Ri Ben Yu

Chu Dian : huri-Bai Ke Shi Dian {uikipedeia(Wikipedia)}

Ri (ni)Ben (hon)Yu (go)
Ri Ben Yu noBiao Ji Ti Xi niYan tsuteRi Ben Yu toiuYu woJi shitaLi
Fa Yin	IPA: [njihong:o][1] [njihonggo][2] [njippong:o](mare)[3] [njipponggo](mare)[2]
Hua sareruGuo	Ri Ben
Min Zu	Ri Ben Ren (Da He Min Zu , ainu, Liu Qiu Min Zu woHan mu)
Hua Zhe Shu	Yue 1Yi 2,500Mo Ren [4], mataha Yue 1Yi 2,700Mo Ren [Zhu Shi 1]
Yan Yu Xi Tong	Ri Liu Yu Zu (Gu Li shitaYan Yu deLun Zheng ari. Xiang Xi haRi Ben Yu noQi Yuan woCan Zhao . )
Chu Qi Xing Shi	Ri Liu Zu Yu Shang Dai Ri Ben Yu Zhong Gu Ri Ben Yu Zhong Shi Ri Ben Yu Jin Shi Ri Ben Yu
Biao Zhun Yu	Biao Zhun Yu
Fang Yan	Ri Ben Yu noFang Yan
Biao Ji Ti Xi	Jia Ming (hiragana*katakana) Han Zi ro-maZi Dian Zi
Gong De Di Wei
Gong Yong Yu	Ri Ben (Shi Shi Shang ) parao angauruZhou [Zhu Shi 2]
Tong Zhi Ji Guan	Wen Hua Ting Wen Hua Shen Yi Hui Guo Yu Fen Ke Hui (Shi Shi Shang )
Yan Yu ko-do
ISO 639-1	ja
ISO 639-2	jpn
ISO 639-3	jpn
Glottolog	nucl1643 (Ba Zhang Fang Yan woChu ku)[6]
Linguasphere	45-CAA-a
Ri Ben Yu gaZhu Yao Yan Yu matahaGong Yong Yu dearuGuo yaDi Yu Ri Ben Yu gaShao Shu Yan Yu toshiteShi Yong sareruGuo yaDi Yu
Zhu Yi : konoBiao nihayuniko-dodeJi Shu saretaIPAFa Yin Ji Hao gaHan mareteirukamoshiremasen.
tenpure-towoBiao Shi

Ri Ben Yu (nihongo, nitsupongo^{[Zhu Shi 3]})ha, Ri Ben Guo Nei ya, katsutenoRi Ben Ling datsutaGuo , soshiteGuo Wai Yi Min yaYi Zhu Zhe woHan muRi Ben Ren Tong Shi noJian deShi Yong sareteiruYan Yu . Ri Ben haFa Ling niyotsuteGong Yong Yu woGui Ding shiteinaiga, Fa Ling sonoTa noGong Yong Wen haQuan teRi Ben Yu deJi Shu sare, Ge Zhong Fa Ling ^{[Zhu Shi 4]}nioiteRi Ben Yu woYong irukotogaGui Ding sare, Xue Xiao Jiao Yu nioiteha[Guo Yu ] noJiao Ke toshiteXue Xi woXing unado, Shi Shi Shang Ri Ben Guo Nei nioiteWei Yi noGong Yong Yu tonatsuteiru.

Shi Yong Ren Kou nitsuiteZheng Que naTong Ji hanaiga, Ri Ben Guo Nei noRen Kou , Ji biRi Ben Guo Wai niZhu muRi Ben Ren yaRi Xi Ren , Ri Ben gakatsuteTong Zhi shitaDi Yu noYi Bu Zhu Min nado, Yue 1Yi 3,000Mo Ren Yi Shang toKao erareteiru^[7]. Tong Ji niyotsuteQian Hou suruChang He moaruga, konoShu haShi Jie noMu Yu Hua Zhe Shu deShang Wei 10Wei Yi Nei niRu ruRen Shu dearu^[8].

Ri Ben Yu noYin Yun ha, [tsu] [n] woChu iteMu Yin deZhong waruKai Yin Jie Yan Yu noXing Ge gaQiang ku, mataBiao Zhun Yu (Gong Tong Yu )woHan meDuo kunoFang Yan gamo-rawoChi tsu. akusentohaGao Di akusentodearu.

naoYuan Lai noGu iDa He Yan Xie deha, Yuan Ze toshite

• [raXing ] Yin gaYu Tou niLi tanai(shiritoride{raXing } deShi maruYan Xie gaJian tsukenikuinohakonotame. {raku(Le )} {ratsupa} {ringo} {rei(Li )} nadohaDa He Yan Xie denai)
• Zhuo Yin gaYu Tou niLi tanai({da(Bao )ku} {dore} {ba(Chang )} {bara(Qiang Wei )} nadohaHou Shi noBian Hua )
• Tong Yi Yu Gen Nei niMu Yin gaLian Sok shinai({ao(Qing )} {kai(Bei )} haGu kuha{awo /awo/} , {kahi /kapi/} )

nadonoTe Zheng gaatsuta([Xi Tong ] oyobi[Yin Yun ] noJie Can Zhao ).

Wen ha, [Zhu Yu *Xiu Shi Yu *Shu Yu ] noYu Shun deGou Cheng sareru. Xiu Shi Yu haBei Xiu Shi Yu noQian niWei Zhi suru. mata, Ming Ci noGe woShi sutameniha, Yu Shun yaYu Wei woBian Hua saserunodenaku, Wen Fa De naJi Neng woShi suJi Neng Yu (Zhu Ci )woHou roniFu keJia eru(Jiao Zhao saseru). koreranokotokara, Yan Yu Lei Xing Lun Shang ha, Yu Shun noDian dehaSOVXing noYan Yu ni, Xing Tai noDian dehaJiao Zhao Yu niFen Lei sareru([Wen Fa ] noJie Can Zhao ).

Yu Hui ha, Gu Lai noDa He Yan Xie (He Yu )nohoka, Han Yu (Zi Yin Yu ), Wai Lai Yu , oyobi, soreranoHun zatsutaHun Zhong Yu niFen kerareru. Zi Yin Yu (Han Zi noYin Du miniYou Lai suruYu noYi , Yi Ban ni[Han Yu ] toCheng suru)haXian Dai noYu Hui noYi Bu Fen woZhan meteiru. mata, [Hui /Hua (we)] nado, motomotoYin dearugaHe Yu toRen Shi sareteirumonomoaru. saraniJin Dai Yi Jiang nihaXi Yang You Lai noYu woZhong Xin tosuruWai Lai Yu gaZeng Da shiteiru([Yu Zhong ] noJie Can Zhao ).

Dai Yu Biao Xian noMian deha, Wen Fa De *Yu Hui De niFa Da shitaJing Yu Ti Xi gaari, Xu Shu sareruRen Wu doushinoWei Miao naGuan Xi woBiao Xian suru([Dai Yu Biao Xian ] noJie Can Zhao ).

Ri Ben Yu haDi Fang gotoniDuo Yang naFang Yan gaari, toriwakeLiu Qiu Zhu Dao deFang Yan Chai gaZhu shii([Fang Yan ] noJie Can Zhao ). Jin Shi Zhong Qi madehaJing Du Fang Yan gaZhong Yang Yu noDi Wei niatsutaga, Jin Shi Hou Qi nihaJiang Hu Fang Yan gaDi Wei woGao me, Ming Zhi Yi Jiang noXian Dai Ri Ben Yu dehaDong Jing Shan noShou noZhong Liu Jie Ji Yi Shang noFang Yan (Shan noShou Yan Xie )woJi Pan niBiao Zhun Yu (Gong Tong Yu )gaXing Cheng sareta([Biao Zhun Yu ] Can Zhao ).

Biao Ji Ti Xi ha, Han Zi (Guo Zi woHan mu. Yin Du mioyobiXun Du mideYong irareru)toPing Jia Ming , Pian Jia Ming toiu3Zhong Lei noWen Zi woZu miHe waseteBiao Ji surukotogaZui Da noTe Zheng dearu([Zi Zhong ] noJie Can Zhao )^{[Zhu Shi 5]}. Biao Yin Wen Zi deBiao Ji Ti Xi woFu Shu Chi tsutame, Dang teZi wosezuniWai Lai Yu woBiao Ji surukotogaKe Neng daga, ratenWen Zi (ro-maZi )yagirishiyaWen Zi (Yi Xue *Ke Xue Yong Yu niDuo Yong )nadomoshibashibaYong irareru. mata, Zong Shu kitoHeng Shu kinodochirademoBiao Ji surukotogaKe Neng dearu(Biao Ji Ti Xi noXiang Xi nitsuiteha[Ri Ben Yu noBiao Ji Ti Xi ] Can Zhao ).

Yin Yun ha[Zi Yin +Mu Yin ] Yin Jie woJi Ben toshi, Mu Yin ha5Zhong Lei shikanainado, Fen kariyasuiGou Zao woChi tsuYi Fang , Zhi Yin toAo Yin noDui Li , [1Yin Jie 2mo-ra] noCun Zai , Wu Sheng Hua Mu Yin , Yu noZu miLi teniBan tsuteYi Dong suruGao saakusentonadonoTe Zheng gaaru([Yin Yun ] noJie Can Zhao ).

Ri Ben Yu ha, Zhu niRi Ben Guo Nei deShi Yong sareru. Hua Zhe Ren Kou nitsuitenoDiao Cha haGuo Nei *Guo Wai woWen wazuimadanaiga, Ri Ben noRen Kou niJi duiteKao erarerukotogaYi Ban De dearu^{[10][Zhu Shi 6][Zhu Shi 7]}.

Ri Ben Guo Nei ni, Fa Ling Shang , Ri Ben Yu woGong Yong Yu naishiGuo Yu toDing meruZhi Jie noGui Ding hanai. shikashi, Fa Ling haRi Ben Yu deJi sareteori, Cai Pan Suo Fa nioiteha[Cai Pan Suo deha, Ri Ben Yu woYong iru] (Tong Fa 74Tiao )tosare, Wen Zi *Huo Zi Wen Hua Zhen Xing Fa nioiteha[Guo Yu ] to[Ri Ben Yu ] gaTong Yi Shi sareteori(Tong Fa 3Tiao , 9Tiao ), sonoTa Duo kunoFa Ling nioite, Ri Ben Yu gaWei Yi noGong Yong Yu naishiGuo Yu dearukotogaQian Ti tosareteiru. mata, Fa Wen dakedenakuGong Yong Wen hasubeteRi Ben Yu nomigaYong irare, Xue Xiao Jiao Yu dehaRi Ben Yu ga[Guo Yu ] toshiteJiao erareteiru.

Ri Ben deha, terebiyarazio, Ying Hua nadonoFang Song , Xiao Shuo yaMan Hua , Xin Wen nadonoChu Ban noFen Ye demo, Ri Ben Yu gaShi warerukotogahotondodearu. Guo Wai nodoramayaYing Hua gaFang Song sareruChang He demo, Ji Ben De nihaRi Ben Yu niYi shi, Zi Mu woFu ketariSheng woDang tetarishitekaraFang Song sarerunado, Shou keShou gaRi Ben Yu nomiwoLi Jie surukotowoQian Ti toshiteZuo Cheng sareru. Yuan Yu nomamaFang Song *Chu Ban sarerumonomoCun Zai suruga, sorerahaWai Guo Xiang keniFa Biao sareruQian Ti noLun Wen , moshikuhaRi Ben Zai Zhu noWai Guo Ren , aruihaYuan Yu noXue Xi Zhe nadoXian raretaRen woDui Xiang toshiteori, Da Duo Shu noRi Ben Ren niXiang ketamonodehanai.

Ri Ben Guo Wai deha, Zhu toshite, Zhong Nan Mi (peru-^[13]*buraziru^[13]*boribia*dominikaGong He Guo *paraguainado)yahawainadonoRi Ben Ren Yi Min noJian niRi Ben Yu noShi Yong gamirareru^{[Zhu Shi 8]}ga, 3Shi *4Shi toShi Dai gaXia runishitagatsuteFei Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe gaDuo kunatsuteirutoiu^[14]. mata, Tai Ping Yang Zhan Zheng noZhong Jie Yi Qian niRi Ben Ling naishiRi Ben noShi Li Xia niatsutaTai Wan Zong Du Fu noTai Wan *Jiu Nan Yang Ting noNan Yang Zhu Dao (Xian Zai noBei marianaZhu Dao *parao*ma-shiyaruZhu Dao ^[15]*mikuroneshiaLian Bang )nadonoDi Yu deha, Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu woShou ketaRen "noZhong ni, Xian Zai demoRi Ben Yu woJi Yi shiteHua suRen gairu^[16]. Tai Wan dehaXian Zhu Min noYi naruBu Zu Tong Shi noHui Hua niRi Ben Yu gaYong irarerukotogaaru^[17]dakedenaku, Yi Lan kureo-runadoRi Ben Yu totaiyaruYu nokureo-ruYan Yu moCun Zai shiteiru^[18].

mata, paraonoangauruZhou dehaLi Shi De Jing Wei ^{[Zhu Shi 9]}karaRi Ben Yu woGong Yong Yu noYi tsutoshiteCai Yong shiteiru^{[19][Zhu Shi 2]}ga, Xian Zai Zhou Nei nihaRi Ben Yu woRi Chang Hui Hua niYong iruZhu Min haCun Zai sezu, Xiang Zheng De namononiLiu matsuteiru^{[20][Zhu Shi 10]}.

