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Billy Graham

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Billy Graham
Billy Graham, thang 4 nam 1966.
Sinh(1918-11-07)7 thang 11, 1918
Charlotte, North Carolina, Hoa Ky
Mat21 thang 2, 2018(2018-02-21) (99 tuoi)
Montreat, North Carolina, Hoa Ky
Quoc tichHoa Ky
Hoc viDai hoc Wheaton
Nghe nghiepMuc su Bap-tit
Nha Truyen ba Phuc am
Ton giaoBap-tit
Con caiVirginia, Anne, Ruth Dienert, Franklin, Ned
Cha meWilliam Franklin Graham va Morrey Coffey Graham
Websitebillygraham.org
Chu ky

Muc su William Franklin Graham, Jr. KBE, duoc biet den nhieu hon voi ten Billy Graham; (7 thang 11 nam 1918 - 21 thang 2 nam 2018), la nha nha truyen ba phuc am (evangelist), va la mot trong nhung nha lanh dao co nhieu anh huong nhat cua Phong trao Tin Lanh thuoc cong dong Khang Cach. Graham da mang thong diep Co Doc den cho so luong nguoi nghe dong dao hon bat ky ai khac tung song tren dat.[1] Den nam 1993, hon 2,5 trieu nguoi cong khai tiep nhan Chua Gie-su tai cac chien dich truyen giang cua ong.[2] Den nam 2002, trong suot cuoc doi truyen ba phuc am lau dai, neu tinh ca so luong thinh gia cua cac chuong trinh phat thanh va truyen hinh, Billy Graham da gioi thieu phuc am cho khoang 2 ti nguoi tai nhieu quoc gia tren khap the gioi.[1] Nhieu bai giang cua ong tap chu vao chu de "Chua Gie-xu Co Doc la con duong duy nhat dan den su cuu roi". Ong thuong co van cho cac Tong thong Hoa Ky[3] va lien tuc co ten trong danh sach "Muoi nhan vat duoc kinh trong nhat tren the gioi", theo cac cuoc tham do cua Gallup Polls.[4]

Tieu su

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Tuoi tre

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Chao doi tai mot trang trai san xuat sua gan Charlotte, Bac Carolina, Billy Graham duoc truong duong trong duc tin Truong Lao boi song than, Morrow Coffey va William Franklin Graham. Theo nhung tu lieu tu Trung tam Billy Graham, trai nghiem su cuu roi den voi Graham trong nam 1934, theo loi khuyen cua mot nguoi My goc Phi lam cong trong nong trai cua gia dinh,[5] Graham tim den tham du cac buoi nhom phuc hung tai Charlotte, va chiu thuyet phuc khi nghe nhung bai giang luan cua nha truyen ba phuc am Mordecai Ham.[6] Tuy nhien, luc ay Billy bi mot nhom thanh nien Co Doc o dia phuong khuoc tu tu cach thanh vien voi ly do cau con "qua tran tuc".[2]

Sau khi tot nghiep Truong Trung hoc Sharon vao thang 5 nam 1936, Graham theo hoc tai Dai hoc Bob Jones, khi ay con o Cleveland, Tennessee trong mot hoc ky. Nhung khi nhan ra giao trinh va noi qui o day qua nghiem nhat doi voi cau,[2] Graham chuyen den Hoc vien Kinh Thanh Flordia (nay la Dai hoc Trinity Florida) trong nam 1937. O day, Graham cam thay thoai mai voi noi qui nha truong cung nhu co co hoi gap go va dinh hon voi mot co ban hoc, nhung ve sau co gai nay huy bo hon uoc vi cho rang Graham da khong du nghiem tuc trong doi song ton giao. Sau cung, Graham den Dai hoc Wheaton tai Illinois, theo chuyen nganh nhan hoc, va tot nghiep nam 1943.

Trong thoi gian theo hoc tai Wheaton, Graham bat dau tra xet xem Kinh Thanh co phai la "loi vo ngo cua Thien Chua" hay khong. Nhung loi tu van va trai nghiem tam linh den tu Henrietta Mears,[7] mot thanh vien cua Nha tho Truong lao Hollywood, to ra huu ich cho ong khi doi dien voi van de vo ngo (khong the sai lam) cua Kinh Thanh, cuoi cung Graham cung tim duoc niem xac tin khi ong dang o tai khu trai Forest Home Christian, tay nam vung Big Bear thuoc Nam California.

