Valuta
- Afrikaans
- Alemannisch
- Aragones
- l`rby@
- 'rmy'
- ldrj@
- mSr~
- asmiiy'aa
- Avar
- avdhii
- Az@rbaycanca
- toerkhjh
- Bashk'ortsa
- Boarisch
- Zemaiteska
- Belaruskaia
- Belaruskaia (tarashkevitsa)
- B'lgarski
- bhojpurii
- baaNlaa
- Brezhoneg
- Batak Mandailing
- Buriaad
- Catala
- Nokhchiin
- khwrdy
- Qirimtatarca
- Cestina
- Sloven'sk' /
- Cymraeg
- Dansk
- Deutsch
- Zazaki
- Ellenika
- English
- Esperanto
- Espanol
- Eesti
- Euskara
- Estremenu
- frsy
- Suomi
- Foroyskt
- Francais
- Frysk
- Gaeilge
- Gaidhlig
- Galego
- Gaelg
- `bryt
- hindii
- Fiji Hindi
- Hrvatski
- Magyar
- Hayeren
- Interlingua
- Bahasa Indonesia
- Interlingue
- Ilokano
- Ido
- Islenska
- Italiano
- Ri Ben Yu
- Jawa
- k`art`uli
- Qaraqalpaqsha
- Taqbaylit
- Kabiye
- K'azak'sha
- knndd
- Yerwa Kanuri
- hangugeo
- K'arachai-malk'ar
- Kernowek
- Kyrgyzcha
- Latina
- Letzebuergesch
- Limburgs
- Lombard
- Lingala
- Lietuviu
- Latviesu
- Madhura
- Malagasy
- Olyk marii
- Makedonski
- mlyaallN
- Mongol
- bhaasaamn
- mraatthii
- Bahasa Melayu
- Mirandes
- mnmaabhaasaa
- mzirwny
- Plattduutsch
- Nedersaksies
- nepaal bhaassaa
- Nederlands
- Norsk nynorsk
- Norsk bokmal
- Nouormand
- Sesotho sa Leboa
- Occitan
- Iron
- pNjaabii
- Polski
- Piemonteis
- pnjby
- pStw
- Portugues
- Runa Simi
- Rumantsch
- Romana
- Russkii
- Rusin'skyi
- Sakha tyla
- Srpskohrvatski / srpskokhrvatski
- Simple English
- Slovenscina
- Shqip
- Srpski / srpski
- Seeltersk
- Sunda
- Svenska
- Kiswahili
- tmilll
- telugu
- Toch'iki
- aithy
- tegerenyaa
- Tagalog
- Turkce
- Seediq
- Tatarcha / tatarca
- Tyva dyl
- Udmurt
- Ukrayins'ka
- rdw
- O`zbekcha / uzbekcha
- Veneto
- Tieng Viet
- Walon
- Winaray
- Wu Yu
- margaluri
- yyidySH
- Yoruba
- Zhong Wen
- Min Nan Yu / Ban-lam-gi
- Yue Yu
Valuta je rijec italijanskog porijekla koja oznacava novcanu jedinicu neke zemlje (sredstvo placanja u toj zemlji).[1][2] U valutu spada papirni i kovani novac koji izdaje drzava ili banka i u opticaju sluzi kao sredstvo razmjene i zakonsko sredstvo placanja.[3] Svaka drzava obicno ima svoju valutu. Bosanskohercegovacka valuta zove se konvertibilna marka, americka dolar, valuta Evropske unije je euro itd. Ove razlicite valute imaju priznate vrijednosti i njima se trguje medu narodima na trzistu stranih valuta, koje odreduje relativne vrijednosti raznih valuta.[4] Valute u ovom smislu su definisane vladama i svaki tip ima ograniceni opseg prihvatljivosti.
Valute mogu da budu klasifikovane u dva monetarna sistema: dekretni novac[5][6] i robni novac[7] u pojedinim politickim nadleznostima, sto znaci da se ne mogu odbiti pri isplati duga. Drugima se jednostavno trguje zbog njihove ekonomske vrijednosti. Digitalna valuta je stekla popularnost sa povecanjem zastupljenosti racunara i interneta.[8][9]
Historija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Rana valuta
[uredi | uredi izvor]Valuta je evoluirala iz dva osnovna izuma, oba od kojih su se javila oko 2000 p. n. e. Originalno, novac je bio forma potvrde prijema, predstavljajuci zitarice uskladistene u hramskim zitnicama u Sumeru u drevnoj Mezopotamiji i zatim starom Egiptu.