Ri Ben Guo Wai noRi Ben Yu Xue Xi Zhe ha2021Nian Diao Cha de379Mo Ren ninobori, Zhong Hua Ren Min Gong He Guo noYue 105Mo Ren , indoneshianoYue 71Mo Ren , Da Han Min Guo noYue 47Mo Ren , o-sutorarianoYue 41Mo Ren , tainoYue 18Mo Ren gaShang Wei tonatsuteiru. Di Yu Bie deha, Dong azia*Dong Nan aziadeQuan Ti noXue Xi Zhe noYue 8Ge woZhan meteiru. Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu gaXing wareteiruDi Yu ha, 141kaGuo *Di Yu niJi ndeiru^[24]. mata, Ri Ben Guo Nei noRi Ben Yu Xue Xi Zhe ha, aziaDi Yu noYue 16Mo Ren woZhong Xin toshiteYue 19Mo Ren niShang tsuteiru^[25].

[Ri Ben Yu ] noFan Wei woBen Tu Fang Yan nomitoshitaChang He , Liu Qiu Yu gaRi Ben Yu toTong Xi Tong noYan Yu ninariLiang Zhe haRi Liu Yu Zu woXing Cheng suru.

Liu Qiu Lie Dao (Jiu Liu Qiu Wang Guo Ling Yu )noYan Xie ha, Ri Ben Yu toXi Tong woTong zikusuruBie Yan Yu (Liu Qiu Yu naishihaLiu Qiu Zhu Yu )toshi, Ri Ben Yu tomatometeRi Liu Yu Zu tosareteiru. Gong Tong Dian gaDuo inode[Ri Ben Yu noYi Fang Yan (Liu Qiu Fang Yan )] tosuruChang He moari, konoyounaChang He haRi Ben Yu ha[Gu Li shitaYan Yu ] toiuWei Zhi dukenisareru.

Ri Ben Yu (Zu )noXi Tong nitsuitehaMing Zhi Yi Lai Yang "naShuo gaYi Lun saretekitaga, izuremoTa noYu Zu tonoTong Xi noZheng Ming niZhi tsuteorazu, Bu Ming nomamadearu^{[26][27][28][29][Zhu Shi 11]}.

arutaiZhu Yu niShu surutosuruShuo ha, Ming Zhi Shi Dai Mo karaTe niZhu Mu saretekita^[30]. sonoGen Ju toshite, Gu Dai noRi Ben Yu (Da He Yan Xie )nioiteYu Tou nirYin (Liu Yin )gaLi tanaikoto, Yi Zhong noMu Yin Diao He ^[31]gaJian rarerukotonadogaJu gerareru. Gu Dai Ri Ben Yu niShang Ji noTe Zheng gaJian rarerukotoha, Ri Ben Yu gaLei Xing toshite[arutaiXing ] noYan Yu dearu^[32]Gen Ju tosareru. katsutehaarutaiZhu Yu niShu surutosarerusorezorenoYan Yu noQin Zu Guan Xi woZhi Chi suruXue Zhe moDuo katsutaga, Jin Ri dehaYin Yun Dui Ying noFa Ze Xing gaQue Li sareteinaikotonadokara, Qin Zu Guan Xi woFou Ding suru, aruihaDi Yu De naJie Hong niyoruYan Yu Lian He dearutominasuXue Shuo gaYou Li tonatsuteiru^{[Zhu Shi 12][Zhu Shi 13][Zhu Shi 14][Zhu Shi 15]}.

Zhao Xian Yu tohaYu Shun yaWen Fa Gou Zao deLei Si Dian gaFei Chang niDuo i. Yin Yun noMian demo, Gu You Yu nioiteYu Tou niLiu Yin gaLi tanaikoto, Yi Zhong noMu Yin Diao He gaJian rarerukotonado, Gong Tong noLei Si Dian gaaru(sonoJie Guo , Ri Ben Yu moZhao Xian Yu moarutaiZhu Yu toFen Lei sareruChang He gaaru). Shi Jie noZhu Yan Yu noGuang kuBi Jiao shitaChang He , Guang ku[Zhao Xian Yu haRi Ben Yu toZui moJin iYan Yu ] tosareteiru. tadashi, Bi Yin Jie yaZi Yin Lian Jie gaCun Zai suru, You Sheng *Wu Sheng noQu Bie gaWu i, toitsutaXiang Wei moaru. Ji Chu Yu Hui ha, Gong Tong Dian mokanariaruga, Xiang Wei suruMian moaru.

Ji Yuan 8Shi Ji madeniJi Lu saretaZhao Xian Ban Dao noDi Ming ([Gao Ju Li Di Ming ] woZhi su)noZhong niha, Man Zhou Nan Bu woHan muZhao Xian Ban Dao Zhong Bu Yi Bei ni, Yi Wei yaYin Yun deRi Ben Yu toLei Si shitaDi Ming woFu Shu Jian idaseru^[37]. korewoLun Ju toshite, Gu Dai noZhao Xian Ban Dao dehaZhao Xian Yu totomoni, Ri Ben Yu toJin Yuan noYan Yu dearu[Ban Dao Ri Ben Yu ] gaHua sareteitatoiuShuo gaarekisanda-*bobinyaYi Teng Ying Ren yoriChang erareteiru^[38][39].

[Gao Ju Li Di Ming ] yoriChou Chu sareruDan Yu nouchiRi Ben Yu niTong Gen Yu gaJian Chu shiurumono

Yuan Yu			Xun Shi	Shang Dai Ri Ben Yu
Han Zi	Zhong Gu Yin [Zhu Shi 16]	Zhong Qi Zhao Xian Han Zi Yin [Zhu Shi 17]
Mi	mit	mil	San	mi1[40][41]
Yu Ci	hju-tshijH	wucha	Wu	itu[40][41]
Nan Yin	nan-?inX	nanun	Qi	nana[40][41]
De	tok	tek	Shi	to2wo[40][41]
Dan	tanH	tan	Gu	tani[40][41]
Dun	twon	twon
Tun	then	thon
Wu Si Han	?u-sje-hom	wosaham	Tu	usagi1[40][41]
Na Wu	na-mjut	namwul	Qian	namari[40][41]
Mai	meX	may	Shui	mi1(du) <*me [40][41][42]
Mei	mijX	may
Mi	mjieX	mi

mata, Gao Ju Li Yu niQian (namari)=Na Wu (namuru), Quan (izumi)=Yu Yi , Tu (tsuchi)haNei , Kou (kuchi)haKou Ci toHu ndeitaJi Lu gaari, Gao Ju Li noWu Jiang dearuQuan Gai Su Wen haRi Ben Shu Ji deYi Li Ke Xu Mi (irikasumi)toJi Lu sareteite, Quan (izumi)haGao Ju Li Yu deYu Yi (iri)toHu bareteitakotogaFen karu. Jian noDi Ming gaGao Ju Li noJiu Ling Yu Nei niFen Bu shiteirukotokara, Duo kunoYan Jiu haBan Dao Ri Ben Yu ha[Gao Ju Li Yu ] dearutoshiteiru^[37][43].

arekisanda-*bobinha, Zhao Xian Ban Dao niitaRi Liu Yu Zu noHua Zhe ga, Ji Yuan Qian 700Nian ~Ji Yuan 300Nian Qing niZhao Xian Ban Dao karaRi Ben Lie Dao niYi Zhu shi, Zui Zhong De niLie Dao Xian Zhu Yan Yu niQu tsuteDai watsutatoZhu Zhang shita^[45]. mata, Zhao Xian Ban Dao niokeruWu Wen Tu Qi Wen Hua noDan iShou gaXian Dai Ri Ben Yu noZu Xian tonaruRi Liu Yu Zu niShu suruYan Yu woHua shiteitatoiuShuo gaFu Shu noXue Zhe karaTi Chang sareteiruga, koreranoShuo niyoreba, Gu Dai Man Zhou Nan Bu karaZhao Xian Ban Dao Bei Bu nikaketenoDi Yu deQue Li saretaZhao Xian Yu Zu niShu suruYan Yu Ji Tuan gaBei Fang karaNan Fang heKuo Da shiDang Shi Zhao Xian Ban Dao Zhong Bu karaNan Bu niCun Zai shiteitaRi Liu Yu Zu noJi Tuan niZhi kiHuan watsuteiki, konoGuo Cheng deNan Fang heZhui iyarareruXing tonatsutaRi Liu Yu Zu Hua Zhe noJi Tuan gaMi Sheng Ren noZu dearutosareru^{[46][47][48][49][50]}.

Yi Teng Ying Ren haBan Dao Ri Ben Yu (Da Lu Wei Yu )woGao Ju Li Yu toshitaShang de, Ri Ben Yu toBan Dao Ri Ben Yu haTong ziZu Yu karaFen karetaTong Xi Tong noYan Yu deari, Ban Dao Ri Ben Yu Ji Tuan karaFen karetaJi Tuan gaJi Yuan Qian 900Nian karaJi Yuan 700Nian nikaketeShui Tian Nong Geng woXi eRi Ben Lie Dao niDu Lai shitatosuruShuo woTi Chang shiteiru^[39]. Yi Teng Ying Ren haBan Dao Ri Ben Yu gaJing Ban Shi akusentotoLei Si shiteirukotowoZhi Zhai shiteiru^[39].

Zhong Guo Yu tonoGuan Xi niGuan shiteha, Ri Ben Yu haZhong Guo noHan Zi woJie Yong Yu toshiteGuang Fan Wei niQu riRu reteori, Yu Hui nouchiHan Zi woYong itamononiGuan shite, Ying Xiang woShou keteiru. dagaYu Shun moWen Fa moYin Yun moDa kikuYi narunode, Xi Tong Lun De nihaBie Xi Tong noYan Yu tosareru.

ainuYu ha, Yu Shun (SOVYu Shun )nioiteRi Ben Yu toSi ru. tadashi, Wen Fa *Xing Tai haLei Xing Lun De niYi naruBao He Yu niShu shi, Yin Yun Gou Zao moYou Sheng *Wu Sheng noQu Bie ganakuBi Yin Jie gaDuo inadonoXiang Wei gaaru. Ji Chu Yu Hui noLei Si niGuan suruZhi Zhai ^[51]moaruga, Li haBu Chong Fen dearu^[51]. Yi Ban niSi teirutosareruYu noZhong niha, Ri Ben Yu karaainuYu henoJie Yong Yu gaDuo kuHan marerutomirareru^[52].

Nan Fang Xi noo-sutoroneshiaYu Zu toha, Yin Yun Ti Xi yaYu Hui niGuan suruLei Si moZhi Zhai sareteiruga, korehaOu Ran Yi Zhi shitamonodeari, Hu iniGuan Xi gaarutoiuGen Ju hanai^{[53][Zhu Shi 18]}.

doravuidaYu Zu tonoGuan Xi woZhu Zhang suruShuo moaruga, korewoRen meruYan Jiu Zhe haShao nai. Da Ye Jin haRi Ben Yu gaYu Hui *Wen Fa nadonoDian detamiruYu toGong Tong Dian woChi tsutonoShuo woChang eta^{[Zhu Shi 19]}. shikashi, Ji Chu Yu Hui noBi Jiao niokeruZi Yi Xing ya, Bi Jiao Yan Yu Xue noShou Fa woYi Tuo shiteirutoitsutaPi Pan gaQiang ku, Yan Yu Xue noZhuan Men Fen Ye nioiteTong Xi Shuo toshiteRen merarerunihaZhi tsuteinai^{[Zhu Shi 20]}.

mata, repuchiyaYu *heburaiYu nadotonoTong Xi Lun moGuo Qu niCun Zai shitaga, koreniGuan shitehahotondoYi Si Ke Xue noFan Chou niShou maru^[51].

Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe haPu Tong , [itsupon(Yi Ben )] toiuYu wo, [i*tsu*po*n] no4Dan Wei toZhuo eteiru. Yin Jie gotonimatomerunaraba [ip.pon] noyouni2Dan Wei tonarutokorodearuga, Yin Yun De naZhuo eFang hakoretoYi naru. Yin Sheng Xue Shang noDan Wei dearuYin Jie tohaQu Bie shite, Yin Yun Lun deha[i*tsu*po*n] noyounaDan Wei nokotowomo-ra^[54](Pai ^[55])toCheng shiteiru.

Ri Ben Yu nomo-raha, Da Ti haJia Ming niJi shiteTi Xi Hua surukotogadekiru. [itsupon] to[matsutaku] ha, Yin Sheng Xue Shang ha [ippon] [mattakW] deatsuteGong Tong suruDan Yin ganaiga, Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe ha[tsu] toiuGong Tong nomo-rawoJian idasu. mata, [n] ha, Yin Sheng Xue Shang haHou Sok noYin niyotsute [n] [m] [n] [ng] nadotoBian Hua suruga, Ri Ben Yu noHua Zhe Zi rahaTong Yi Yin toRen Shi shiteirunode, Yin Yun Lun Shang ha1Zhong Lei nomo-ratonaru.