Muc vu

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Nam 1939, Billy Graham duoc phong chuc muc su thuoc giao phai Baptist Nam phuong tai Nha tho Village o Western Springs, Illinois, noi ong tung phuc vu trong tu cach quan nhiem tu nam 1943-1944. Trong thoi gian nay, mot nguoi ban cua Graham, Torrey Johnson, quan nhiem Nha tho Midwest Bible o Chicago, bao cho Graham biet chuong trinh phat thanh ton giao "Ca khuc trong Dem" cua ong sap cham dut vi thieu tien. Sau khi nhan duoc su ung ho tai chinh tu cac thanh vien trong nha tho, Graham quyet dinh tiep nhan chuong trinh phat thanh cua Johnson. Tu ngay 2 thang 1 nam 1944, Graham cho phat song chuong trinh moi voi nhieu cai tien, va moi giong ca nam trung George Beverly Shea cong tac voi ong, dac trach cac chuong trinh phat thanh.

Sau khi tot nghiep Dai hoc Wheaton (nam 1943) Graham den voi chuong trinh Tuoi tre cho Chua Co Doc (Youth for Christ), cong tac voi Charles Templeton, du hanh khap Hoa Ky va Au chau de truyen ba Phuc am.

Billy Graham va Richard Nixon trong mot chien dich truyen ba phuc am tai Tennessee, ngay 28 thang 5 nam 1970

Nam 1949, Graham to chuc cac buoi truyen giang tai Los Angeles, ong cho dung nhung leu bat lon danh cho thinh gia trong bai dau xe.[1] Chien dich truyen giang du tinh keo dai trong 3 tuan le nhung ket thuc sau 8 tuan le, duoc xem la dau moc khien Billy Graham tro thanh nha lanh dao ton giao noi tieng tren ca nuoc.[8] Nhieu nguoi tin rang ong trum truyen thong William Randolph Hearst da tim cach giup Graham mac du hai nguoi chua bao gio gap nhau.[9] Nguoi ta tin rang trong khi Graham xuc tien chien dich truyen giang tai Los Angeles vao cuoi nam 1949, Hearst da goi mot dien tin cho cac chu but thuoc quyen voi noi dung, "Nang Graham len".[2]

Dieu tuong tu cung xay ra cho cac chuong trinh khac cua ong. Tai Luan Don chuong trinh keo dai den 12 tuan, va tai New York nam 1957, cac buoi truyen giang duoc to chuc moi dem trong suot 16 tuan le.

Graham rat thanh cong trong chien dich truyen ba phuc am to chuc o Uc trong nam 1959, khoi dau cho mot loat cac chien dich khac trong thoi gian dai sau do. Cac tu van vien da duoc huan luyen tim den de tiep xuc va giup do nhung nguoi cong khai xung nhan duc tin trong cac buoi truyen giang. Chien dich nay duoc xem la mot trong nhung su kien truyen ba phuc am hieu qua nhat trong lich su nuoc Uc, tac dong manh den tien trinh phat trien cua cac giao hoi tai Uc trong suot 15 nam voi nhieu nha tho moi duoc thanh lap, cung giup hinh thanh nhieu nhom hoc Kinh Thanh tai gia ton tai trong quang thoi gian khoang 35 nam hoac hon.

Trong thap nien 1960, Billy Graham cong khai chong doi chu truong ky thi chung toc, va tu choi noi chuyen tai cac thinh duong sap xep cho ngoi theo mau da. Co lan ong tu tay vat bo day ngan cac khu vuc danh rieng cho thinh gia da mau.[5][10] Ong tuyen bo: "Phan biet chung toc la di nguoc lai tinh than cua Kinh Thanh... Mat dat duoi chan cay thap tu la bang phang, toi that su cam dong khi nhin thay nguoi da trang vai ke vai voi nguoi da den duoi chan thap tu gia".[5] Graham nhan nop tien bao lanh cho Tien si Martin Luther King, Jr. de duoc tai ngoai hau tra khi King bi bat giam vi cuoc dau tranh cho quyen binh dang cua cac sac dan thieu so trong thap nien 1960. Sau do, ong moi King den thuyet giang trong chien dich truyen ba phuc am keo dai 16 tuan le tai Thanh pho New York nam 1957.[10] Trong 16 tuan le nay, co khoang 2,3 trieu nguoi den nghe Graham trinh bay thong diep phuc am tai Madison Square Garden, San van dong Yankee va Quang truong Times.[1] Graham va King tro thanh ban huu, Graham la mot trong vai nguoi da trang duoc King cho phep goi ong bang ten than mat "Mike".[5]

