Open back rounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by in IPA
| Open back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| a | |||
| IPA number | 313 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0252 | ||
| X-SAMPA | Q | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded * rounded |
The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is <a> . It is called Latin turned alpha being a rotated version of Latin alpha. It seems a "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Latin turned alpha a <a> has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha a <a> (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth - that is, low in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard/a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_2-0">[2] | daar | [da:r] | 'there' | Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [a: ~ a:]./a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_2-1">[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Assamese | kr' (kor) | [kar] | 'to do' | An "over-rounded" [a], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3] May also be transcribed [o]. | |
| Bulgarian | Some Rhodopean dialects | m'zh (maz) | ['maSj] | 'man' | Found as the unification of the Proto-Slavic *o, *e, *' and *'. Standard Bulgarian has /u/ for *o and *' and /e/ for *e and *'. |
| Dutch | Some dialects[4] | bot | [bat] | 'bone' | Some non-Randstad dialects,[4] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [o] in standard Dutch. |
| English | South African[5] | not | [nat] | 'not' | Near-back and weakly rounded.[5] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [^].[5] See South African English phonology |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation[6] | [nat] | Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [o]. It is proposed that the /a/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a rounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality.[7] See English phonology | |||
| Northern English[8] | May be somewhat raised and fronted.[8] | ||||
| Canadian[9] | Lot and thought have the same vowel in Canadian English; see cot-caught merger. | ||||
| thought | [that]i | 'thought' | |||
| General American | Vowel /o(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /o(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However, "Short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [or~or]. | ||||
| Inland Northern American[10] | See Northern Cities Vowel Shift | ||||
| Indian[11] | [that] | /a/ and /o:/ differ entirely by length in Indian English. | |||
| Welsh[12][13] | [tha:t] | Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /o:/ in northern dialects. | |||
| German | Many speakers[14] | Gourmand | [gUR'ma:] | 'gourmand' | Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /a:/.[14] See Standard German phonology |
| Many Swiss dialects[15] | maane | ['ma:n@] | 'remind' | The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [a:] is in free variation with the unrounded [a:].[16] | |
| Istro-Romanian[17] | cap | [kap] | 'head' | See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian). | |
| Jeju[18] | hUna (haona) | [hana] | 'one' | See Jeju phonology | |
| Malay | Kedah | tua | [tu.a] | 'old' | Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /?/ or a glottal fricative /h/. |
| Mansi | Central/Northern | am | [am] | 'me' | The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between /a/ and /o/. |
| Neapolitan[19] | Vastese | uaSt@ | [u'waSt@] | 'Vasto' | |
| Norwegian | Dialects along the Swedish border[20] | hat | [ha:t] | 'hate' | Weakly rounded and fully back.[20] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian | frsy (farsi) | [fa:r'si:] | 'Persian' | ||
| Brazilian Portuguese | Carioca | ova | ['a:va] | 'fish roe' | Allophone of /o/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Slovak | Some speakers[21] | a | [a] | 'and' | Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[21] See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Gothenburg[22] | jag | [ja:g] | 'I' | More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[22] |
| Uzbek | Standard[23] | choy | [tSaj] | 'tea' | |
Near-open back rounded vowel
[edit]| Near-open back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| a | |
| o |
In some languages there is the near-open back rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal <a> and <o> ), which can be transcribed in IPA with [a] or [o].
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted - that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan | Balearic (except Ibizan)[24][25] | dones | ['don@s] | 'women' | Main realization of /o/ (also represented as /a/). May be unrounded [a] in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian (general pronunciation)[24][25] | ['dones] | ||||
| Valencian (some speakers)[26] | taula | ['tawlo] | 'table' | Can be realized as unrounded and/or fronted. | |
| Dutch | Leiden[27] | bad | [bat] | 'bath' | Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [a] instead.[27] It corresponds to [a] in standard Dutch. |
| Rotterdam[27] | |||||
| Hungarian | Standard[28] | magyar | ['majar] | 'Hungarian' | Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with <o> . Unrounded [a] in some dialects.[29] See Hungarian phonology |
| Ibibio[30] | do | [da] | 'marry' | Near-open;[30] typically transcribed in IPA with <o> . | |
| Irish | Ulster[31] | olann | [a:l@nG] | '(he) drinks' | Near-open;[31] may be transcribed in IPA with <o:> . |
| Lehali[32] | don | [ndang] | 'yam' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /ae/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[32] | |
| Lemerig[33] | 'ansar | [?angsar] | 'person' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /ae/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[33] | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[34] | plaots | [pla:ts] | 'place' | Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with <o:> .[34] Corresponds to [o:] in other dialects. |
| Norwegian | Urban East[35][36] | topp | [thap:] | 'top' | Near-open,[35][36] also described as close-mid back [o].[37] Typically transcribed in IPA with <o> . See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[38][22] | ska | [ska:]i | 'be going to' | Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[38] Typically transcribed in IPA with <a:> . See Swedish phonology |
| Yoruba[39] | itoju | [itaju] | 'care' | Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with <o> . | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- /a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-2">^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293-294.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 115.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- ^ Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
- ^ Boberg (2004), p. 359.
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
- ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24-25.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knobl (2015), p. 38.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
- ^ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (2020). Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7443-8.
- ^ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
- ^ a b Kral (1988), p. 54.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), pp. 35-36.
- ^ Sjoberg, Andree F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
- ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 130-131.
- ^ a b Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Saborit (2009), pp. 25-26.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Ni Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
- ^ a b Francois (2011), p. 194.
- ^ a b Francois (2011), pp. 195, 208.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158-159.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16-17.
- ^ a b Engstrand (1999), pp. 140-141.
- ^ Bamgbose (1966), p. 166.
References
[edit]- Bamgbose, Ayo (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97-102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, p. 359, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121-129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knobl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Ausspracheworterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140-142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Fleischer, Jurg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243-253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
- Francois, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175-246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155-166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved 2016-01-11
- Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
- Horvath, Barbara M. (2004), "Australian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 625-644, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Kral, Abel (1988), Pravidla slovenskej vyslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", Deutsches Ausspracheworterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Kvifte, Bjorn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 978-3-926972-54-5
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012), "Assamese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 217-224, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000096
- Ni Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-16, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman, Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicacio al catala dels principis de transcripcio de l'Associacio Fonetica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
- Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonetica descriptiva del catala: assaig de caracteritzacio de la pronuncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme catala al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239-245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Saborit, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronuncia (in Catalan), Academia Valenciana de la Llengua
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17-38, ISBN 978-0-7486-2594-9
- Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Szende, Tamas (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91-94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130-141, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105-109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Vago, Robert M. (1980), The Sound Pattern of Hungarian, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i-xx, 279-466). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759. ISBN 0-52128540-2 .
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology - segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.