Ri Ben Yu deha, hotondonomo-ragaMu Yin deZhong watsuteiru. soreyueniRi Ben Yu haKai Yin Jie Yan Yu noXing Ge gaQiang itoiukotogadekiru. motsutomo, Te Shu mo-rano[tsu] [n] nihaMu Yin gaHan marenai.

mo-ranoZhong Lei ha, Yi Xia niShi suyouni111Cheng Du Cun Zai suru. tadashi, Yan Jiu Zhe niyoriShu eFang gaShao shizutsuYi naru. [gaXing ] noYin ha, Yu Zhong Yu Wei dehaBi Yin (iwayuruBi Zhuo Yin )no[kaXing ] Yin tonaruChang He gaaruga, [gaXing ] to[kaXing ] tonoWei ihaHe raBian Bie noJi Neng woTi Gong sezu, Dan naruYi Yin doushiniGuo ginai. sokode, [kaXing ] woChu Wai shiteShu eruChang He , mo-ranoShu ha103Cheng Du tonaru. koreYi Wai ni, [Wai Lai Yu noBiao Ji ] Di 1Biao nimoaru[shie] [chie] [tsua*tsue*tsuo] [tei] [hua*hui*hue*huo] sonoTa noWai Lai Yin woHan meruChang He ha, saranimataShu gaBian watsutekuru^{[Zhu Shi 21]}. konohoka, Wai Lai Yu noBiao Ji nioiteYong irareru[vua*vui*vu*vue*vuo] nitsuiteha, baXing toshiteFa Yin sarerukotogaDuo imonono, Du Li shitaYin Yun toshiteFa Yin sarerukotomoari, korerawoHan merutosaraniZeng erukototonaru.

\	Zhi Yin					Ao Yin			Qing Zhuo
Mu Yin	a	i	u	e	o				----
Zi Yin +Mu Yin	ka	ki	ku	ke	ko	kiya	kiyu	kiyo	(Qing Yin )
	sa	shi	su	se	so	shiya	shiyu	shiyo	(Qing Yin )
	ta	chi	tsu	te	to	chiya	chiyu	chiyo	(Qing Yin )
	na	ni	nu	ne	no	niya	niyu	niyo	----
	ha	hi	hu	he	ho	hiya	hiyu	hiyo	(Qing Yin )
	ma	mi	mu	me	mo	miya	miyu	miyo	----
	ra	ri	ru	re	ro	riya	riyu	riyo	----
	ga	gi	gu	ge	go	giya	giyu	giyo	(Zhuo Yin )
	ka	ki	ku	ke	ko	kiya	kiyu	kiyo	(Bi Zhuo Yin )
	za	zi	zu	ze	zo	ziya	ziyu	ziyo	(Zhuo Yin )
	da	di	du	de	do				(Zhuo Yin )
	ba	bi	bu	be	bo	biya	biyu	biyo	(Zhuo Yin )
	pa	pi	pu	pe	po	piya	piyu	piyo	(Ban Zhuo Yin )
Ban Zi Yin +Mu Yin	ya		yu		yo				----
	wa				wo				----

Te Shu mo-ra	n	(Bo Yin )
	tsu	(Cu Yin )
	-	(Chang Yin )

nao, Wu Shi Yin Tu ha, Yin Yun Ti Xi noShuo Ming niShi warerukotogashibashibaaruga, Shang Ji noRi Ben Yu mo-raBiao toBi betemiruto, Shao nakarazuYi naruBu Fen gaaru. Wu Shi Yin Tu noCheng Li haPing An Shi Dai nisakanoborumonodeari, Xian Dai Yu noYin Yun Ti Xi woFan Ying surumonodehanaikotoniZhu Yi gaBi Yao dearu([Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu Shi ] noJie no[Jiang Hu Shi Dai Yi Qian ] woCan Zhao ).

Mu Yin ha, [a*i*u*e*o] noWen Zi deBiao sareru. Yin Yun Lun Shang ha, Ri Ben Yu noMu Yin hakonoWen Zi deBiao sareru5Ge deari, Yin Su Ji Hao dehaYi Xia noyouniJi sareru.

• /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/

Yi Fang , Yin Sheng Xue Shang ha, Ji Ben no5Mu Yin ha, sorezore

• [a], [i], [u]mataha[W], [e]mataha[e], [o]mataha[o]

niJin iFa Yin toZhuo erareru. haZhong She Ji ri, haHou Ji ri, haRuo menoYuan Chun , haQiang menoYuan Chun , V haXia Ji ri, ^ haShang Ji riwoShi suBu Zhu Ji Hao dearu.

Ri Ben Yu no[a] ha, Guo Ji Yin Sheng Ji Hao (IPA) dehaQian She Mu Yin [a] toHou She Mu Yin [a] noZhong Jian Yin [a] niDang taru. [i] haShao shiHou Ji rideari [i] gaJin i. [e] haBan Xia Mu Yin [e] toBan Guang Mu Yin [e] noZhong Jian Yin deari, [o] haBan Xia Mu Yin [o] toBan Guang Mu Yin [o] noZhong Jian Yin dearu.

Ri Ben Yu no[u] ha, Dong Jing Fang Yan deha, Ying Yu nadono [u] noyounaYuan Chun Hou She Mu Yin yori, Shao shiZhong She yoride, soreniBan iYuan Chun Xing gaRuo mari, Zhong She Mu Yin noyounaZhang Chun demoYuan Chun demonainiyu-torarunaChun ka, soreyorihonnoJin kaniQian niTu kiChu shitaChun deFa Yin sareru, Ban Hou She Wei Yuan Chun Xia Mu Yin dearu^[56]. korehaShe toChun noDong kinoLian Guan de, Qian She Mu Yin haZhang Chun , Zhong She Mu Yin haPing Chun *niyu-toraru(tadashiniyu-toraruha, Xian Xing noIPABiao Ji dehaFei Yuan Chun toshite, Zhang Chun toTong zikategori-niRu rerareteiru), Hou She Mu Yin haYuan Chun tonarunogaZi Ran dearutoiuFa Ze niShi tsuteiru^[57]. shikashi[u] haMu Yin Rong He nadodeJian rareruyouni, Yin Yun Shang haWei daniYuan Chun Hou She Xia Mu Yin toshiteJi Neng suru^[58]. mata, [Wb] toiuBiao Ji moXing wareru^{[Yao Chu Dian ]}.

Yuan Chun Xing noRuo sawoQiang Diao surutameni, [W] woShi ukotomoaruga^[59], korehaBen Lai Zhao Xian Yu niJian rareru, inoyounaWan Quan naZhang Chun dearinagara, u noyouniHou She noXia Mu Yin woBiao suJi Hao deari, Yuan Chun Xing gaJian Shuai shitsutsumoCan Cun shi, katsuHou She yoriyayaQian yoridearuRi Ben Yu noMu Yin [u] noYin Sheng tohaWei iwoYou suru. matakonoZhong noMu Yin ha, Chun toShe noLian Guan karaWai rerutame, Mu Yin Shu 5Yi Shang noYan Yu denaiXian ri, Fa Sheng surunohaXi dearu. [u] haChun Yin noHou dehayoriWan Quan naYuan Chun Mu Yin niJin duku(Fa Yin noXiang Xi hasorezorenoWen Zi noXiang Mu woCan Zhao ). Yi Fang , Xi Ri Ben Fang Yan deha[u] haDong Jing Fang Yan yorimoAo She de, Chun moWan meteFa Yin shi, [u] niJin i.

Yin Yun Lun Shang , [ko-hi-] [hiihii] nado, [-] ya[aXing ] noJia Ming deBiao suChang Yin toiuDan Wei gaCun Zai suru(Yin Su Ji Hao deha /R/). koreha, [Zhi Qian noMu Yin wo1mo-raFen Yin ku] toiuFang Fa deFa Yin sareruDu Li shitaTe Shu mo-radearu^[60]. [Niao ] (tori)to[Tong ri] (to-ri)noyouni, Chang Yin noYou Wu niyoriYi Wei woBian Bie surukotomoDuo i. tadashi, Yin Sheng toshiteha[Chang Yin ] toiuTe Ding noYin gaaruwakedehanaku, Chang Mu Yin [a:] [i:] [u:] [e:] [o:] noHou Ban Bu Fen niXiang Dang surumonodearu.

[ei] [ou] toShu kareruWen Zi ha, Fa Yin Shang ha[ee] [oo] toTong zikuChang Mu Yin [e:] [o:] toshiteFa Yin sarerukotogaYi Ban De dearu([kei] [kou] nado, Tou Zi Yin gaFu itaChang He moTong Yang ). sunawachi, [Wei Xing ] [Ying Da ] [Zheng Dang ] ha[e-se-] [o-to-] [se-to-] noyouniFa Yin sareru. tadashi, Jiu Zhou yaSi Guo Nan Bu *Xi Bu , Ji Yi Ban Dao Nan Bu nadodeha[ei] wo [ei] toFa Yin suru^[61]. [Si u] [omoWb], [Wen u] [toWb]nadonoDan Yu haBi zuEr Zhong Mu Yin tonari, mataRuan Gu Yu noeinado, Yu Hui niyotsuteEr Zhong Mu Yin ninaruChang He moaruga, korenihaGe Ren Chai gaaru. 1Wen Zi 1Wen Zi Ding Zhu niFa Hua suruChang He niha[ei] wo [ei] toFa Yin suruHua Zhe moDuo i.

Dan Yu Mo yaWu Sheng Zi Yin noJian niXie maretaWei Zhi nioite, [i] ya[u] nadonoXia Mu Yin hashibashibaWu Sheng Hua suru. tatoeba, [desu] [masu] ha [desu] [masu] noyouniFa Yin sarerushi, [Ju ] [Li ] [Shen i] [Fang tsu] [Qiu ] nadohasorezore [kjiku] [tCikara] [Fukai] [hanatsu] [akji] toFa Yin sarerukotogaaru. tadashiakusentoHe gaaruPai haWu Sheng Hua shinikui. Ge Ren Chai moari, Fa Hua noHuan Jing yaSu sa, Ding Zhu saniyotsutemoYi naru. mataFang Yan Chai moDa kiku, tatoebaJin Ji Fang Yan dehahotondoMu Yin noWu Sheng Hua gaQi koranai.

[n] noQian noMu Yin haBi Yin Hua suruQing Xiang gaaru. mata, Mu Yin noQian no[n] haQian Hou noMu Yin niJin Si noBi Mu Yin ninaru.

Zi Yin ha, Yin Yun Lun Shang Qu Bie sareteirumonotoshiteha, Xian Zai noZhu Liu Xue Shuo niyoreba[ka*sa*ta*na*ha*ma*ya*ra*waXing ] noZi Yin , Zhuo Yin [ga*za*da*baXing ] noZi Yin , Ban Zhuo Yin [paXing ] noZi Yin dearu. Yin Su Ji Hao dehaYi Xia noyouniJi sareru. waXing toyaXing noYu Tou Zi Yin ha, Yin Su u toYin Su i noYin Jie Nei noWei Zhi niYing zitaBian Yin dearutosuruJie Shi moaru. Te Shu mo-rano[n] to[tsu] ha, Yin Yun Shang Du Li noYin Su dearutoiuShuo to, [n] hanaXing Yu Tou Zi Yin n noYin Jie Nei noWei Zhi niYing zitaBian Yin , [tsu] haDan naruEr Zhong Zi Yin Hua dearutoshiteYin Yun Shang Du Li noYin Su dehanaitoiuShuo noLiang Fang gaaru.

• /k/, /s/, /t/, /h/(Qing Yin )
• /g/, /z/, /d/, /b/(Zhuo Yin )
• /p/(Ban Zhuo Yin )
• /n/, /m/, /r/
• /j/, /w/(Ban Mu Yin tomoHu bareru)

Yi Fang , Yin Sheng Xue Shang ha, Zi Yin Ti Xi haitsusouFu Za naYang Xiang woCheng suru. Zhu niYong irareruZi Yin woYi Xia niShi su(Hou Shu suruKou Gai Hua Yin haSheng Lue ).

		Chun Yin	She Ding Yin		She Bei Yin			Yan Hou Yin
		Liang Chun Yin	Chi Jing Yin	sori She Yin	Ying Kou Gai Yin	Ruan Kou Gai Yin	Kou Gai Chui Yin	Sheng Men Yin
Po Lie Yin		p b	t d			k g
Bi Yin		m	n		n	ng	n
hazikiYin			r	r
Mo Ca Yin		F	s z		c	g		h
Jie Jin Yin		(b)			j	W
Ce Mian Yin	hazikiYin		r
	Ce Mian Jie Jin Yin		l

c z	Chi Jing Ying Kou Gai Mo Ca Yin

Po Ca Yin

	Chi Jing Yin	Chi Jing Ying Kou Gai Yin
Wu Sheng Yin	ts	tc
You Sheng Yin	dz	dz

Ji Ben De ni[kaXing ] ha [k], [saXing ] ha [s]([th] woYong iruDi Fang *Hua Zhe moaru^[61]), [taXing ] ha [t], [naXing ] ha [n], [haXing ] ha [h], [maXing ] ha [m], [yaXing ] ha [j], [daXing ] ha [d], [baXing ] ha [b], [paXing ] ha [p] woYong iru.

