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Voiceless alveolar affricate
| Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ts | |||
| ts | |||
| IPA number | 103 132 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ts | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A6 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts | ||
|
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
- The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [ts] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.
- The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [tth] or [tth], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.
- The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tl] is found in certain languages, such as Cherokee, Mexican Spanish, and Nahuatl.
- The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [ts], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.
This article discusses the first two.
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
[edit]A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with
Features
[edit]Features of a voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
- There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [S] or laminal [s].
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Dentalized laminal alveolar
[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ts`ants`/canc | i | 'net' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |
| Basque[3] | hotz | [ots] | 'cold' | Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[3] | |
| Belarusian[4] | tsiotka/ciotka | ['tsjotka] | 'aunt' | Contrasting palatalization. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bulgarian[5] | tsar/car | [tsar] | 'Tsar' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[6][7] | Zao Can / zao can | [tsaU tshan] | 'breakfast' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology |
| Cantonese | Zao Can / zou2 caan1 | /tsou tsha:n/ | 'breakfast' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| Czech[8] | co | [tso] | 'what' | See Czech phonology | |
| Hungarian[9] | cica | ['tsitsa] | 'kitten' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese | Jin Bo / tsunami | [tsWbnamji] | 'Tsunami' | Allophone of /t/ before /u/. See Japanese phonology | |
| motsutsuarera/mottsarera | [mottsarera] | 'mozzarella' | May appear before other vowels in loanwords. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kashmiri | js/cas | [tsa:s] | 'cough' | ||
| Kashubian[10] | [example needed] | ||||
| Kazakh[11] | investitsiia/investitsiya | [investits@ja] | 'price' | Only in loanwords from Russian[11][12] See Kazakh phonology and Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Kyrgyz[12] | |||||
| Latvian[13] | cena | ['tsena] | 'price' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian[14] | tsvet/cvet | [tsvet] | 'flower' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Pashto | Hlwr/salor | [tsa'lor] | 'four' | See Pashto phonology | |
| Polish[15] | co | i | 'what' | See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian[16] | pret | [prets] | 'price' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[5] | tsar'/car | [tsarj] | 'Tsar' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[17][18] | tsilj / cilj / dyyL | [tsi:y] | 'target' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | cisar | [tsisa:r] | 'emperor' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene[19] | cvet | [tsve:t] | 'bloom' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Andalusian[20] | resto | ['retso] | 'rest' | See Andalusian Spanish |
| Tyap | tsa | [tsa] | 'to begin' | ||
| Ukrainian[21] | tsei/cej | [tsej] | 'this one' | Contrasting palatalization. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[22] | cybla | ['tsebla] | 'onion' | ||
| Uzbek[23] | [example needed] |
Non-retracted alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Najdi[24] | klb/tsalb | [tsalb] | 'dog' | Corresponds to /k/ and /tS/ in other dialects |
| Asturian | Some dialects[25] | otso | ['otso] | 'eight' | Corresponds to standard /tS/ |
| Llena, Mieres, and others | lluna | ['tsuna] | 'moon' | Alveolar realization of che vaqueira instead of normal retroflex [ts] | |
| Basque[3] | hots | [ots] | 'sound' | The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[3] | |
| Blackfoot[26] | nimowmeko / Niitsitapii | [ni:tsIt^pi:] | 'original person' or 'Blackfoot Person' | ||
| Catalan[27] | potser | [pu(t)'tse] | 'maybe' | The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of [t] + [s]). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan [t:s] ~ [ts]. See Catalan phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28] | cetaman | [ts@'taman] | 'four' | Allophone of /tS/ before schwa | |
| Chamorro[29] | CHamoru | [tsa'mo:ru] | 'Chamorro' | Spelled Chamoru in the orthography used in the Northern Mariana Islands. | |
| Chechen | tsatsa / caca / rr | [ts@ts@] | 'sieve' | ||
| Cherokee[30] | tsalagi tsalagi | [tsalagi] | 'Cherokee' | ||
| Danish | Standard[31] | to | ['tsho:?] | 'two' | The fricative component is apical.[31] In some accents, it is realized as [th].[31] Usually transcribed /ts/ or /t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop [t], which is usually transcribed /d/ or /d/. See Danish phonology |
| Dargwa | tsadesh / ades / Sdaesh | [tsadeS] | 'unity, oneness' | ||
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] | mat | ['mats] | 'market' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of /t/.[32] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Broad Cockney[33] | tea | ['ts@.i] | 'tea' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /t/.[34][35] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[35] | ['tsI.i] | ||||
| New York[36] | Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /t/.[36] See English phonology | ||||
| New Zealand[37] | Word-initial allophone of /t/.[37] See English phonology | ||||
| North Wales[38] | ['tsi:] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of /t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [th].[38] See English phonology | |||
| Port Talbot[39] | Allophone of /t/. In free variation with [thh].[39] | ||||
| Scouse[40] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /t/.[40] See English phonology | ||||
| General South African[41] | wanting | ['wantsIng] | 'wanting' | Possible syllable-final allophone of /t/.[41] | |
| Esperanto | cico | ['tsitso] | 'nipple' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | tsokolate | [tsokolate] | 'chocolate' | ||
| French | Quebec | tu | [tsy] | 'you' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, y/. |
| Georgian[42] | kac`i/k'atsi | [k'atsi] | 'man' | ||
| Haida | xants | [H^nts] | 'shadow' | Allophone of /tS/.[43] | |
