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Cyborg

De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia libera

Cyborg sau ciborg[1] este un personaj (o fiinta umana)[1] din literatura de anticipatie sub forma unui hibrid creier-masina-microprocesor, dar nu un robot.[1]

Un cyborg este un organism cibernetic (un organism care are atat sisteme artificiale cat si naturale).

Termenul a fost inventat in 1960 atunci cand Manfred Clynes si Nathan Kline l-au folosit intr-un articol despre avantajele in spatiul cosmic ale unui sistem om-masina ce se auto-regleaza.[2]

Cresterea dependentei umane de mecanisme, precum si inlocuirea organelor prin dispozitive mecanice (proteze, implanturi) creeaza conditiile pentru transformarea treptata a omului in cyborg. In tehnologie, omul se proiecteaza pe sine, astfel incat evolutia comuna a omului si a tehnologiei in cyborg este un proces obiectiv.

In conceptele feministe ale lui Donna Haraway. Cyborg a devenit metafora de pornire pentru a explora modalitati de a scapa de confruntarile naturale / culturale. Demonstreaza modul in care dorinta de a diviza aspectele opuse existentei devine mai dificil de indeplinit, si incearca sa utilizeze notiuni limita pentru a dezvolta noi modalitati de actiune politica. Acest concept este cunoscut sub numele de <>.

James Litten a inventat termenul "cyborgization" pentru a descrie procesul de a deveni un cyborg.

Povestea lui Isaac Asimov "Omul de doua sute de ani" exploreaza conceptul de cibernetica. Caracterul central este un robot care se modifica cu ajutorul componentelor biologice. Cercetarile sale conduc la o descoperire in medicina in domeniul organelor si protezelor artificiale. Pana la sfarsitul istoriei, nu exista diferente semnificative intre corpul robotului si cel uman (cu exceptia componentei principale - a creierului).

Cu toate acestea, exista inca o opinie ca "cyborgizarea" completa a unei persoane este imposibila. In special, L. E. Grinin este convins ca, din moment ce functionarea creierului este in mare masura legata de activitatea organelor senzoriale si de controlul organismului biologic, in consecinta, munca sa deplina are o baza exclusiv biologica si aceasta legatura va fi intotdeauna si trebuie sa prevaleze.[3]

  1. ^ a b c Mihaela Ionescu, Cristian Ionescu - Teme si motive SF, pp. 12, in Jurnalul SF, #18 din 1993
  2. ^ "Cyborgs and Space," in Astronautics (September 1960), by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline.
  3. ^ Grinin A. L., Grinin L. E. (martie 2015). ,,Kiberneticheskaia revoliutsiia i istoricheskii protsess (tekhnologii budushchego v svete teorii proizvodstvennykh revoliutsii)". Filosofiia i obshchestvo, 1-2, 2015, s. 17-47. www.socionauki.ru. Accesat in .
  • Balsamo, Anne. Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
  • Caidin, Martin. Cyborg; A Novel. New York: Arbor House, 1972.
  • Clark, Andy. Natural-Born Cyborgs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Crittenden, Chris. "Self-Deselection: Technopsychotic Annihilation via Cyborg." Ethics & the Environment 7.2 (Autumn 2002): 127-152.
  • Franchi , Stefano, and Guven Guzeldere, eds. Mechanical Bodies, Computational Minds: Artificial Intelligence from Automata to Cyborgs. MIT Press, 2005.
  • Flanagan, Mary, and Austin Booth, eds. Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002.
  • Gray, Chris Hables. Cyborg Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2001.
  • Gray, Chris Hables, ed. The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Grenville, Bruce, ed. The Uncanny: Experiments in Cyborg Culture. Arsenal Pulp Press, 2002.
  • Halacy, D. S. Cyborg: Evolution of the Superman. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
  • Halberstam, Judith, and Ira Livingston. Posthuman Bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  • Haraway, Donna. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women; The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1990.
  • Klugman, Craig. "From Cyborg Fiction to Medical Reality." Literature and Medicine 20.1 (Spring 2001): 39-54.
  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking, 2005.
  • Mann, Steve. "Telematic Tubs against Terror: Bathing in the Immersive Interactive Media of the Post-Cyborg Age." Leonardo 37.5 (October 2004): 372-373.
  • Mann, Steve, and Hal Niedzviecki. Cyborg: digital destiny and human possibility in the age of the wearable computer Doubleday, 2001. ISBN 0-385-65825-7 (A paperback version also exists, ISBN 0-385-65826-5).
  • Masamune Shirow, Ghost in the Shell. Endnotes, 1991. Kodansha ISBN 4-7700-2919-5.
  • Mertz, David. ,,Cyborgs". International Encyclopedia of Communications (PDF). Blackwell 2008. ISBN 0195049942. Accesat in . Parametru necunoscut |media= ignorat (ajutor)
  • Mitchell, William. Me++: The Cyborg Self and the Networked City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003.
  • Muri, Allison. The Enlightenment Cyborg: A History of Communications and Control in the Human Machine, 1660-1830. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
  • Muri, Allison. Of Shit and the Soul: Tropes of Cybernetic Disembodiment. Body & Society 9.3 (2003): 73-92.
  • Nishime, LeiLani. "The Mulatto Cyborg: Imagining a Multiracial Future." Cinema Journal 44.2 (Winter 2005), 34-49.
  • The Oxford English dictionary. 2nd ed. edited by J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Vol 4 p. 188.
  • Rorvik, David M. As Man Becomes Machine: the Evolution of the Cyborg. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971.
  • Rushing, Janice Hocker, and Thomas S. Frentz. Projecting the Shadow: The Cyborg Hero in American Film. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
  • Smith, Marquard, and Joanne Morra, eds. The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future. MIT Press, 2005.
  • The science fiction handbook for readers and writers. By George S. Elrick. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1978, p. 77.
  • The science fiction encyclopaedia. General editor, Peter Nicholls, associate editor, John Clute, technical editor, Carolyn Eardley, contributing editors, Malcolm Edwards, Brian Stableford. 1st ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979, p. 151.
  • Warwick, Kevin. I,Cyborg, University of Illinois Press, 2004.
  • Yoshito Ikada, Bio Materials: an approach to Artificial Organs

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