[raXing ] noZi Yin ha, Yu Tou deha [r], [n] noHou noraXing haYing Yu no [l] niJin iYin woYong iruHua Zhe moaru. Yi Fang , [aratsu?] toiutokinoyouni, Yu Zhong Yu Wei niXian reruChang He ha, She wohaziku [r] moshikuha [r] tonaru.

Biao Zhun Ri Ben Yu oyobisorenoMu Ti dearuShou Du Quan Fang Yan (Gong Tong Yu )nioite, [waXing ] noZi Yin ha, Shang deJu getaTong Yan Yu no[u] toJi Ben De naXing Zhi woGong You shi, mouShao shiKong Qi noTong riDao noXia iJie Jin Yin dearu. konotame, [u] niDui Ying suruJie Jin Yin [w] to, [W] niDui Ying suruJie Jin Yin [W] noZhong Jian , moshikuhaWei Yuan Chun toiuDian deJin kani [w] niJin itoYan e, Ruan Kou Gai (Hou She Mu Yin noShe noWei Zhi )noShao shiQian yorinoBu Fen woZhu naDiao Yin Dian toshi, Liang Chun moJin kaniShi tsuteDiao Yin suruEr Zhong Diao Yin noJie Jin Yin toieru^[62]. konotame, Wu Shi Yin Tu noPei Lie deha, waXing haChun Yin niRu rerareteiru([Ri Ben Yu ] noXiang Mu deha, Te Bie noBi Yao nonaiChang He ha [w] deBiao Xian suru). Wai Lai Yin [ui] [ue] [uo] nimoTong ziYin gaYong irareruga, [ui] [ue] [uo] to2mo-radeFa Yin suruHua Zhe moDuo i.

[gaXing ] noZi Yin ha, Yu Tou dehaPo Lie Yin no [g] woYong iruga, Yu Zhong dehaBi Yin no [ng]([gaXing ] Bi Yin , iwayuruBi Zhuo Yin )woYong irukotogaYi Ban De datsuta. Xian Zai deha, kono [ng] woYong iruHua Zhe haJian Shao shitsutsuari, Dai wariniYu Tou toTong zikuPo Lie Yin woYong iruka, Mo Ca Yin no [g] woYong iruHua Zhe gaZeng eteiru.

[zaXing ] noZi Yin ha, Yu Tou ya[n] noHou dehaPo Ca Yin (Po Lie Yin toMo Ca Yin woHe waseta [dz] nadonoYin )woYong iruga, Yu Zhong dehaMo Ca Yin ([z] nado)woYong iruChang He gaDuo i. itsudemoPo Ca Yin woYong iruHua Zhe moaruga, [Shou Shu (shiyuziyutsu)] nadonoYu dehaFa Yin gaNan shiitameMo Ca Yin nisuruke-sugaDuo i. nao, [daXing ] no[di] [du] ha, Yi Bu Fang Yan woChu ite[zaXing ] no[zi] [zu] toTong Yin niGui shiteori, Fa Yin Fang Fa haTong zidearu.

Mu Yin [i] gaHou Sok suruZi Yin ha, Du Te noYin Se woCheng suru. ikutsukanoZi Yin deha, Qian She Mian woYing Kou Gai niJin dukeruKou Gai Hua gaQi koru. tatoeba, [kaXing ] noZi Yin haYi Ban ni [k] woYong iruga, [ki] dakeha [kj] woYong irutoitsutaJu He dearu. Kou Gai Hua shitaZi Yin noHou roniMu Yin [a] [u] [o] gaLai rutokiha, Biao Ji Shang ha[iDuan ] noJia Ming noHou roni[ya] [yu] [yo] noJia Ming woYong ite[kiya] [kiyu] [kiyo] , [miya] [miyu] [miyo] noyouniJi su. Hou roniMu Yin [e] gaLai rutokiha[e] noJia Ming woYong ite[kie] noyouniJi suga, Wai Lai Yu nadonishikaShi warenai.

[saXing ] [zaXing ] [taXing ] [haXing ] no[iDuan ] Yin noZi Yin moDu Te noYin Se dearuga, korehaDan naruKou Gai Hua denaku, Diao Yin Dian gaYing Kou Gai niYi Dong shitaYin dearu. [shi] [chi] noZi Yin ha [c] [tC] woYong iru. Wai Lai Yin [sui] [tei] noZi Yin haKou Gai Hua shita [sj] [tj] woYong iru. [zi] [di] noZi Yin ha, Yu Tou oyobi[n] noHou rodeha [dz], Yu Zhong deha [z] woYong iru. Wai Lai Yin [dei] [zui] noZi Yin haKou Gai Hua shita [dj] [dzj] oyobi [zj] woYong iru. [hi] noZi Yin ha [h] dehanakuYing Kou Gai Yin [c] dearu.

mata, [ni] noZi Yin haDuo kuhaKou Gai Hua shita [nj] deFa Yin sareruga, Ying Kou Gai Bi Yin [n] woYong iruHua Zhe moaru. Tong Yang ni, [ri] niYing Kou Gai hazikiYin woYong iruHua Zhe ya, [chi] niWu Sheng Ying Kou Gai Po Lie Yin [c] woYong iruHua Zhe moaru.

sonohoka, [haXing ] deha[hu] noZi Yin nomiWu Sheng Liang Chun Mo Ca Yin [F] woYong iruga, koreha[haXing ] Zi Yin ga [p] - [F] - [h] toBian Hua shitekitaMing Can ridearu. Wu Shi Yin Tu deha, Nai Liang Shi Dai niYin Yun *Yin Sheng dep, Ping An Shi Dai ni[F]deatsutaMing Can de, Liang Chun Yin nokategori-niRu tsuteiru. Wai Lai Yu niha [f] woYong iruHua Zhe moaru. koreniGuan shite, Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu de[tsu] noHou roya, Han Yu de[n] noHou ronihaXing gaLai tatoki, paXing (p)noYin gaXian re, Lian Zhuo demobaXing (b)niBian wari, You Yin Sheng Men Mo Ca Yin [h]dehanaikotokara, Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu demoYu Zhong woHe Yu yaQian Jin Dai noHan Yu Deng noJie Yong Yu niXian reba(haXing niYou Lai shinaipaXing haJin Dai Yi Jiang nomono), haXing noYin Su hahdenakupdeari, Mo Ca Yin Hua Gui Ze deShang niJu getaChang He Yi Wai hahniBian warunodatoiuJie Shi moaru. Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu Mu Yu Hua Zhe noZhi Gan nihaFan suruga, haXing noLian Zhuo ya[tsu] [n] noHou rodenohaXing noYin noBian Hua woyoriTi Xi De *He Li De niBiao shiuru^[63][64].

mata, [taXing ] deha[tsu] noZi Yin nomi [ts] woYong iru. koreranoZi Yin niMu Yin [a] [i] [e] [o] gaSok kunohaZhu toshiteWai Lai Yu noChang He deari, Jia Ming deha[a] [i] [e] [o] woTian ete[hua] [tsua] noyouniJi su([tsua] ha[ototsutsuan] [gotsutsuan] nadodemoYong iru). [hui] [tsui] haZi Yin niKou Gai Hua gaQi koru. mata[tsui] haDuo ku[chi] nadoniYan iHuan erareru. [tou] [dou] ([tW] [dW])ha, Wai Lai Yu deYong irukotogaaru.

Cu Yin [tsu] (Yin Su Ji Hao deha /Q/)oyobiBo Yin [n] (/N/)toHu bareruYin ha, Yin Yun Lun Shang noGai Nian deatsute, Qian Jie deShu betaChang Yin toBing seteTe Shu mo-ratoXi u. Shi Ji noYin Sheng toshiteha, [tsu] ha [-kk-] [-ss-] [-cc-] [-tt-] [-tts-] [-ttC-] [-pp-] nadonoZi Yin Lian Sok tonaru. tadashi[atsu] noyouni, Dan Du deChu Xian surukotomoari, sonotokihaSheng Men Bi Suo Yin tonaru. mata, [n] ha, Hou Sok noYin niyotsute [n] [m] [n] [ng] nadonoZi Yin tonaru(tadashi, Mu Yin noQian dehaBi Mu Yin tonaru). Wen Mo nadodeha [n] woYong iruHua Zhe gaDuo i.

Ri Ben Yu ha, Yi Bu noFang Yan woChu ite, Yin (pitsuchi)noShang Xia niyoruGao Di akusentowoChi tsuteiru. akusentohaYu gotoniJue matsuteori, mo-ra(Pai )Dan Wei deGao Di gaDing maru. Tong Yin Yu woakusentoniyotsuteQu Bie dekiruChang He moShao nakunai. tatoebaDong Jing Fang Yan noChang He , [Yu ] [Yi ] hasorezore[a\me] (Tou Gao Xing ), [a/me] (Ping Ban Xing )toYi natsutaakusentodeFa Yin sareru(/woYin noShang Sheng , \woYin noXia Jiang tosuru). [ga] [ni] [wo] nadonoZhu Ci haGu You noakusentoganaku, Zhi Qian niLai ruMing Ci niyotsuteZhu Ci noGao Di gaJue maru. tatoeba[Zhu ] [Qiao ] [Duan ] ha, Dan Du dehasorezore[ha\shi] [ha/shi] [ha/shi] tonaruga, Hou roni[ga] [ni] [wo] nadonoZhu Ci gaFu kuChang He , sorezore[ha\shiga] [ha/shi\ga] [ha/shiga] tonaru.

Gong Tong Yu noakusentodeha, Dan Yu noZhong deYin noXia garuChang Suo gaaruka, arunarabaHe mo-raMu noZhi Hou niXia garukawoBian Bie suru. Yin gaXia garutokorowoXia gariMu matahaakusentonoLong toii, Yin gaXia garuZhi Qian nomo-rawoakusentoHe ^{[Zhu Shi 22]}matahaXia geHe toiu. tatoeba[Zhu ] haDi 1Pai , [Qiao ] haDi 2Pai niakusentoHe gaari, [Duan ] nihaakusentoHe ganai. akusentoHe ha1tsunoDan Yu niha1Ge Suo monaika1Ge Suo dakearukanoizurekadeari, Yi Du Xia gatsutaChang He haDan Yu Nei deZai biShang garukotohanai. akusentoHe wo * deBiao suto, 2Pai Yu niha **(He nashi), **, ** no3Zhong Lei , 3Pai Yu niha ***, ***, ***, *** no4Zhong Lei noakusentogaari, Pai Shu gaZeng erunitsureteakusentonoXing noZhong Lei moZeng eru. akusentoHe gaCun Zai shinaimonowoPing Ban Xing toii, Di 1Pai niakusentoHe gaarumonowoTou Gao Xing , Zui Hou noPai niarumonowoWei Gao Xing , Di 1Pai toZui Hou noPai noJian niarumonowoZhong Gao Xing toiu. Tou Gao Xing *Zhong Gao Xing *Wei Gao Xing womatometeQi Fu Shi matahaYou He Xing toHu bi, Ping Ban Xing woPing Ban Shi matahaWu He Xing toHu ndeQu Bie surukotomoaru.

mataGong Tong Yu noakusentodeha, Dan Yu yaWen Jie nominoXing deFa Yin shitaChang He , [shi/rushiga] [ta/ma\goga] noyouni1Pai Mu kara2Pai Mu nikaketeYin noShang Sheng gaaru(Tou Gao Xing woChu ku). shikashikonoShang Sheng haDan Yu niGu You nomonodehanaku, Wen Zhong deha[a/kaishirushiga] [ko/notama\goga] noyouni, Qu Qie razuniFa Yin shitahitomatomari([Ju ] toHu bu)noShi meniShang Sheng gaXian reru. konoShang Sheng woJu Yin Diao toYan i, Ju toJu noQie reMu woFen kariyasukusuruJi Neng woDan tsuteiru. Yi Fang , akusentoHe haDan Yu niGu Ding sareteori, [tamago] no[ma] noHou noXia gariMu hanakunarukotoganai. Gong Tong Yu noYin Diao ha, Ju no2Pai Mu karaShang Sheng shi(Ju noZui Chu noDan Yu gaTou Gao Xing noChang He ha1Pai Mu karaShang Sheng suru), akusentoHe madePing raniJin mi, He noHou deXia garu. Cong tsute, Ju Tou de[Di Di Gao Gao ...] ya[Gao Gao Gao Gao ...] noyounaYin Diao haXian renai. akusentoCi Dian nadodeha, akusentowo[shirushiga] [tamagoga] noyouniBiao Ji suruChang He gaaruga, koreha1Wen Jie wo1tsunoJu toshiteFa Yin surutokinomonode, Ju Yin Diao toakusentoHe noLiang Fang woTong Shi niBiao Ji shitamonodearu^[65].

Ri Ben Yu haJiao Zhao Yu noXing Zhi woChi chi, Zhu Yu +Mu De Yu +Dong Ci (SOV)woYu Shun tosuruGou Cheng De Yan Yu dearu. Yan Yu Fen Lei Xue Shang , Ri Ben Yu hahotondonoyo-rotsupaYan Yu tohakakeLi retaWen Fa Gou Zao woshiteori, Ju dehaZhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing , Fu Wen dehaZuo Zhi Fen karenoGou Zao woshiteiru. konoyounaYan Yu haDuo kuCun Zai suruga, yo-rotsupadehaXi Shao dearu. Zhu Ti You Shi Yan Yu dearu.

