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Melburna

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Melburna
pilseta
Melbourne
Naarm

Karogs
Gerbonis
Melburna
Radit karte "Australija"
Melburna
Radit karte "Viktorija"
Koordinatas: 37deg48'49''S 144deg57'47''E / 37.81361degS 144.96306degE / -37.81361; 144.96306Koordinatas: 37deg48'49''S 144deg57'47''E / 37.81361degS 144.96306degE / -37.81361; 144.96306
Valsts Australija
Stats Viktorija
Dibinata 1835
Pilsetas tiesibas 1847
Platiba
* Kopeja 9 993 km2
Augstums 31 m
Iedzivotaji (2024)[1]
* kopa 5 350 705
* blivums 521,1/km2
Laika josla AEST (UTC+10)
* Vasaras laiks (DST) AEDT (UTC+11)
Majaslapa www.melbourne.vic.gov.au
Melburna Vikikratuve

Melburna (anglu: Melbourne, bunvurrungu/voivurrungu: Naarm) ir otra lielaka Australijas pilseta un Viktorijas stata galvaspilseta. Melburna un tas aglomeracija dzivo apmeram 70% jeb 5,1 miljoni stata iedzivotaju (2019. gada dati).[2] Atrodas valsts dienvidaustrumos pie Basa sauruma Portfilipas lica krastos. Cauri pilsetai tek Jaras upe.

Biezi saukta par Australijas parku un kulturas galvaspilsetu, jo izcelas ar lielu parku un kulturas iestazu daudzumu. Melburna ir dzimtene Australijas filmu studijai, Australijas televizijai, Australijas impresionisma makslas kustibai un dazadam kulturas iestadem.

Ekonomika pazistama ka kompaniju Telstra, BHP Group, Rio Tinto, National Australia Bank galvenas mitnes vieta. Pilseta atrodas Toyota un Holden autorupnicas (rupnicas slegtas 2016.--2017. gada[3]). Melburna atrodas lielaka osta Australija. Pilseta atrodas ari lielakais tramvaja tikls pasaule.[4]

Pilsetas iedzivotaju etniskais sastavs ir visai raibs -- apmeram 25% iedzivotaju ir dzimusi arpus Australijas.

No 1901. gada lidz 1927. gadam, kad tika izveidota Australijas valsts, Melburna atradas Australijas pagaidu valdiba.[5]

Dibinata 1835. gada; lidz 19. gadsimta vidum ta bija neliela pilsetina, tad sakas Viktorijas Zelta drudzis, un jau 1865. gada Melburna bija lielaka Australijas pilseta. 19. gadsimta 80. gados Melburna bija viena no lielakajam pilsetam Britu imperija, un turpinaja strauji attistities. Tomer 19. gadsimta beigas attistiba paleninajas ekonomiskas krizes del.

No 1901. gada lidz 1927. gadam ta bija Australijas galvaspilseta; velak par galvaspilsetu kluva jaunuzcelta Kanbera. Otra pasaules kara laika no 1942. lidz 1944. gadam Melburna bija Sabiedroto Klusa okeana regiona galvena staba vieta. Kara gados Melburna kluva par Australijas galveno rupniecibas centru.

Pec kara pilsetas iedzivotaju skaits palielinajas, jo seit iepluda daudz imigrantu no izpostitas Eiropas. 1956. gada seit notika olimpiskas speles.

Melburnas klimats ir labi pazistams ar savu mainigumu. Fraze "cetri gadalaiki viena diena" ir raksturiga Melburnas kulturas sastavdala. Melburna ziemas laika ir vesaks, neka parejas Australijas pilsetas. Temperaturas absolutais minimums ir 4,4 degC, kas tika noverots 1901. gada 4. julija. Tomer sniegs Melburna ir loti reta dabas paradiba. Pedejas registretas snigsanas dienas ir 1986. gada 25. julijs, ka ari 2005. gada 10. augusts un 2006. gada 15. novembris. Nopietna sniegputena Melburna nav bijis kops 1951. gada. Daudz biezak ziemas laika var noverot salnu un miglu. Pavasari melburniesi parasti var baudit siltu laiku un skaidras debesis. Raksturigas pazimes Melburnas vasara ir sauss laiks un ilgstoss karstums ar temperaturu lidz pat 40 degC. Karstuma rekords tika sasniegts 1939. gada 13. janvari, kad termometra stabins visa Australija piedzivota 4 dienu karstuma vilni sasniedza atzimi 45,6 degC.