Ten tuoi cua Graham duoc biet den qua kha nang to chuc cac chien dich truyen ba phuc am tai nhung noi ma cac nha truyen ba phuc am khac xem la bat kha. Suot trong thoi ky Chien tranh Lanh, Graham da thuyet giang truoc nhung dam dong lon tai cac quoc gia o Dong Au va tai Lien Xo.[11] Trong thoi ky phan biet chung toc tai Nam Phi, Graham khong chiu thuyet giang tru khi cu toa cua ong duoc ngoi chung voi nhau ma khong bi phan biet mau da. Graham cung la mot trong so rat it nha thuyet giao duoc phep thuyet giang tai Bac Trieu Tien.[5]

Tai Seoul, Han Quoc, co khoang 1 trieu nguoi den du mot buoi thuyet giang cua Graham.[12] Nam 1988, ong cung vo den Trung Quoc, day la co hoi cho Ruth ve tham lai noi ba da chao doi 68 nam truoc.

Tu nam 1948 den 1952, Graham la vien truong Dai hoc Northwestern, tieu bang Minnesota. Nam 1950, ong thanh lap Hiep hoi Truyen ba Phuc am Billy Graham, dat tru so tai Minneapolis, sau doi ve Charlotte, N.C. voi cac chuong trinh:

  • Gio Quyet Dinh, phat thanh hang tuan tren khap the gioi trong suot 50 nam.
  • Cac chuong trinh truyen hinh dac biet duoc phat song vao "gio vang" tren khap Hoa Ky va Canada.
  • Chuyen de "My Answer", giai dap cac thac mac ve Co Doc giao, tren cac nhat bao tai Hoa Ky.
  • Tap chi Quyet Dinh (Decision), co quan ngon luan cua Hiep hoi.
  • Thanh lap Tap chi Christianity Today nam 1956 voi Carl F. H. Henry la chu but dau tien.
  • passageway.org, website danh cho tuoi thieu nien.
  • World Wide Pictures, san xuat va phan phoi hon 130 xuat pham dien anh.

Ngay 14 thang 9 nam 2001, sau vu tan cong khung bo, Graham huong dan mot le cau nguyen va tuong niem cac nan nhan tai Dai Giao duong Quoc gia Washington, co su tham du cua Tong thong George W. Bush va nhieu nha lanh dao trong nuoc. Truoc do, vao nam 1995, ong cung den noi chuyen tai le tuong niem nan nhan vu danh bom tai Thanh pho Oklahoma.[5]

Billy Graham, 86 tuoi (2004), cho biet mot "chien dich" tai Flushing Meadows Park, Thanh pho New York, bat dau tu ngay 24 thang 6 nam 2005, se la chuong trinh truyen giang cuoi cung cua ong. Du vay, vao nhung ngay cuoi tuan 11-12 thang 3 nam 2006, cung voi con trai, Franklin Graham, Billy Graham to chuc mot chien dich truyen ba phuc am khac goi la "Le hoi cua Hi vong". Le hoi duoc to chuc o New Orleans, vua bi tan pha boi Bao Katrina, voi su ho tro cua 215 nha tho tren khap vung do thi New Orleans. Hon 1.360 nguoi chap nhan duc tin duoc gioi thieu boi nha truyen ba phuc am.

Thang 8 nam 2005, Graham den du buoi le dat vien da dau tien cho thu vien cua ong tai Charlotte, Bac Carolina. Ong phai dung nang de di chuyen trong buoi le nay.

Gia dinh

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Nam 1943, Graham ket hon voi Ruth Bell (1920-2007); song than cua Ruth la nhung nha truyen giao lam viec tai Trung Hoa, cha cua co, L. Nelson Bell, la mot nha phau thuat. Graham thuat lai lan dau gap Ruth tai Dai hoc Wheaton: "Toi nhin thay Ruth dang di tren duong ve phia toi, toi khong biet lam gi khac hon la cham cham nhin co ay. Co ay nhin lai toi, va ngay trong thoi khac ay toi nhan ra rang toi da gap duoc nguoi phu nu cua doi minh." Ruth nghi rang Billy la nguoi "muon song dep long Thien Chua hon bat ky nguoi dan ong nao khac ma toi tung gap".[12] Hai thang sau khi tot nghiep, hai nguoi ket hon va don den song trong mot can nha bang go do Ruth thiet ke trong rang nui Blue Ridge o Montreat, Bac Carolina.[2]

Ho co ba con gai: Virginia (Gigi) Graham Foreman (sinh nam 1945); Anne Graham Lotz, sinh nam 1948, lanh dao AnGeL Ministries - tap chu vao muc tieu phuc hung hoi thanh[13] va Ruth Dienert (1950); va hai con trai: Franklin Graham, sinh nam 1952, lanh dao to chuc cuu tro quoc te Samaritan's Purse, va la nguoi ke nhiem cha lanh dao Hoi Truyen ba Phuc am Billy Graham[14] va Ned Graham, sinh 1958, lanh dao to chuc East Gates International, chuyen pho bien van pham Co Doc tai Trung Quoc.