Ri Ben Yu deha[Si haBen woDu mu. ] toiuYu Shun deWen woZuo ru. Ying Yu de[I read a book.] toiuYu Shun woSVOXing (Zhu Yu *Dong Ci *Mu De Yu )toCheng suruShuo Ming ninaratsuteieba, Ri Ben Yu noWen haSOVXing toiukotoninaru. motsutomo, Yan Mi niieba, Ying Yu noWen niDong Ci gaBi Xu dearunoniDui shite, Ri Ben Yu Wen haDong Ci deZhong warukotomoareba, Xing Rong Ci yaMing Ci +Zhu Dong Ci deZhong warukotomoaru. sokode, Ri Ben Yu Wen noJi Ben De naGou Zao ha, [S(Zhu Yu )-V(Dong Ci )] toiuyoriha, [S(Zhu Yu )-P(Shu Yu )] toiu[Zhu Shu Gou Zao ] toKao eruhouga, yoriShi Dang dearu.

1. Si ha(ga) She Chang da
2. Si ha(ga) Xing ku.
3. Si ha(ga) Xi shii.

Shang Ji noWen ha, izuremo[S-P] Gou Zao , sunawachiZhu Shu Gou Zao wonasuTong Yi noWen Xing dearu. Ying Yu nadodeha, sorezore[SVC] [SV] [SVC] noWen Xing ninarutokorodearukara, soreninaratsute, 1woMing Ci Wen , 2woDong Ci Wen , 3woXing Rong Ci Wen toFen kerukotomoaru. shikashi, Ri Ben Yu dehakoreranoWen Xing niBen Zhi De naWei ihanai. sonotame, Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe noYing Yu Chu Xue Zhe nadoha, [I am a president.] [I am happy.] toTong ziDiao Zi de[I am go.] toWu tsutaZuo Wen wosurukotogaaru^[66].

mata, Ri Ben Yu Wen deha, Zhu Shu Gou Zao tohaBie ni, [Ti Mu -Shu Bu ] karanaru[Ti Shu Gou Zao ] woCai rukotogakiwameteDuo i. Ti Mu toha, Hua note-ma(Zhu Ti )woMing Shi surumonodearu(San Shang Zhang ha[what we are talking about] toShuo Ming suru^[67]). yokuZhu Yu toHun Tong sareruga, Bie Gai Nian dearu. Zhu Yu haDuo ku[ga] niyotsuteBiao sare, Dong Zuo yaZuo Yong noZhu Ti woBiao sumonodearuga, Ti Mu haDuo ku[ha] niyotsuteBiao sare, sonoWen ga[korekaraHe nitsuiteShu berunoka] woMing rakanisurumonodearu. Zhu Yu ni[ha] gaFu iteiruyouniJian eruWen moDuo iga, sorehasonoWen gaDong Zuo yaZuo Yong noZhu Ti nitsuiteShu beruWen , sunawachiTi Mu gaTong Shi niZhu Yu demoaruWen dakaradearu. sonoyounaWen deha, Ti Mu ni[ha] gaFu kukotoniyoriJie Guo De niZhu Yu ni[ha] gaFu ku. Yi Fang , Dong Zuo yaZuo Yong noKe Ti nitsuiteShu beruWen , sunawachiTi Mu gaTong Shi niMu De Yu demoaruWen deha, Ti Mu ni[ha] gaFu kukotoniyoriJie Guo De niMu De Yu ni[ha] gaFu ku. tatoeba,

• 4. Xiang ha Da kii.
• 5. Xiang ha oriniRu reta.
• 6. Xiang ha esawoyatsuta.
• 7. Xiang ha Bi gaChang i.

nadonoWen deha, [Xiang ha] haizuremoTi Mu woShi shiteiru. 4no[Xiang ha] ha[Xiang ga] niYan iHuan erarerumonode, Shi Shi Shang haWen noZhu Yu woJian neru. shikashi, 5Yi Xia ha[Xiang ga] nihaYan iHuan erarenai. 5ha[Xiang wo] nokotodeari, 6ha[Xiang ni] nokotodearu. sarani, 7no[Xiang ha] haHe tomoYan iHuan erarenaimonodearu([Xiang no] niYan iHuan erarerutomoiu^[68]). korerano[Xiang ha] toiuTi Mu ha, [ga] [ni] [wo] nadonoTe Ding noGe woBiao sumonodehanaku, [Si haXiang nitsuiteShu beru] toiukotodakewomazuMing Shi suruYi Mu woChi tsumonodearu.

koreranoWen deha, Ti Mu [Xiang ha] niSok kuBu Fen Quan Ti ga[Shu Bu ] dearu^{[Zhu Shi 23]}.

Da Ye Jin ha, [ga] to[ha] hasorezoreWei Zhi toJi Zhi woBiao sutoZhu Zhang shita. tatoeba

• Si gaZuo Teng desu
• Si haZuo Teng desu

nioiteha, Qian Zhe ha[Zuo Teng hadonoRen Wu katoYan eba(soremadeWei Zhi deatsuta)Si gaZuo Teng desu] woYi Wei shi, Hou Zhe ha[(sudeniJi Zhi dearu)Si haShui katoYan eba(Tian Zhong dehanaku)Zuo Teng desu] tonaru. shitagatsute[He ] [doko] [itsu] nadonoYi Wen Ci haChang niWei Zhi woYi Wei surukara, [He ga] [dokoga] [itsuga] tonari, [He ha] [dokoha] [itsuha] tohaYan enai.

ziyo-zehu*guri-nba-guniyoruGou Cheng Su Shun ([Yu Shun ] )noXian Dai Li Lun ha, Yan Yu niyotsute, Ju gaHe Zhong Lei kaCun Zai surukotowoRen Shi shiteiru. sorezorenoJu nihaZhu Yao Bu gaari, Chang He niyotsutehaXiu Shi Yu gaTong Ju niHan mareru. Ju noZhu Yao Bu ha, Xiu Shi Yu noQian (Zhu Yao Bu Xian Dao Xing )kaHou ro(Zhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing )niWei Zhi suru. Ying Yu denoJu noGou Cheng woLi Shi surutoYi Xia noyouninaru(Tai Zi hasorezorenoJu noZhu Yao Bu ).

• Shu Ju (Li :Ta noMing Ci niyotsuteXiu Shi saretaMing Ci )-- "the cover of the book", "the book's cover"nado
• Jie Zhi Ci niZhi Pei saretaMing Ci -- "on the table", "underneath the table"
• Bi Jiao - "[X is] bigger than Y", Li :"compared to Y, X is big"
• Xing Rong Ci niyotsuteXiu Shi saretaMing Ci -- "black cat"

Zhu Yao Bu Xian Dao Xing toZhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing noHun He niyotsute, Gou Cheng Su Shun gaBu Gui Ze dearuYan Yu moCun Zai suru. Li eba, Shang Ji noJu norisutowoJian ruto, Ying Yu dehaDa Di gaZhu Yao Bu Xian Dao Xing dearuga, Ming Ci haXiu Shi suruXing Rong Ci Hou noHou niWei Zhi shiteiru. shikamo, Shu Ju dehaZhu Yao Bu Xian Dao Xing toZhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing noizuremoCun Zai shiDe ru. koretohaDui Zhao De ni, Ri Ben Yu haZhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing Yan Yu noDian Xing dearu.

• Shu Ju :[Mao noSe ]
• Jie Zhi Ci niZhi Pei saretaMing Ci :[Ri Ben ni]
• Bi Jiao :[YyoriDa kii]
• Xing Rong Ci niyotsuteXiu Shi saretaMing Ci : [Hei iMao ]

Ri Ben Yu noZhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing noXing Zhi ha, Fu Wen nadonoWen Zhang Dan Wei denoGou Cheng nioitemoJian rareru. Wen Zhang woGou Cheng Su toshitaWen Zhang deha, Cong Shu Jie gaChang niXian Xing suru. koreha, Cong Shu Jie gaXiu Shi Bu deari, Xiu Shi suruWen gaTong Yu De niJu noZhu Yao Bu woYong shiteirukaradearu. Li eba, Ying Yu toBi Jiao shitaChang He , Ci noYing Wen [the man who was walking down the street ] woRi Ben Yu niYi suShi , Ying Yu noCong Shu Jie (Guan Xi Dai Ming Ci Jie )dearu [(who) was walking down the street] woZhu Yao Bu dearu [the man] noQian niWei Zhi sasenakereba, Zi Ran naRi Ben Yu noWen Zhang nihanaranai.

mata, Zhu Yao Bu Zhong Duan Xing noXing Zhi haZhong Wen demoJian rareru. Ta Yan Yu deha, Yi Ban De niZhong Wen Gou Zao nioite, Gou Cheng Jie noZao riFan shiwoBi keruQing Xiang niaru. Li eba, Ying Yu noChang He , [Bob bought his mother some flowers and bought his father a tie] noWen wo2Fan Mu no[bought] woSheng Lue shi, [Bob bought his mother some flowers and his father a tie] tosurukotogaYi Ban De dearu. shikashi, Ri Ben Yu deha, [bobuhaoMu sanniHua woMai i, oFu sanninekutaiwoMai imashita] dearutokorowo[bobuhaoMu sanniHua wo, oFu sanninekutaiwoMai imashita] toiuyouniChu menoDong Ci woSheng Lue suruQing Xiang niaru. koreha, Ri Ben Yu noWen Zhang gaChang niDong Ci deZhong waruXing Zhi woChi tsukaradearu. (Dao Zhi Wen yaKao etaHou denoHou Fu keWen nadohaChu ku. )

Shang Shu no[Xiang haBi gaChang i. ] noyouni, [Zhu Yu -Shu Yu ] noDai warini[Ti Mu -Shu Bu ] toZhuo erubekiWen gaFei Chang niDuo ikotowoKao eruto, Ri Ben Yu noWen nihasomosomoZhu Yu haBi Xu denaitoiuJian Fang moCheng riLi tsu. San Shang Zhang ha, kokokara[Zhu Yu Fei Zhi Lun ] (Zhu Yu toiuWen Fa Yong Yu woyameruTi An )woChang eta. San Shang niyoreba,

• Jia gaYi niBing woShao Jie shita.

toiuWen nioite, [Jia ga] [Yi ni] [Bing wo] haizuremo[Shao Jie shi] toiuXing Wei woShuo Ming surutameniBi Yao naYao Su deari, You Lie hanai. Zhong Yao nanoha, sorerawomatomeruShu Yu [Shao Jie shita] noBu Fen dearu. [Jia ga] [Yi ni] [Bing wo] hasubeteShu Yu woBu Zu suruYu (Bu Yu )tonaru. itsupou, Ying Yu nadodenoWen deZhu Yu ha, Shu Yu toRen Cheng nadonoDian deHu Ying shiteori, Te Bie noCun Zai dearu^[67].

konoKao eFang niCong eba, Ying Yu Shi noGuan Dian karaha[Zhu Yu gaSheng Lue sareteiru] toshikaiiyouganaiWen woumakuShuo Ming surukotogadekiru. tatoeba,

• hamachinoCheng Chang shitamonowoburitoiu.
• kokodeniyu-suwooChuan eshimasu.
• Ri Yi Ri toNuan kakunatsutekimashita.

nadoha, iwayuruZhu Yu nonaiWen dearu. shikashi, Ri Ben Yu noWen dehaShu Yu niZhong Xin gaari, Bu Yu woBi Yao niYing ziteFu keZu sutoKao ereba, Shang Ji noizuremo, Sheng Lue nonaiWan Quan naWen toJian nashiteChai shiZhi enai.

Jin Ri noWen Fa Xue Shuo deha, Zhu Yu toiuYong Yu *Gai Nian ha, Zuo Ye Jia Shuo toshiteYou Yong naMian moarutame, naoYi Ban niYong irareteiru. Yi Ban De nihaGe Zhu Ci [ga] woBan uWen Fa Xiang woZhu Yu toJian nasu. tadashi, San Shang noShuo niDui suruXing deRi Ben Yu noWen niZhu Yu gaBi Xu dearutoZhu Zhang suruXue Shuo ha, Sheng Cheng Wen Fa yaLing Mu Zhong Xing ranoYan Yu Xue Yan Jiu Hui guru-punado, Zhu Yu niTong Yu Shang noZhong Yao naYi Ge woRen meruXue Pai woChu ite, Shao Shu Pai dearu. Sen Zhong Min ha, Ri Ben Yu noWen nioitemoZhu Shu Guan Xi gaGu Zi dearutonoLi Chang woCai ruga, konoChang He noZhu Yu *Shu Yu mo, Yi Ban niYan warerumonotohakanariYang Xiang woYi nishiteiru^[69]. Xian Zai Yi Ban De niXing wareteiruXue Xiao Jiao Yu niokeruWen Fa (Xue Xiao Wen Fa )deha, Zhu Yu *Shu Yu woJi Ben toshitaChuan Tong De naWen Fa Yong Yu woYong irunogaPu Tong daga, Jiao Ke Shu niyotsutehaZhu Yu woTe Bie Xi ishinaimonomoaru^{[Zhu Shi 24]}.

