Key generator

A key generator (or keygen) in cryptography is a protocol or algorithm used to generate a sequence with pseudo-random characteristics for use as an encryption key.^[1][2][3] The generated sequence is used as an encryption key at one end of communication and as a decryption key at the other.

Key generators can be implemented in systems designed to generate, distribute, and authenticate^[4] keys for public key cryptography, where without the private key, one cannot access information encrypted with the public key.^[5]

For a key generator to be cryptographically secure, its output must have several properties:^[6]

• Uncorrelated sequences - no sequence of any given length should be correlated to any other sequence of the algorithm's output
• Long period - the sequence should not repeat for a very long time
• Uniform distribution - the output bits should be uniformly distributed
• Unpredictability - it should be computationally infeasible to predict future output given past output

Key generators typically rely on sources of entropy to seed their algorithms, which may be hardware-based (such as electronic noise or timing variations) or software-based.^[6]

Symmetric key generators produce a single shared key used for both encryption and decryption. These generators often use pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) seeded with entropy from various sources. Modern standards such as NIST SP 800-90 specify approved random bit generators for this purpose.^[7]

In stream ciphers, a keystream generator produces a continuous stream of pseudorandom bits that are combined with the plaintext using the XOR operation.^[8] The keystream generator takes a relatively short key (typically 80-256 bits) and an initialization vector (IV) and expands them into a much longer keystream.^[9]

Common key generator implementations include:

• Linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) - widely used in hardware implementations due to their simplicity, though typically combined with non-linear functions to improve security^[8]
• A5/1 - the stream cipher used for GSM mobile phone encryption, based on three irregularly clocked LFSRs^[10]
• Trivium - an eSTREAM finalist stream cipher using three interconnected shift registers^[11]
• Grain - a lightweight stream cipher using both linear and non-linear feedback shift registers^[9]
• Solitaire (or Pontifex) cipher - a manual keystream generator using a deck of playing cards

• Key derivation function
• Key generation
• Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
• Key management
• Stream cipher

• Key management
• Stream ciphers
• Cryptographic algorithms

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