Nha o va Thu vien cua gia dinh Billy Graham

Ngay 13 thang 6 nam 2007, Billy Graham dua ra mot thong bao: "Vao dau mua xuan, sau khi danh nhieu thi gio de cau nguyen va thao luan, Ruth va toi di den quyet dinh se duoc an tang canh nhau tai Thu vien Billy Graham tai thi tran que huong cua toi, Charlotte, Bac Carolina... Ruth la nguoi ban tot nhat va la nguoi dong hanh tam linh cua toi, toi khong the tuong tuong noi co the song qua mot ngay ma khong co Ruth ben canh. Ngay nay, tinh yeu toi danh cho Ruth con lon hon ngay chung toi gap nhau lan dau 65 nam ve truoc, khi chung toi dang theo hoc tai Dai hoc Wheaton. Ruth va toi luon tran trong nhung loi cau nguyen va cac thu tin khich le cua nhieu nguoi tu cac xu so khac nhau tren khap the gioi. Trong nhung ngay nay, moi nguoi trong gia dinh te tuu quanh chung toi. Chung toi yeu thuong lan nhau va luon ta on Chua vi dieu nay". Ngay ngay ay, 14 thang 6 nam 2007, Ruth Graham tu tran sau mot con hon me, huong tho 87 tuoi.

Chinh tri

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Trong phuong dien chinh tri, Graham tu lau van ung ho Dang Dan chu, mac du gan day ong chap nhan mot lap truong linh dong hon, chon lua bau phieu cho ca hai dang tuy thuoc vao quan diem ma ong cho la thich hop nhat. Graham co moi quan he mat thiet voi Lyndon B. Johnson va Bill Clinton, nhung moi quan he cua ong voi Gia toc Bush la than tinh hon ca. Chi hai ngay sau cuoc bau cu tong thong nam 2000, Graham thuyet giang tai bua an sang cau nguyen (prayer breakfast) o Florida voi su tham du cua George W. Bush. Thong diep cua Graham la phi chinh tri.

Muc vu cho Tong thong

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Graham thuong tiep xuc voi cac tong thong Hoa Ky ke tu thoi Harry Truman.[9] Nam 1957, ong da yeu cau Tong thong Dwight Eisenhower goi binh si lien bang den Little Rock can thiep cho nam hoc sinh nguoi My goc Phi co the nhap hoc mot truong trung hoc danh rieng cho hoc sinh da trang.[2] Cung vao thoi diem do, tai mot san golf o Washington, ong gap mat va tro thanh ban cua Pho Tong thong Richard Nixon.[9] Khi sap lia doi, Eisenhower da yeu cau Graham den tham ong.[15] Graham cung la co van tam linh cho Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton va cac thanh vien thuoc Gia toc Bush.[8]

Trong nhiem ky tong thong cua Nixon, Graham la khach moi thuong xuyen cua Nha Trang. Ong to chuc va huong dan cac le tho phuong tai day.[9] Nixon da den du mot buoi truyen giang cua Graham to chuc o Tennessee nam 1970.[9] Nixon cung la vi tong thong dau tien tung doc dien tu tren toa giang cua mot nha truyen ba phuc am.[9] Tuy nhien, moi quan he cua hai nguoi tro nen cang thang khi Graham quo trach Nixon vi cach xu su trong vu Watergate, cung nhu nhung loi noi khong thich hop cua Nixon da ghi am trong bang tu lieu ve vu Watergate.[9] Graham cho biet vao thoi diem ay ong khong dinh liu den cac van de chinh tri.[5]

Graham voi Tong thong Ronald Reagan va Nancy Reagan tai Bua An sang Cau nguyen Quoc gia o Washington Hilton Hotel