U tom prvom stadijumu valute, metali su koristeni kao simboli za predstavljanje vrijednosti uskladistene u obliku robe. To je formiralo osnovu za trgovinu u Plodnom polumjesecu tokom perioda od preko 1500 godina. Medutim, kolaps trgovinskog sistema Bliskog istoka je ukazao na manu: u eri gdje nije bilo mjesta gdje je sigurno otpremiti dragocjenosti, vrijednost cirkulisuceg medijuma mogla je biti pouzdana onoliko koliko i sile koje su branile te zalihe. Trgovina se mogla voditi jedino u delokrugu vojne kredibilnosti. Do kraja bronzanog doba, medutim, serija medunarodnih ugovora je uspostavila bezbjedan prolaz trgovcima sirom istocnog Sredozemlja, na podrucju koje se prostiralo od minojske Krete i Mikene na sjeverozapadu do Elama i Bahreina na jugoistoku. Nije poznato sta je korisceno kao valuta u tim razmjenama, ali je moguce da su oksidne oblikovane poluge od bakra, proizvedene na Kipru, mozda koristene kao valuta.
Takoder pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Rollins, Montgomery (1917). Money and Investments. George Routledge & Sons.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Bernstein, Peter (2008) [1965]. "4-5". A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold (3rd izd.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-28758-3. OCLC 233484849. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Jones, Robert A. "The Origin and Development of Media of Exchange." Journal of Political Economy 84 (Nov. 1976): 757-775.
- Bowman, John S. . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture.
- Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0.CS1 odrzavanje: vise imena: authors list (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250-1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0720-6.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87566-0.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Angus, Ian (1973). Coins & Money Tokens. London: Ward Lock. ISBN 978-0-7063-1811-1.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Keen, Steve (February 2015). "What Is Money and How Is It Created?"
- Graziani, Augusto (1989), The Theory of the Monetary Circuit, Thames Papers in Political Economy, Spring: str. 1-26.
- Hartman, Mitchell (30. 10. 2017). "How Much Money Is There in the World?". I've Always Wondered... (story series). Marketplace. American Public Media. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2017.
- Bensel, Richard Franklin (2000). The political economy of American industrialization, 1877-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77604-2. OCLC 43552761. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Eichengreen, Barry J.; Flandreau, Marc (1997). The gold standard in theory and history. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15061-3. OCLC 37743323. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Bordo, Michael D. (1999). Gold standard and related regimes: collected essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55006-2. OCLC 59422152.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Bordo, Michael D.; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (1984). A Retrospective on the classical gold standard, 1821-1931. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06590-8. OCLC 10559587.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Coletta, Paolo E. "Greenbackers, Goldbugs, and Silverites: Currency Reform and Politics, 1860-1897," in H. Wayne Morgan (ed.), The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, (1963). str. 111.-139.
- Officer, Lawrence H. (2007). Between the Dollar-Sterling Gold Points: Exchange Rates, Parity and Market Behavior. Chicago: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03821-8. OCLC 124025586.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Einaudi, Luca (2001). Money and politics: European monetary unification and the international gold standard (1865-1873). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924366-2. OCLC 45556225.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Roberts, Mark A. (mart 1995). "Keynes, the Liquidity Trap and the Gold Standard: A Possible Application of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis". The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies. Blackwell Publishing. 61 (1): 82-92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1995.tb00270.x.
- Thompson, Earl A.; Hickson, Charles Robert (2001). Ideology and the evolution of vital institutions: guilds, the gold standard, and modern international cooperation. Boston: Kluwer Acad. Publ. ISBN 978-0-7923-7390-2. OCLC 46836861.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Pollard, Sidney (1970). The gold standard and employment policies between the Wars. London: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-14250-1. OCLC 137456.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Hanna, Hugh Henry; Charles Arthur Conant; Jenks, Jeremiah (1903). Stability of international exchange: Report on the introduction of the gold-exchange standard into China and other silver-using countries. OCLC 6671835. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Banking in modern Japan. Tokyo: Fuji Bank. 1967. ISBN 978-0-333-71139-2. OCLC 254964565.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Officer, Lawrence H. (2008). "bimetallism". u Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume (ured.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. str. 488. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0136. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5. OCLC 181424188. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2008.