Wen woZhu Yu *Shu Yu karaCheng riLi tsutoZhuo eruLi Chang demo, kono2Yao Su dakedehaWen noGou Zao woShi Fen niShuo Ming dekinai. Zhu Yu *Shu Yu niha, saraniXiu Shi Yu nadonoYao Su gaFu keJia watsute, yoriFu Za naWen gaXing Cheng sareru. Wen woCheng riLi taserukoreranoYao Su wo[Wen noCheng Fen ] toCheng suru.

Xue Xiao Wen Fa (Zhong Xue Xiao noGuo Yu Jiao Ke Shu )deha, Wen noCheng Fen toshite[Zhu Yu ] [Shu Yu ] [Xiu Shi Yu ] (Lian Yong Xiu Shi Yu *Lian Ti Xiu Shi Yu )[Jie Sok Yu ] [Du Li Yu ] no5tsuwoJu geteiru^{[Yao Chu Dian ]}. [Bing Li Yu (Bing Li noGuan Xi niaruWen Jie /Lian Wen Jie doushi)] ya[Bu Zhu Yu *Bei Bu Zhu Yu (Bu Zhu noGuan Xi niaruWen Jie /Lian Wen Jie doushi)haWen noCheng Fen (aruihasorewoShi suYong Yu )dehanaku, Wen Jie /Lian Wen Jie doushinoGuan Xi woBiao shitaGai Nian deatsute, Chang niLian Wen Jie tonatsuteShang Ji Wu tsunoCheng Fen ninarutoiuLi Chang niXue Xiao Wen Fa haLi tsuteiru. shitagatsute, [Bing Li noGuan Xi ] [Bu Zhu noGuan Xi ] toiuYong Yu (Gai Nian )woJiao Ke Shu dehaCai Yong shiteori, [Bing Li Yu ] [Bu Zhu Yu ] toiuYong Yu (Gai Nian )nitsuitehaZai seteinaiJiao Ke Shu gaZhu Liu dearu^{[Yao Chu Dian ]}. nao[Lian Ti Xiu Shi Yu ] moYan Mi niiebasoredakedehaCheng Fen nihanariDe zu, Chang niBei Xiu Shi Yu toLian Wen Jie woGou Cheng shiteWen noCheng Fen ninaru.

Xue Xiao Tu Shu woChu kuSi She noJiao Ke Shu deha, Dan Wen Jie dedekiteirumonowo[Zhu Yu ] noyouni[-Yu ] toHu bi, Lian Wen Jie dedekiteirumonowo[Zhu Bu ] noyouni[-Bu ] toHu ndeiru. soreniDui shiXue Xiao Tu Shu dakeha, Wen Jie /Lian Wen Jie doushinoGuan Xi Gai Nian wo[-Yu ] toHu bi, iwayuruCheng Fen (Wen woGou Cheng suruGe "noZui Da Yao Su )wo[-Bu ] toHu ndeiru^{[Yao Chu Dian ]}.

Yi Xia , Xue Xiao Wen Fa noQu Fen niCong itsutsu, sorezorenoWen noCheng Fen noZhong Lei toYi Ge tonitsuiteShu beru.

Wen woCheng riLi taseruJi Ben De naCheng Fen dearu. kotoniShu Yu ha, Wen womatomeruZhong Yao naYi Ge woGuo tasu. [Yu gaJiang ru. ] [Ben gaDuo i. ] [Si haXue Sheng da. ] nadoha, izuremoZhu Yu *Shu Yu karaCheng riLi tsuteiru. Jiao Ke Shu niyotsuteha, Shu Yu woWen nomatomeYi toshiteZui moZhong Shi suruYi Fang , Zhu Yu nitsuitehaXiu Shi Yu toBing seteShuo Ming surumonomoaru(Qian Jie [Zhu Yu Fei Zhi Lun ] Can Zhao ).

Yong Yan niXi ruXiu Shi Yu dearu(Yong Yan nitsuiteha[Zi Li Yu ] noJie woCan Zhao ). [Xiong gaDi niSuan Shu woJiao eru. ] toiuWen de[Di ni] [Suan Shu wo] nadoGe woBiao suBu Fen ha, Shu Yu noDong Ci [Jiao eru] nikakaruLian Yong Xiu Shi Yu toiukotoninaru. mata, [Suan Shu womitsuchiriJiao eru. ] [Suan Shu woRe Xin niJiao eru. ] toiuWen no[mitsuchiri] [Re Xin ni] nadomo, [Jiao eru] nikakaruLian Yong Xiu Shi Yu dearu. tadashi, [Di ni] [Suan Shu wo] nadonoCheng Fen woQian kuto, Ji Ben De naShi Shi Guan Xi gaChuan waranainoniDui shi, [mitsuchiri] [Re Xin ni] nadonoCheng Fen ha, Qian itemosorehodoShi Shi noChuan Da niZhi Zhang ganai. kokokara, Qian Zhe haWen noGen Gan wonasutoshiteBu Chong Cheng Fen toCheng shi, Hou Zhe niXian tsuteXiu Shi Cheng Fen toCheng suruShuo moaru^[70]. Guo Yu Jiao Ke Shu demokono2Zhe woQu Bie shiteShuo Ming surumonogaaru.

Ti Yan niXi ruXiu Shi Yu dearu(Ti Yan nitsuiteha[Zi Li Yu ] noJie woCan Zhao ). [Si noBen ] [Dong kuBu Dao ] [Chi iFa Shi ri] [Da kinaTong ] no[Si no] [Dong ku] [Chi i] [Da kina] haLian Ti Xiu Shi Yu dearu. Ling Mu Zhong Xing *Ling Mu Kang Zhi *Gao Qiao Tai Lang *Ling Mu Tai raha, monowoBiao suWen noCheng Fen niTe Zheng woFu Yu shi, sonomonogadonnamonodearukawoGui Ding (Xian Ding )suruWen noCheng Fen dearutoshite, Lian Ti Xiu Shi Yu wo[Gui Ding Yu ] (mataha[Lian Ti Gui Ding Yu ] )toHu ndeiru.

[Pi retanode, Dong kenai. ] [Mai itaiga, Jin ganai. ] no[Pi retanode] [Mai itaiga] noyouni, atonoBu Fen tonoLun Li Guan Xi woShi sumonodearu. mata, [Jin Ri haQing reta. dakara, pikunitsukuniXing kou. ] [Jun haRuo i. nanoni, nazeJue Wang surunoka. ] niokeru[dakara] [nanoni] noyouni, Qian noWen tosonoWen towotsunaguCheng Fen moJie Sok Yu dearu. Pin Ci Fen Lei deha, Chang niJie Sok Yu tonaruPin Ci woJie Sok Ci tosuru.

[hai, Fen karimashita. ] [Zi san, dokoheXing kuno. ] [Xin Xian , soregaMing desu. ] no[hai] [Zi san] [Xin Xian ] noyouni, Ta noBu Fen niXi tsutari, Ta noBu Fen woShou ketarisurukotoganaimonodearu. Xi riShou kenoGuan Dian karaDing Yi suruto, Jie Guo De ni, Du Li Yu nihaGan Dong *Hu bikake*Ying Da *Ti Shi nadowoBiao suYu gaGai Dang surukotoninaru. Pin Ci Fen Lei deha, Du Li Yu toshitenomiYong irareruPin Ci haGan Dong Ci tosareru. Ming Ci yaXing Rong Dong Ci Yu Gan nadomoDu Li Yu toshiteYong irareru.

[mikantoringowoMai u. ] [Pi Pa Hu noDong haLeng takuYan shii. ] no[mikantoringowo] ya, [Leng takuYan shii. ] noyouniBing Li Guan Xi dematomatsuteiruCheng Fen dearu. Quan Ti toshitenoDong kiha, [mikantoringowo] noChang He haLian Yong Xiu Shi Bu niXiang Dang shi, [Leng takuYan shii. ] haShu Bu niXiang Dang suru.

Xian Xing noXue Xiao Wen Fa deha, Ying Yu niaruyouna[Mu De Yu ] [Bu Yu ] nadonoCheng Fen hanaitosuru. Ying Yu Wen Fa deha[I read a book.] no[a book] haSVOWen Xing noYi Bu wonasuMu De Yu deari, mata[I go to the library.] no[the library] haQian Zhi Ci totomoniFu keJia eraretaXiu Shi Yu toKao erareru. Yi Fang , Ri Ben Yu deha,

• Si haBen woDu mu.
• Si haTu Shu Guan heXing ku.

noyouni, [Ben wo] [Tu Shu Guan he] hadochiramo[Ming Ci +Ge Zhu Ci ] deBiao Xian sarerunodeatsute, sonoXian ridehaQu Bie ganai. koreraha, Wen noCheng Fen toshitehaizuremo[Lian Yong Xiu Shi Yu ] tosareru. kokokara, Xue Xiao Wen Fa niCong eba, [Si haBen woDu mu. ] ha, [Zhu Yu -Mu De Yu -Dong Ci ] (SOV) Wen Xing toiuyoriha, [Zhu Yu -Xiu Shi Yu -Shu Yu ] Wen Xing dearutoJie Shi sareru.

Ling Mu Zhong Xing *Ling Mu Kang Zhi raha, [Lian Yong Xiu Shi Yu ] nouchi, [Mu De Yu ] niDang taruYu ha, Shu Yu noBiao suDong kiyaZhuang Tai noCheng Li niJia waruDui Xiang woBiao su[Dui Xiang Yu ] dearutoshi, Wen noJi Ben Cheng Fen toshiteRen meteiru. Gao Qiao Tai Lang *Ling Mu Tai *Gong Teng Zhen You Mei raha[Dui Xiang Yu ] toTong ziWen noCheng Fen wo, Zhu Yu *Shu Yu gaBiao suShi Bing noZu miLi tewoMing Shi surutameni, sonoCheng riLi chiniCan Jia suruWu woBu utoiuWen Zhong niokeruJi Neng noGuan Dian kara, [Bu Yu ] toHu ndeiru.

[Ming Ri , Xue Xiao deYun Dong Hui gaaru. ] no[Ming Ri ] [Xue Xiao de] nado, Chu Lai Shi yaYou Yang noCheng riLi tsuZhuang Kuang woShu berutameniShi yaChang Suo , Yuan Yin yaMu De ([Yu dakara] [Ti Li Xiang Shang notameni] nado)woShi suWen noCheng Fen nokotowo[Zhuang Kuang Yu ] tomoYan u^{[Zhu Shi 25]}. Xue Xiao Wen Fa deha[Lian Yong Xiu Shi Yu ] niHan ndeiruga, (Lian Yong )Xiu Shi Yu ga, Shu Yu noBiao suNei De naShu Xing woBiao sunoniDui shite, Zhuang Kuang Yu haWai De Zhuang Kuang woBiao su[torimaki] naishiha[E Yuan ] noYi Mu woGuo tashiteiru. Zhuang Kuang Yu ha, Chu Lai Shi yaYou Yang woBiao suBu Fen noQian niZhi karerunogaPu Tong deari, Zhu Yu noQian niZhi karerukotomoaru. nao, [Zhuang Kuang Yu ] toiuYong Yu haroshiaYu *supeinYu *Zhong Guo Yu (Zhong Guo Yu deha[Zhuang Yu ] toYan u)nadonimoaruga, Ri Ben Yu no[Zhuang Kuang Yu ] toBi zushimoGai Nian gaYi Zhi shiteiruwakedehanaku, Xiu Shi Yu woHan ndaGai Nian dearu.

Ri Ben Yu deha, Xiu Shi Yu hatsuneniBei Xiu Shi Yu noQian niWei Zhi suru. [gungunJin mu] [Bai iYun ] no[gungun] [Bai i] hasorezore[Jin mu] [Yun ] noXiu Shi Yu dearu. Xiu Shi Yu gaChang Da ninatsutemoWei Zhi Guan Xi haTong zide, tatoeba,

yukuQiu noDa He noGuo noYao Shi Si noTa noShang naruhitohiranoYun

--Zuo Zuo Mu Xin Gang

toiuDuan Ge ha, Mou Tou kara[hitohirano] madega[Yun ] niXi ruChang iXiu Shi Yu dearu.

Fa Lu Wen yaFan Yi Wen nadodemo, Chang iXiu Shi Yu woZhu Yu *Shu Yu noJian niXie mi, Wen Yi woQu rinikukushiteirukotogashibashibaaru. tatoeba, Ri Ben Guo Xian Fa Qian Wen noYi Jie ni,

wareraha, idurenoGuo Jia mo, Zi Guo nokotonominiZhuan Nian shiteTa Guo woWu Shi shitehanaranainodeatsute, Zheng Zhi Dao De noFa Ze ha, Pu Bian De namonodeari, konoFa Ze niCong hukotoha, Zi Guo noZhu Quan woWei Chi shi, Ta Guo toDui Deng Guan Xi niLi tautosuruGe Guo noZe Wu dearutoXin zuru.

toaruga, Zhu Yu (Ti Mu )no[warera] , Shu Yu no[Xin zuru] noJian ni[idurenoGuo Jia mo......dearuto] toiuChang iXiu Shi Yu gaJie Zai shiteiru. konoZhong noWen woDu miGuan retaRen denakerebaFen karinikui. Ying Yi de "We hold..."(warerahaXin zuru)toZhu Yu *Shu Yu gaLin riHe unotohaDui Zhao De dearu.

motsutomo, Xiu Shi Yu gaHou Zhi sareruYing Yu demo, Xiu Shi Guan Xi noFen karinikuiWen gaXian rerukotogaaru. Ci noyounaWen ha[Dai Xiao Lu Wen ] toHu bareru.

