infrastructure.^[14]

Ulan-Ude is the capital of the republic.^[15] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Ulan-Ude -- an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[4] As a municipal division, the city of Ulan-Ude is incorporated as Ulan-Ude Urban Okrug.^[5]

Ulan-Ude is divided into three subdivisions [ru].

• Sovietsky District [ru]
• Zheleznodorozhny District [ru]
• Octyabirsky District [ru]

According to the 2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude;^[16] up from 404,426 recorded in the 2010 Census.^[2] In terms of population, it is the third-largest city in eastern Siberia. It ranks 45th among all cities in Russia. Roughly 600,000 people live in the urban agglomeration.

The ethnic makeup of Ulan-Ude in 2021 was:^[17]

• Russians: 61.4%
• Buryats: 35.1%
• Others: 3.5%

The city is the center of Tibetan Buddhism in Russia and the important Ivolginsky datsan is located 23 km (14 mi) from the city.

Ulan-Ude is located on the main line (Trans-Siberian line) of the Trans-Siberian Railway between Irkutsk and Chita at the junction of the Trans-Mongolian line (the Trans-Mongolian Railway) which begins at Ulan Ude and continues south through Mongolia to Beijing in China.

The city also lies on the M55 section of the Baikal Highway (part of the Trans-Siberian Highway), the main federal road to Vladivostok.^{[citation needed]} Air traffic is served by the Ulan-Ude Airport (Baikal), as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport. Intracity transport includes tram, bus, and marshrutka (share taxi) lines.^{[citation needed]}

Until 1991, Ulan-Ude was closed to foreigners.^{[citation needed]} There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks which are exceptional examples of Russian classicism. The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is a large and highly unusual statue of the head of Vladimir Lenin in the central square: the largest in the world. Built in 1970 for the centennial of Lenin's birth and weighing 42 tons, as of 2018^[update] it continued to tower over the main plaza at 7.7 meters (25 ft).^[18]

The Ulger puppet theater was founded in Ulan-Ude in 1967.^[19]

The Ethnographic Museum of the peoples of Transbaikal is one of Russia's largest open-air museums. The museum contains historical finds from the era of the Slab Grave Culture and the Xiongnu until the mid 20th century, including a unique collection of samples of wooden architecture of Siberia.

Odigitrievsky Cathedral - Eastern Orthodox Church Diocese of the Buryat, was the first stone building in the city and is a Siberian baroque architectural monument. The cathedral is considered unique because it is built in a zone of high seismic activity in the heart of the city on the banks of the River Uda River where it flows into the Selenga.

One of the attractions of Ulan-Ude is a monument in the town square -- the square of the Soviets -- in the form of the head of Lenin (sculptors G.V. Neroda, J.G. Neroda, architects Dushkin, P.G. Zilberman). The monument, weighing 42 tons and with a height of 7.7 meters (25 ft), was opened in 1971 in honor of the centenary of Lenin's birth.^[18]

Ulan-Ude can be described as possessing a humid steppe climate (Koppen climate classification BSk), bordering on a humid continental climate (Dwb) and a subarctic climate (Dwc). The climate is characterized by long, dry, and very cold winters, with substantial snowfall and persistent snow cover in the city and surrounding areas. Summers are relatively long for the city's latitude and climate zone. Lasting from mid-May to early September, they are warm and bring the majority of the annual precipitation in the form of rain.

The record high is 40.6 degC (105.1 degF) on 8 July 2016. The record low is -54.4 degC (-65.9 degF) on 6 January 1931. Temperatures have never risen above freezing from 31 December to 1 February, inclusive.

The Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant is based in Ulan-Ude.

Ulan-Ude serves as the endpoint for the Mongol Rally.

• Dmitry Masleev (born 1988), pianist
• Oksana Omelianchik (born 1970), artistic gymnast
• Irina Pantaeva (born 1967), Sports Illustrated model
• Alexander Slastin (born 1942), actor
• Inna Stepanova (born 1990), Olympic archer
• Gunsyn Tsydenova (1909-1994), politician

• Mother Buryatia statue
• Ulan-Ude railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway
• A Russian Old Believer church moved to the ethnographic museum in Ulan-Ude
• Gate of the Ulan-Ude Ethnographic Museum
• Hambyn-Hure Datsan
• Odigitrievsky Cathedral
• Panorama of Ulan-Ude. View from Mount Komushka
• Ulan-Ude
• Center of Ulan-Ude from a bird's eye view
• The largest head of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin ever built was in Ulan-Ude as of 2018
• Verkhneudinsk, 1885
• Coat of arms of Verkhneudinsk in 1790

Ulan-Ude is twinned with:^[22]

• Pravitel'stvo Respubliki Buriatiia. Postanovlenie No. 431 ot 18 noiabria 2009 g. <>, v red. Postanovleniia No. 573 ot 13 noiabria 2015 g. <>. Vstupil v silu 18 noiabria 2009 g. Opublikovan: "Buriatiia", No. 216, Ofitsial'nyi vestnik No. 120, 21 noiabria 2009 g. (Government of the Republic of Buryatia. Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Resolution #573 of November 13, 2015 On Amending Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009 of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of November 18, 2009.).
• Narodnyi Khural Respubliki Buriatiia. Zakon No. 985-III ot 31 dekabria 2004 g. <>, v red. Zakona No. 1411-V ot 14 oktiabria 2015 g. <>. Vstupil v silu so dnia ofitsial'nogo opublikovaniia. Opublikovan: "Buriatiia", No. 1, Ofitsial'nyi vestnik No. 1, 12 ianvaria 2005 g. (People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia. Law #985-III of December 31, 2004 On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Law #1411-V of October 14, 2015 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Buryatia "On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

• Capitals of republics of Russia
• Ulan-Ude
• Transbaikal Oblast
• Populated places established in 1666
• 17th-century establishments in Russia
• 1666 establishments in Russia
• Russian Far East

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