Graham la khach moi cua Ronald Reagan trong le nham chuc tong thong, va la nguoi cau nguyen chuc phuc cho George H. W. Bush trong ngay Bush chinh thuc tro thanh ong chu Toa Bach Oc.[15] Ong o ben canh George H. W. Bush trong dem truoc luc khoi phat Chien tranh vung Vinh.[8]

Theo Nancy Gibbs va Michael Duffy trong bai "Billy Grahahm, Pastor in Chief", dang tren tap chi TIME ngay 9 thang 8 nam 2007, "Doi voi mot nha thuyet giao khong he co giao doan, va la nguoi da cong hien ca cuoc doi de rao giang phuc am tai cac van dong truong day ap thinh gia ma ong khong he biet mat, gia dinh cac tong thong da danh cho Graham cac co hoi hiem hoi de thuc hien nhiem vu cua mot nguoi chan bay. Graham dem den cho ho mot le duong, va ho dem den cho ong mot giao doan. Ong ke can voi nhung gia dinh nay trong nhung luc kho khan - trong cuoc song va trong chinh truong; mot vai nguoi muon ong o ben canh trong dem cuoi cung cua ho o Toa Bach Oc. Richard Nixon da nga vao vong tay Graham trong tang le cua me ong nam 1967. Bill Clinton yeu cau Graham ngoi canh giuong mot nguoi ban dang hap hoi trong nam 2004. Trong thang cuoi, cac co con gai cua Johnson, Lynda va Luci, da tim den Graham khi me ho sap lia doi. Hai ngay truoc khi Lady Bird (Phu nhan Tong thong Johnson) tu tran, Graham goi den va noi chuyen voi ho, va vi ba van tinh tao, ho da dat ong nghe vao tai ba. Cuu De Nhat Phu nhan va cuu muc su (pastor) Toa Bach Oc da noi chuyen doi chut va cung nhau cau nguyen".[16]

Tac pham

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Billy Graham da cho xuat ban hon 24 tac pham, nhieu cuon duoc dich ra 38 ngon ngu khac nhau, phan lon luan ban ve cac van de xoay quanh thong diep ma ong rao giang trong hon 50 nam qua - su cuu roi chi den tu Chua Gie-su Co doc - voi cac nhan de nhu: Phuc hoa voi Thien Chua (1953), Bi quyet cua Hanh phuc (1955), The gioi Bung chay (1965), Niem Hi vong cho long Bat an (1991)... va mot hoi ky, Just As I Am (1997).

Vinh danh

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Billy Graham duoc tang thuong Huan chuong Vang Quoc hoi; Giai thuong Templeton vi Su phat trien Ton giao; Giai thuong Tu do cua To chuc Ronald Reagan vi nhung dong gop cua ong cho ly tuong cua duc tin va tu do.

Ngay 14 thang 9 nam 2001, sau vu tan cong ngay 11 thang 9 nam 2001, Graham huong dan mot le cau nguyen va tuong niem tai Dai Giao duong Quoc gia o Washington, D.C. voi su tham du cua Tong thong George W. Bush va cac nha lanh dao khac.

Thang 12 nam 2001, ong duoc phong tuoc hiep si danh du cua De che Anh (Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire - KBE) do nhung dong gop cua ong tren quy mo quoc te cho doi song ton giao va dan su trong hon 60 nam.

Graham dung thu bay trong danh sach cac nhan vat duoc nguong mo nhat trong the ky XX theo Vien tham do du luan Gallup.

Trich dan

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  • "Muc dich cua doi toi la giup do nguoi khac tim thay moi tuong giao mat thiet voi Thien Chua ma theo duc tin cua toi, chi co duoc qua su hieu biet ve Chua Co Doc".
  • "Neu ban tim gap mot nha tho hoan hao thi dung gia nhap nha tho ay vi ban se lam hong no".
  • "Sau khi xem phim "Su thuong kho cua Chua Co Doc" (The Passion of the Christ), toi cam thay nhu dang co mat vao thoi diem ay. Toi cam dong den roi le. Toi khong chac da tung co cach trinh bay nao khac sinh dong va cam dong hon ve su chet va su phuc sinh cua Chua Gie-xu".
  • "Ban khong the hieu Thien Chua bang tri tue, nhung long ban da biet Ngai roi".
  • "Toi chi co mot thong diep: Chua Gie-xu Co Doc da den; Ngai da chet tren thap tu gia; Ngai da song lai. Ngai muon chung ta phai an nan ve toi loi cua minh va boi duc tin chap nhan Ngai la Chua va Cuu Chua. Nhu the, chung ta se duoc tha thu moi toi loi".