The horse raced past the barn fell.(Na Wu nosobawoZou rasaretaMa gaDao reta. )

konoChang He , Ri Ben Yu noWen deha[Ma ] niXi ruLian Ti Xiu Shi Yu [Na Wu nosobawoZou rasareta] gaQian niLai teirutameniWen Gou Zao gawakariyasuiga, Ying Yu deha[The horse] woXiu Shi suru[raced past the barn] gaatoniLai teirutameni, Gou Zao gaBa Wo shidurakunatsuteiru. Ju Ti De niha, konoYing Wen noTu Zhong [The horse raced past the barn] madeshikaDu ndeinaiZhuang Kuang deha, Wen noCheng Fen toshitenoDong Ci (Zhu Yu ha[The horse] )ha[raced] dearuyouniGan zirareruga, [fell] madeXing kiZhao kuto, Wen noCheng Fen toshitenoDong Ci ha, Wen Fa Shang , koremadeWei Yi noHou Bu datsuta(1)[raced] niJia e, (2)[fell] gaChu tekurukotoninari, sorezorenoHou Bu gotoni(1)[[((Xi Guan De ni, matahaYi Ban Fa Ze niCong tsute^{[Zhu Shi 26]}))] Beng reruNa Wu nosobawoMa gaSu Zao kuZou riBa keta] nanoka(2)[Na Wu nosobawoZou rasaretaMa gaDao reta] nanokawoJian Tao shinakerebanaranakunaru.

Ming Ci yaDong Ci , Xing Rong Ci toitsuta[Pin Ci ] noGai Nian ha, Shang Shu shita[Wen noCheng Fen ] noGai Nian tohaFen keteKao eruBi Yao gaaru. Ming Ci [Quan ] ha, Wen noCheng Fen toshitehaZhu Yu nimonarebaXiu Shi Yu nimonari, [Quan da] noyouniZhu Dong Ci [da] woFu keteShu Yu nimonaru. Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci mo, Xiu Shi Yu nimonarebaShu Yu nimonaru. motsutomo, Fu Ci haDuo kuLian Yong Xiu Shi Yu toshiteYong irare, mata, Lian Ti Ci haLian Ti Xiu Shi Yu ni, Jie Sok Ci haJie Sok Yu ni, Gan Dong Ci haDu Li Yu nimotsuparaYong irareruga, Bi zushimo, Te Ding noPin Ci gaTe Ding noWen noCheng Fen ni1Dui 1deDui Ying shiteiruwakedehanai.

deha, sorezorenoPin Ci noTe Zheng woXing Zuo rumonohaHe katoiukotogaWen Ti ninaruga, korenitsuiteha, samazamanaShuo Ming gaari, Yi Ding shinai. Su ni, Shi Wu woBiao suDan Yu gaMing Ci , Dong kiwoBiao suDan Yu gaDong Ci , Yang Zi woBiao suDan Yu gaXing Rong Ci nadotoiwarerukotogaaruga, Li Wai gaikurademoJu gari, Ding Yi toshitehaCheng Li shinai.

Qiao Ben Jin Ji ha, Pin Ci woFen Lei suruniatari, Dan Yu noBiao suYi Wei (Dong kiwoBiao sukaYang Zi woBiao sukanado)nihaTa miIp mazu, Zhu toshiteXing Shi De Te Zheng niyotsutePin Ci Fen Lei woXing tsuteiru^[71]. Qiao Ben noKao eFang haChu Xue Zhe nimoFen kariyasuitame, Xue Xiao Wen Fa mosonoKao eFang niJi duiteiru.

Xue Xiao Wen Fa deha, Yu nouchi, [Tai Yang ] [Hui ku] [Chi i] [giragira] nado, soredakedeWen Jie woZuo riDe rumonowoZi Li Yu (Ci )toshi, [youda] [desu] [ga] [wo] nado, Dan Du deWen Jie woZuo riDe zu, Zi Li Yu niFu Shu shiteYong irarerumonowoFu Shu Yu (Ci )tosuru. nao, Ri Ben Yu deha, Zi Li Yu noHou niJie Ci yaFu Shu Yu woCi "nitsukeZu shiteWen Fa De naYi Ge nadowoShi sutame, Yan Yu Lei Xing Lun Shang haJiao Zhao Yu niFen Lei sareru.

Zi Li Yu ha, Huo Yong nonaimonoto, Huo Yong noarumonotoniFen kerareru.

Zi Li Yu deHuo Yong nonaimononouchi, Zhu Yu ninarumonowoMing Ci tosuru. Ming Ci nouchi, Dai Ming Ci *Shu Ci woDu Li saseruKao eFang moaru. Yi Fang , Zhu Yu ninarazu, Dan Du deLian Yong Xiu Shi Yu ninarumonowoFu Ci , Lian Ti Xiu Shi Yu ninarumonowoLian Ti Ci (Fu Ti Ci ), Jie Sok Yu ninarumonowoJie Sok Ci , Du Li Yu toshitenomiYong irarerumonowoGan Dong Ci tosuru. Fu Ci *Lian Ti Ci nitsuiteha, sorezoreYi Pin Ci tosubekikadoukanitsuiteYi Lun gaari, saraniXi Fen Hua suruKao eFang ^[72]ya, Ta noPin Ci niXi Shou saseruKao eFang ^[73]nadogaaru.

Zi Li Yu deHuo Yong noarumononouchi, Ming Ling Xing noarumonowoDong Ci , Ming Ling Xing ganakuZhong Zhi *Lian Ti Xing ga[i] deZhong warumonowoXing Rong Ci (Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu deha[iXing Rong Ci ] ), Lian Ti Xing ga[na] deZhong warumonowoXing Rong Dong Ci (Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu deha[naXing Rong Ci ] )tosuru. Xing Rong Dong Ci woYi Pin Ci toshiteRen merukotonitsuiteha, Shi Zhi Cheng Ji ^[74]yaLing Mu Zhong Xing nado, Fou Ding De naJian Fang wosuruYan Jiu Zhe moiru.

nao, [Ming Ci ] oyobi[Ti Yan ] toiuYong Yu ha, shibashibaHun Tong sareru. Gu Lai , kotobawoFen Lei suruniatari, Huo Yong nonaiYu wo[Ti Yan ] (Ti ), Huo Yong noaruYu wo[Yong Yan ] (Yong ), sonohoka, Zhu Ci *Zhu Dong Ci noLei wo[teniwoha] toDa zatsupaniCheng surukotogaDuo katsuta. Xian Zai noXue Xiao Wen Fa deha, [Yong Yan ] haHuo Yong noaruZi Li Yu noYi Wei deYong irare(Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci woZhi su), [Ti Yan ] haHuo Yong nonaiZi Li Yu noZhong demoMing Ci (oyobiDai Ming Ci *Shu Ci )woZhi suyouninatsuta. tsumari, Xian Zai deha[Ti Yan ] to[Ming Ci ] tohaTong Yi Wu toJian temoChai shiZhi ehanaiga, Huo Yong shinaiYu toiuDian niZhao Mu shiteiuChang He ha[Ti Yan ] , Wen noCheng Fen nouchiZhu Yu ninariurutoiuDian niZhao Mu shiteiuChang He ha[Ming Ci ] toCheng suru.

Fu Shu Yu mo, Huo Yong nonaimonoto, Huo Yong noarumonotoniFen kerareru.

Fu Shu Yu deHuo Yong nonaimonowoZhu Ci toCheng suru. [Chun gaLai ta] [Mai tsutekuru] [yarushikanai] [Fen katsutaka] nadonoTai Zi Bu Fen hasubeteZhu Ci dearu. Zhu Ci ha, Ming Ci nitsuiteShu Yu tonoGuan Xi (Ge Guan Xi )woBiao suGe Zhu Ci ([Ming Ci noGe ] noJie Can Zhao ), Huo Yong suruYu nitsuiteHou Sok Bu Fen tonoJie Sok Guan Xi woBiao suJie Sok Zhu Ci , Zhong "noYu nitsuite, Cheng Du yaXian Ding nadonoYi Wei woTian etsutsuHou Sok noYong Yan nadowoXiu Shi suruFu Zhu Ci , Wen noZhong wariniLai teYi Wen yaYong Tan *Gan Dong *Jin Zhi toitsutaQi Fen yaYi Tu woBiao suZhong Zhu Ci niFen kerareru. Ling Mu Zhong Xing *Gao Qiao Tai Lang Ta *Ling Mu Kang Zhi rahaZhu Ci woDan Yu tohaRen mezu, Fu Shu Ci ([kutsutsuki] )toshite, Dan Yu noYi Bu tosuru. (Ge Zhu Ci *Bing Li Zhu Ci *Xi Zhu Ci *Fu Zhu Ci *Zhong Zhu Ci noQuan Bu oyobiJie Sok Zhu Ci nouchi[shi] [ga] [keredomo] [kara] [node] [noni] nitsuite)matahaYu Wei (Jie Sok Zhu Ci nouchi[te(de)] , Tiao Jian noXing no[ba] , Bing beLi terutokino[tari(dari)] nitsuite).

Fu Shu Yu deHuo Yong noarumonowoZhu Dong Ci toCheng suru. [Qi woYin kareru] [Si haQi kanai] [Hua gaXiao tsuta] [saa, Chu kakeyou] [Jin Ri haLai naisouda] [mousuguChun desu] nadonoTai Zi Bu Fen hasubeteZhu Dong Ci dearu. Zhu Dong Ci noZui moZhu Yao naYi Ge ha, Dong Ci (oyobiZhu Dong Ci )niFu Shu shiteYi Xia noyounaQing Bao woJia erukotodearu. sunawachi, Dong Ci noTai (Te niShou keShen *Shi Yi *Ke Neng nado. vuoisu)*Ji Xing (Ken Ding *Fou Ding noJue Ding . poraritei)*Shi Zhi (tensu)*Xiang (asupekuto)*Fa (Tui Liang *Duan Ding *Yi Zhi nado. mu-do)nadowoShi suYi Ge woChi tsu. Shan Tian Xiao Xiong ha, Zhu Dong Ci woRen mezu, Dong Ci karaFen Chu sareruYu Wei (Fu Yu Wei )toJian nashiteiru^[75]. mataShi Zhi Cheng Ji ha, [reru(rareru)] [seru(saseru)] woZhu Dong Ci tosezu, Dong Ci noJie Wei Yu toshiteiru^[74]. Ling Mu Zhong Xing *Ling Mu Kang Zhi *Gao Qiao Tai Lang rahaDa Bu Fen noZhu Dong Ci woDan Yu tohaRen menai. [ta(da)] [u(you)ha, Dong Ci noYu Wei dearutoshi, [nai] [you] [masu] [reru] [rareru] [seru] [saseru] [tai] [souda] [youda] ha, Jie Wei Ci dearutoshite, Dan Yu noYi Bu tosuru. ([youda] [rashii] [souda] niGuan shiteha, [musubi] mataha[kopiyura] [Xi Ci ] dearutosuru. )

Ming Ci oyobiDong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci ha, soregaWen Zhong dedonoyounaCheng Fen woDan tsuteirukawoTe Bie noXing Shi niyotsuteBiao Shi suru.

Ming Ci noChang He , [ga] [wo] [ni] nadonoGe Zhu Ci woHou Zhi surukotodeDong Ci tonoGuan Xi (Ge )woShi su. Yu Shun niyotsuteGe woShi suYan Yu dehanaitame, Ri Ben Yu haYu Shun gaBi Jiao De Zi You dearu. sunawachi,

• Tao Tai Lang ga Quan ni kibidangowo yarimashita.
• Quan ni Tao Tai Lang ga kibidangowo yarimashita.
• kibidangowo Tao Tai Lang ga Quan ni yarimashita.

nadoha, Qiang Diao sareruYu haYi naruga, izuremoTong Yi noNei Rong woBiao suWen de, shikamoZheng shiiWen dearu.

Zhu naGe Zhu Ci tosonoDian Xing De naJi Neng haCi noTong ridearu.