| Hebrew | TSl/tzel | [tsel] | 'shadow' | ||
| Korean | North Korean | joseon / Choson | [tsoson] | 'North Korea' | Corresponds to /tc/ in South Korean. See Korean phonology |
| Luxembourgish[44] | Zuch | [tsukh] | 'train' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Marathi | cmcaa/tsamtsa | ['ts@mtsa:] | 'spoon' | Represented by
| Nepali | caap/tsap | [tsap] | 'pressure' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /c/. The aspirated sound is represented by /ch/. See Nepali phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[45] | parte sem vida | ['partsej 'vida] | 'lifeless part' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, i/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ i ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[46] |
| Brazilian[45][46] | participacao | [paRtsipa'saw] | 'participation' | ||
| Most speakers[47] | shiatsu | [ci'atsu] | 'shiatsu' | Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic [i], often subsequently palatalizing /t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. tsunami [tcisu'nemji]).[48] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Spanish | Madrid[49] | ancha | ['anjtsja] | 'wide' | Palatalized;[49] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to [tS] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology |
| Chilean | |||||
| Some Rioplatense dialects | tia | ['tsia] | 'aunt' | ||
| Some Venezuelan dialects | zorro | ['tsoro] | 'fox' | Allophone of /s/ word initially. | |
| Tamil | Jaffna Tamil | cntai/cantai | [tsandei] | 'market' | Rare, other realizations include [tS, S, s].[50] |
| Telugu | tttti/catti | [tsatti] | 'pot' |
Variable
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[51] | Zeit | [tsaIt] | 'time' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] See Standard German phonology |
| Italian | Standard[52] | grazia | ['grattsja] | 'grace' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[52] See Italian phonology |
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
[edit]| Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| tr |
Features
[edit]- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] | verbeganger | [v@r'be:gang@tr] | 'passer-by' | A possible realization of word-final /r/ before pauses.[32] |
| English | General American[53] | tree | i | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/; more commonly postalveolar [tr^].[53] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[53] | |||||
| Italian | Sicily[54] | straniero | [stra'njero] | 'foreign' | Apical. Regional realization of the sequence /tr/; may be a sequence [tr] or [tr] instead.[55] See Italian phonology |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48-49.
- ^ a b Chew (2003), p. 67.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109-110.
- ^ Lin (2001), pp. 17-25.
- ^ Palkova (1994), pp. 234-235.
- ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ a b Kara (2002), p. 10.
- ^ a b Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
- ^ Roclawski (1976), pp. 160.
- ^ Ovidiu Draghici. "Limba Romana contemporana. Fonetica. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kordic (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Balina Garcia, Leopoldo I.; Cobos Navarro, Ana Maria (2007). "La nueva africada andaluza" (PDF). In Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Sosinski, Marcin (eds.). Las hablas andaluzas y la ensenanza de la lengua. Actas de las XII Jornadas sobre la ensenanza de la lengua espanola (in Spanish). Granada. pp. 275-281. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Macutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63-79. arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Sewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
- ^ Lewis, Jr. (2013), p. 5.
- ^ "Normes ortografiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana" (PDF) (in Asturian). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
- ^ "Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide". Native-Languages.org. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
- ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
- ^ Chung (2020), p. 645.
- ^ Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873944-9.
- ^ a b c Gronnum (2005), p. 120.
- ^ a b c d Peters (2010), p. 240.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 322-323.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108-109.
- ^ a b Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121-129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 372.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977. SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67-68.
- ^ a b Alice Telles de Paula. "Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS" (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 14.
- ^ a b Camila Tavares Leite. "Sequencias de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrao inovador no portugues de Belo Horizonte" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
- ^ Ana Beatriz Goncalves de Assis. "Adaptacoes fonologicas na pronuncia de estrangeirismos do Ingles por falantes de Portugues Brasileiro" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
- ^ Aline Aver Vanin. "A influencia da percepcao inferencial na formacao de vogal epentetica em estrangeirismos" (in Portuguese).
- ^ a b Klaus Kohler. "Castilian Spanish - Madrid".
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113-138. JSTOR 24650188.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 75-76.
- ^ a b c Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186-188, 192.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 64.
- ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 64-65.
References
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- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003]. Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2.
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jurgen (2013). "Luxembourgish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67-74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
- Gronnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
- Hualde, Jose Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). "Goizueta Basque" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (1): 113-127. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260.
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- Lewis, Jr., Robert Eugene (2013). Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF) (MA thesis). University of Kansas.
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- Lunt, Horace G. (1952). Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje. OCLC 5137976.
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Source: en.wikipedia.org