Truyen ba Phuc am

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Danh tieng cua Billy Graham duoc biet den nhieu nhat qua cac chien dich truyen ba phuc am cua ong. Ong bat dau loai hinh muc vu nay tu nam 1947. Gan day, hau het cac ke hoach cho chien dich deu duoc thiet ke boi con trai ong, Franklin Graham, va cho mot so chien dich danh cho gioi tre la do chau ong, Will Graham, nhung Billy thuong la dien gia chinh, cac chien dich nay duoc to chuc tai nhung dia diem rong lon nhu van dong truong, cong vien hay tren duong pho va thuong day ap nguoi tham du. So cong tac vien len den 5.000 nguoi, mot so tham gia ca doan, khi ong thuyet giang nhung nguoi khac khuyen khich nguoi nghe buoc len truoc de bay to quyet dinh chap nhan duc tin Co Doc. Nhung nguoi nay duoc don tiep boi cac tu van vien de duoc giai dap cac thac mac ve giao ly va cung cau nguyen voi nhau.

Cac quoc gia noi Billy Graham rao giang

[17]

Danh sach cac chien dich truyen ba phuc am cua Billy Graham:

Xem them

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Chu thich

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  1. ^ a b c d "BILLY GRAHAM: A MAN WITH A MISSION.(SPECIAL SECTION)". Cincinnati Post. ngay 27 thang 6 nam 2002. Ban goc luu tru ngay 28 thang 3 nam 2015. Truy cap ngay 18 thang 8 nam 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f [1] Luu tru ngay 4 thang 7 nam 2011 tai Wayback Machine Time, God's Billy Pulpit, 15 thang 11 nam 1993
  3. ^ "The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers". The New York Times. ngay 9 thang 12 nam 1992. Truy cap ngay 24 thang 12 nam 2007.
  4. ^ Gallup's List of Widely Admired People
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Billy Graham: an appreciation: wherever one travels around the world, the names of three Baptists are immediately known and appreciated--Jimmy Carter, Billy Graham and Martin Luther King, Jr. One is a politician, one an evangelist, and the other was a civil rights leader. All of them have given Baptists and the Christian faith a good reputation. (Biography)". Baptist History and Heritage. ngay 22 thang 6 nam 2006. Ban goc luu tru ngay 28 thang 3 nam 2015. Truy cap ngay 18 thang 8 nam 2007.
  6. ^ "Who led Billy Graham to Christ and was it part of a chain of conversions going back to Dwight L. Moody?". Ban goc luu tru ngay 1 thang 6 nam 2000. Truy cap ngay 21 thang 7 nam 2008.
  7. ^ Kintera.org - The Giving Communities
  8. ^ a b c [2] Luu tru ngay 4 thang 5 nam 2009 tai Wayback Machine Time, "Billy Graham", 14 thang 6 nam 1999
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade. (appearance by President Richard M. Nixon)". Journal of Church and State. ngay 22 thang 3 nam 1997. Ban goc luu tru ngay 17 thang 5 nam 2011. Truy cap ngay 18 thang 8 nam 2007.
  10. ^ a b New York Times, "Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews", 17 March, 2002
  11. ^ http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1627139,00.html Luu tru ngay 24 thang 8 nam 2013 tai Wayback Machine, Duffy, Michael and Gibbs, Nancy. TIME. "Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All", 2007-31-05. Truy cap 2007-24-11.
  12. ^ a b "Billy Graham: the world is his pulpit". Ban goc luu tru ngay 6 thang 11 nam 2012. Truy cap ngay 21 thang 7 nam 2008.
  13. ^ annegrahamlotz.com
  14. ^ Samaritan's Purse |International Relief
  15. ^ a b "The President Preacher; In Crisis, White House Turns to Billy Graham". The Washington Post. ngay 18 thang 1 nam 1991. Ban goc luu tru ngay 16 thang 5 nam 2011. Truy cap ngay 18 thang 8 nam 2007.
  16. ^ "Nancy Gibbs & Michael Duffy, "Pastor in Chief", TIME ngay 9 thang 8 nam 2007". Ban goc luu tru ngay 17 thang 8 nam 2007. Truy cap ngay 12 thang 8 nam 2007.
  17. ^ "Pilgrim Preacher: Billy Graham, the Bible, and the Challenges of the Modern World". Museum of the Bible. 21.04.2020

Lien ket ngoai

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Wikimedia Commons co them hinh anh va phuong tien ve Billy Graham.