- Drummond, Ian M.; The Economic History Society (1987). The gold standard and the international monetary system 1900-1939. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education. ISBN 978-0-333-37208-1. OCLC 18324084.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Hawtrey, Ralph George (1927). The Gold Standard in theory and practice. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-313-22104-0. OCLC 250855462. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Flandreau, Marc (2004). The glitter of gold: France, bimetallism, and the emergence of the international gold standard, 1848-1873. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925786-7. OCLC 54826941.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Lalor, John (2003) [1881]. Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States. London: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84371-093-6. OCLC 52565505. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Bernanke, Ben; James, Harold (1990). The Gold Standard, Deflation, and Financial Crisis in the Great Depression: An International Comparison. Working Paper Series. 3488. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. OCLC 22840844. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2008. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link) Also published as: Bernanke, Ben; James, Harold (1991). "The Gold Standard, Deflation, and Financial Crisis in the Great Depression: An International Comparison". u R. Glenn Hubbard (ured.). Financial markets and financial crises. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 33-68. ISBN 978-0-226-35588-7. OCLC 231281602. Upotreblja se zastarjeli parametar
|chapterurl=(pomoc); CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) - Rothbard, Murray Newton (2006). "The World Currency Crisis". Making Economic Sense. Burlingame, California: Ludwig von Mises Institute. str. 295-299. ISBN 978-0-945466-46-8. OCLC 78624652. Upotreblja se zastarjeli parametar
|chapterurl=(pomoc); CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link) - Cassel, Gustav (1936). The downfall of the gold standard. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 237252. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Braga de Macedo, Jorge; Eichengreen, Barry J.; Reis, Jaime (1996). Currency convertibility: the gold standard and beyond. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14057-7. OCLC 33132906.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Russell, William H. (1982). The Deceit of the Gold Standard and of Gold Monetization. American Classical College Press. ISBN 978-0-89266-324-8. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Mitchell, Wesley C. (1908). Gold, prices, and wages under the greenback standard. Berkeley, California: The University Press. OCLC 1088693. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Moure, Kenneth (2002). The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914-1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924904-6. OCLC 48544538.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Bayoumi, Tamim A.; Barry J. Eichengreen and Mark P. Taylor (1996). Modern perspectives on the gold standard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57169-2. OCLC 34245103.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Keynes, John Maynard (1925). The economic consequences of Mr. Churchill. London: Hogarth Press. OCLC 243857880. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Keynes, John Maynard (1930). A treatise on money in two volumes. London: MacMillan. OCLC 152413612. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Ferderer, J. Peter (1994). Credibility of the interwar gold standard, uncertainty, and the Great Depression. Annandale-on-Hudson, New York: Jerome Levy Economics Institute. OCLC 31141890.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Acena, Pablo Martin; Reis, Jaime (2000). Monetary standards in the periphery: paper, silver and gold, 1854-1933. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-67020-0. OCLC 247963508.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Gallarotti, Giulio M. (1995). The anatomy of an international monetary regime: the classical gold standard, 1880-1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508990-5. OCLC 30511110.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Dick, Trevor J. O.; Floyd, John E. (2004). Canada and the Gold Standard: Balance of Payments Adjustment Under Fixed Exchange Rates, 1871-1913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61706-2. OCLC 59135525. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Kenwood, A.G.; A. L. Lougheed (1992). The growth of the international economy 1820-1990. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-91-44-00079-4.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Hofstadter, Richard (1996). "Free Silver and the Mind of "Coin" Harvey". The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-65461-7. OCLC 34772674. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Lewis, Nathan K. (2006). Gold: The Once and Future Money. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-04766-8. OCLC 87151964.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Withers, Hartley (1919). War-Time Financial Problems. London: J. Murray. OCLC 2458983. Pristupljeno 14. 11. 2008.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Metzler, Mark (2006). Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24420-7.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
- Pietrusza, David (2011). 'It Shines for All': The Gold Standard Editorials of The New York Sun. New York City, New York: New York Sun Books. ISBN 978-1-4611-5612-3.CS1 odrzavanje: ref=harv (link)
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- | "Currency". The Free Dictionary.
- | Bernstein, Peter (2008) [1965]. "4-5". A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold (3rd izd.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-28758-3. OCLC 233484849. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link)
- | "Currency". Investopedia.
- | "Guide to the Financial Markets" (PDF). The Economist.
- | Rollins, Montgomery (1917). Money and Investments. George Routledge & Sons.
- | Keynes, John Maynard (1965) [1930]. "1. The Classification of Money". A Treatise on Money. 1. Macmillan & Co Ltd. str. 7. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link)
- | O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall. str. 246. ISBN 978-0-13-063085-8. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 12. 2018. Pristupljeno 18. 3. 2021. CS1 odrzavanje: nepreporuceni parametar (link) CS1 odrzavanje: lokacija (link)
- | "Digital vs. Virtual Currencies". Andrew Wagner. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 9. 2015. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2014.
- | "What is bitcoin?". CoinDesk. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 3. 2018. Pristupljeno 24. 1. 2014.