Melburnas meteorologiskie dati
Menesis Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec Gads
Augstaka temperatura degC (degF) 45.6
(114.1)		 46.4
(115.5)		 41.7
(107.1)		 34.9
(94.8)		 28.7
(83.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 23.1
(73.6)		 26.5
(79.7)		 31.4
(88.5)		 36.9
(98.4)		 40.9
(105.6)		 43.7
(110.7)		 46.4
(115.5)
Augstaka videja temperatura degC (degF) 25.9
(78.6)		 25.8
(78.4)		 23.9
(75)		 20.3
(68.5)		 16.7
(62.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 13.5
(56.3)		 15
(59)		 17.2
(63)		 19.7
(67.5)		 22
(72)		 24.2
(75.6)		 19.8
(67.6)
Zemaka videja temperatura degC (degF) 14.3
(57.7)		 14.6
(58.3)		 13.2
(55.8)		 10.8
(51.4)		 8.6
(47.5)		 6.9
(44.4)		 6
(43)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8
(46)		 9.5
(49.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 12.9
(55.2)		 10.2
(50.4)
Zemaka temperatura degC (degF) 5.5
(41.9)		 4.5
(40.1)		 2.8
(37)		 1.5
(34.7)		 -1.1
(30)		 -2.2
(28)		 -2.8
(27)		 -2.1
(28.2)		 -0.5
(31.1)		 0.1
(32.2)		 2.5
(36.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 -2.8
(27)
Lietusgaze mm (collas) 47.6
(1.874)		 48.1
(1.894)		 50.5
(1.988)		 57.7
(2.272)		 55.8
(2.197)		 49.1
(1.933)		 47.5
(1.87)		 50.0
(1.969)		 58.1
(2.287)		 66.4
(2.614)		 60.4
(2.378)		 59.5
(2.343)		 650.0
(25.591)
Videjais lietaino dienu skaits 8.4 7.5 9.4 11.8 14.6 15.4 16.1 16.1 14.9 14.2 11.8 10.4 150.6
Videjais saulaino stundu skaits 279.0 234.9 210.8 168.0 120.9 108.0 114.7 145.7 171.0 195.3 210.0 232.5 2 190,8

2006. gada tapat ka visa Australija ari Melburna piedzivoja rekordsausu gadu. Septembri un oktobri, parasti vismitrakajos menesos gada, nebija nevienas dienas ar lietu.

Melburna 1927. gada
Melburnas panorama

Demografija

[rediget | labot pirmkodu]

Musdienas Melburna ir daudzkulturala lielpilseta. Gandriz ceturta dala pilsetas iedzivotaju ir arzemnieki, kas parstav vairak ka 230 valstis un runa 180 dazadas valodas. Viktorijas zelta drudza gados, 19. gadsimta vidu, pilsetas iedzivotaju skaits saka strauji palielinaties. 1865. gada Melburna iedzivotaju skaita zina apsteidza lidz tam lielako Australijas pilsetu Sidneju, tomer jau 20. gadsimta sakuma Melburna un Sidneja bija vienada lieluma pilsetas un gadu pec Australijas federalizacijas 1902. gada Sidneja kluva par Australijas lielako urbanizeto teritoriju.

Iedzivotaju skaita izmainas
GadsIedz.
1836177
185129 000
1854123 000
1860140 000
1880280 000
1890490 000
1895900 000
19561 500 000
GadsIedz.
19812 806 000
19913 156 700
20013 366 542
20043 592 975
20063 720 300
20113 999 980
20195 078 193
20235 207 145

Melburna dzimusi:

  1. | https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release; parbaudes datums: 30 Aprilis 2025.
  2. | 3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2018-19, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020. gada 25. marta. Skatits: 2020. gada 5. maija.
  3. | GM-Holden Port Melbourne Plant, GM Authority. Skatits 2020. gada 5. maija.
  4. | Facts & figures, Yarra Trams. Skatits: 2020. gada 5. maija.
  5. | <>. Arhivets no originala, laiks: 2010. gada 11. marta. Skatits: 2010. gada 11. marta.

Arejas saites

[rediget | labot pirmkodu]
[a1] atceltas Pirma pasaules kara del; [a2] atceltas Otra pasaules kara del
Autoritativa vadiba