Zhu Ci	Ji Neng	Shi Yong Li
ga	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noZhu Ti woBiao su.	Li :[Kong gaQing i] , [Quan gairu]
no	Lian Ti Xiu Shi woBiao su.	[Si noBen ] , [Li Xiang noJia Ting ]
wo	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noDui Xiang woBiao su.	[Ben woDu mu] , [Ren woJiao eru]
ni	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noDao Da Dian woBiao su.	[Yi niZhao ku] , [Ren niJiao eru]
he	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noJi buFang Xiang woBiao su.	[Yi heXiang kau] , [Xue Xiao heChu kakeru]
to	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong wotomoniXing uXiang Shou woBiao su.	[You Ren toGui ru] , [Che tobutsukaru]
kara	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noQi Dian woBiao su.	[Lu Xian karaLi ru] , [6Shi karaShi meru]
yori	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noQi Dian ya, Bi Jiao noDui Xiang woBiao su.	[Lu Xian yoriLi ru] , [Hua yoriMei shii]
de	Dong Zuo *Zuo Yong noXing wareruChang Suo woBiao su.	[Chuan deXi Zhuo suru] , [Feng Lu deQin ru]

konoyouni, Ge Zhu Ci ha, Shu Yu woLian Yong Xiu Shi suruMing Ci gaShu Yu todonoyounaGuan Xi niarukawoShi su(tadashi, [no] dakehaLian Ti Xiu Shi niShi ware, Ming Ci Tong Shi noGuan Xi woShi su). nao, Shang Ji haakumademoDian Xing De naJi Neng deari, Zhu Ti woBiao sanai[ga] (Li , [Shui gaYin mitai] ), Dui Xiang woBiao sanai[wo] (Li , [Ri Ben woFa tsuta] ), Dao Da Dian woBiao sanai[ni] (Li , Shou Dong Dong Zuo noZhu Ti [Xian Sheng nihomerareta] , Di Wei noSuo Zai [Jin Shang Tian Huang niaraserareru] ), Zhu Ti woBiao su[no] (Li , [Si haBi noJi ideZou tsuteirunowoJian ta] )nado, Shang Ji niShou maranaiJi Neng woDan uChang He moDuo i.

Ge Zhu Ci nouchi, [ga] [wo] [ni] ha, Hua shiYan Xie nioitehaTuo Luo surukotogaDuo i. sonoChang He , Wen Mo noZhu keganakereba, Zui Chu niLai ruBu Fen ha[ga] Ge niXiang Dang surutoJian nasareru. [kuzirawooFu sangaShi beteshimatsuta. ] wo[kuzira, oFu sanShi bechiyatsuta. ] toZhu Ci woBa kashiteYan tsutaChang He ha, [kuzira] ga[ga] Ge Xiang Dang totoraerarerutame, Wu Jie noYuan ninaru. [chiyokore-towoSi gaShi beteshimatsuta. ] wo[chiyokore-to, Si Shi bechiyatsuta. ] toYan tsutaChang He ha, Wen Mo noZhu keniyotsuteWu Jie haBi kerareru. nao, [he] [to] [kara] [yori] [de] nadonoGe Zhu Ci ha, Hua shiYan Xie nioitemoTuo Luo shinai.

Ti Shu Gou Zao noWen ([Wen noGou Zao ] noJie Can Zhao )deha, Te Ding noGe Zhu Ci ga[ha] niZhi kiHuan waru. tatoeba, [Kong ga Qing i. ] toiuWen ha, [Kong ] woTi Mu Hua suruto[Kong ha Qing i. ] tonaru. Ti Mu Hua noJi no[ha] noFu kiFang ha, Yi Xia noyounisorezorenoGe Zhu Ci niyotsuteYi naru.

Wu Ti noWen	Ti Shu Gou Zao noWen
Kong gaQing i.	Kong haQing i.
Ben woDu mu.	Ben haDu mu.
Xue Xiao niXing ku.	Xue Xiao haXing ku. (Xue Xiao nihaXing ku. )
Yi heXiang kau.	Yi hehaXiang kau.
You Ren toGui ru.	You Ren tohaGui ru.
Lu Xian karaLi ru.	Lu Xian karahaLi ru.
Chuan deXi Zhuo suru.	Chuan dehaXi Zhuo suru.

Ge Zhu Ci ha, Xia niLai ruDong Ci gaHe dearukaniYing zite, Bi Yao tosareruZhong Lei toShu gaBian watsutekuru. tatoeba, [Zou ru] toiuDong Ci deZhong waruWen niBi Yao nanoha[ga] Ge deari, [Ma gaZou ru. ] tosurebaWan Quan naWen ninaru. tokoroga, [Jiao eru] noChang He ha, [ga] Ge woJia ete[Xiong gaJiao eteimasu. ] toshitadakedehaBu Wan Quan naWen dearu. sarani[de] Ge woJia e, [Xiong gaXiao Xue Xiao deJiao eteimasu(=Jiao Tan niLi tsuteimasu). ] tosurebaWan Quan ninaru. tsumari, [Jiao eru] ha, [ga*de] Ge gaBi Yao dearu.

tokoroga, [Xiong gaBu Wu deJiao eteimasu. ] toiuWen noChang He , [ga*de] Ge gaarunimokakawarazu, naoWan Quan naWen toiuGan zigashinai. [Xiong gaBu Wu deDi niSuan Shu woJiao eteimasu. ] noyouni[ga*ni*wo] Ge gaBi Yao dearu. mushiro, [de] Ge hanakutomoWen haBu Wan Quan naYin Xiang hanai.

sunawachi, Tong zi[Jiao eru] demo, [Jiao Tan niLi tsu] toiuYi Wei no[Jiao eru] ha[ga*de] Ge gaBi Yao deari, [Shuo Ming shiteFen karuyounisaseru] toiuYi Wei no[Jiao eru] deha[ga*ni*wo] Ge gaBi Yao dearu. konoyouni, sorezorenoWen woCheng riLi taserunoniBi Yao naGe wo[Bi Xu Ge ] toiu.

Ming Ci gaGe Zhu Ci woBan tsutesamazamanaGe woShi sunoniDui shi, Yong Yan (Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci )oyobiZhu Dong Ci ha, Yu Wei woBian Hua saserukotoniyotsute, Wen Zhong nodonoCheng Fen woDan tsuteirukawoShi shitari, Shi Zhi *Xiang nadonoQing Bao yaWen noQie reSok kinoBie nadowoShi shitarisuru. konoYu Wei Bian Hua wo[Huo Yong ] toii, Huo Yong suruYu woZong Cheng shite[Huo Yong Yu ] toiu.

Xue Xiao Wen Fa deha, Kou Yu noHuo Yong Yu nitsuite, 6tsunoHuo Yong Xing woRen meteiru. Yi Xia , Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci noHuo Yong Xing woLi niJu geru(Tai Zi Bu Fen ).

Huo Yong Xing	Dong Ci	Xing Rong Ci	Xing Rong Dong Ci
Wei Ran Xing	Da tanai Da tou	Qiang karou	Yong Gan darou
Lian Yong Xing	Da chimasu Da tsuta	Qiang katsuta Qiang kunaru Qiang ugozaimasu	Yong Gan datsuta Yong Gan dearu Yong Gan ninaru
Zhong Zhi Xing	Da tsu.	Qiang i.	Yong Gan da.
Lian Ti Xing	Da tsukoto	Qiang ikoto	Yong Gan nakoto
Jia Ding Xing	Da teba	Qiang kereba	Yong Gan naraba
Ming Ling Xing	Da te.	*	*

Yi Ban ni, Zhong Zhi Xing haShu Yu niYong irareru. [(Xuan Shou gaQiu wo)Da tsu. ] [(konoZi ha)Qiang i. ] [(Xiao Fang Shi ha)Yong Gan da. ] nado.

Lian Yong Xing ha, Wen Zi Tong riLian Yong Xiu Shi Yu nimoYong irareru. [Qiang ku(Sheng kiru. )] [Yong Gan ni(Tu Ru suru. )] nado. tadashi, [Xuan Shou gaQiu woDa chimashita. ] no[Da chi] haLian Yong Xing dearuga, Lian Yong Xiu Shi Yu dehanaku, konoChang He haShu Yu noYi Bu dearu. konoyouni, Huo Yong Xing toWen Zhong denoYi Ge ha, 1Dui 1deDui Ying shiteiruwakedehanai.

Jia Ding Xing ha, Wen Yu dehaYi Ran Xing toCheng suru. Kou Yu no[Da teba] haJia Ding woBiao suga, Wen Yu no[Da teba] ha[Yi (sude)niDa tsutanode] noYi Wei woBiao sukaradearu. mata, Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci ha, Kou Yu dehaMing Ling Xing ganaiga, Wen Yu deha[Ji Gu haQiang kare. ] (Feng Zi Hua Chuan )nogotokuMing Ling Xing gaCun Zai suru.

Dong Ci noHuo Yong haZhong Lei gaFen kareteiru. Kou Yu noChang He ha, Wu Duan Huo Yong *Shang Yi Duan Huo Yong *Xia Yi Duan Huo Yong *kaXing Bian Ge Huo Yong (kaBian )*saXing Bian Ge Huo Yong (saBian )no5Zhong Lei dearu.

Dong Ci noZhong Lei	Te Zheng	Li
Wu Duan Dong Ci	Wei Ran Xing Huo Yong Yu Wei ga[aDuan Yin ] deZhong warumono	[Mai u] [Die mu]
Shang Yi Duan Dong Ci	Wei Ran Xing Huo Yong Yu Wei ga[iDuan Yin ] deZhong warumono	[Jian ru] [Jie riru]
Xia Yi Duan Dong Ci	Wei Ran Xing Huo Yong Yu Wei ga[eDuan Yin ] deZhong warumono	[Chu ru] [Shou keru]
kaBian Dong Ci	[Lai ru] oyobi[Lai ru] woYu Mo Yao Su tosurumono	[Lai ru]
saBian Dong Ci	[suru] oyobi[suru] woYu Mo Yao Su tosurumono	[suru]

aruYan Yu noYu Hui Ti Xi woJian Du shite, Te Ding noFen Ye noYu Hui gaLi Fu dearutoka, Bie noFen Ye noYu Hui gaPin Ruo dearutokawoJue metsukerukotoha, Yi Gai nihadekinai. Ri Ben Yu demo, tatoeba[Zi Ran woBiao suYu Hui gaDuo itoiunogaDing Ping ] ^[76]toiwareruga, korehaRen "noZhi Gan karaLai ruPing Pan toiuYi Wei Yi Shang nomonodehanai.

Shi Ji ni, Jiu Ban {Fen Lei Yu Hui Biao } ^[77]niyotsuteFen Ye gotonoYu Hui Liang noDuo Gua woBi betaJie Guo niyoreba, Ming Ci (Ti noLei )nouchi[Ren Jian Huo Dong --Jing Shen oyobiXing Wei ] niShu surumonoga27.0%, [Chou Xiang De Guan Xi ] ga18.3%, [Zi Ran Wu oyobiZi Ran Xian Xiang ] ga10.0%nadotonatsuteite, konoXian rideha[Zi Ran ] yorimo[Jing Shen ] ya[Xing Wei ] nadowoBiao suYu Hui nohougaDuo ikotoninaru^[78]. tadashi, koremo, Ta noYan Yu toBi Jiao shiteDuo itoiukotodehanaku, konoJie Guo gatadachiniRi Ben Yu noYu Hui noTe Zheng woShi sukotonihanaranai.

Ri Ben Yu noRen Cheng haamariGu Ding Hua shiteinai. Xian Dai Yu *Biao Zhun Yu noFan Chou toshiteha, Yi Ren Cheng ha[watakushi*watashi*atashi*boku*ore*uchi*Zi Fen *Wo "] nado, Er Ren Cheng ha[anata*anta*omae*omee*temee*kimi] nadogaYong irareru. Fang Yan *Jin Dai Yu *Gu Yu madeHan merutokonoXian ridehanaku, Wen Xian Shang dehaTa nimo[atakushi*atai*washi*wai*wate*Wo gaBei *oreYang *oira*ware*wa-*wan*Zhen *watsushi*kochitora*temae*Xiao Sheng *soregashi*Zhuo Zhe *ora] nadonoYi Ren Cheng , [omaesan*temee*Gui Yang *onore*ware*oZhai *nanzi*onushi*sonoFang *Gui Jun *Gui Xiong *Gui Xia *Zu Xia *Gui Gong *Gui Nu *Gui Dian *Gui Fang (kihou)] nadonoEr Ren Cheng gaJian tsukaru^[79].

Shang noShi Shi ha, Xian Dai Ying Yu noYi Ren Cheng *Er Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci gahobo "I" to "you" nomideari, huransuYu noYi Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci ga "je", Er Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci ga "tu" "vous" nomi, matadoitsuYu noYi Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci ga"ich", Er Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci ga"du" "Sie" "ihr"nomidearukototoBi Jiao sureba, Te Zheng De toiukotogadekiru. motsutomo, Ri Ben Yu nioitemo, Ben Lai noRen Cheng Dai Ming Ci ha, Yi Ren Cheng ni[wa(re)] [a(re)] , Er Ren Cheng ni[na(re)] gaarunomidearu(Dan shi{na} hamotoYi Ren Cheng tomoJian rare, Hou Shu nokototomoGuan Xi gaaruga). Jin Ri , Yi *Er Ren Cheng Tong Yang niYong irareruYu ha, sonoDa Bu Fen gaYi Ban Ming Ci karanoZhuan Yong dearu^[80]. Yi Ren Cheng woShi su[boku] yaSan Ren Cheng woShi su[Bi Nu ] nadowo, [boku, He Sui ?] [Bi Nu , dokoXing kuno?] noyouniEr Ren Cheng niZhuan Yong surukotogaKe Neng dearunomo, Ri Ben Yu noRen Cheng Yu Hui gaYi Ban Ming Ci De dearukotonoXian redearu.

nao, Jing Yi Biao Xian noGuan Dian kara, Mu Shang niDui shitehaEr Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci noShi Yong gaBi kerareruQing Xiang gaaru. tatoeba, [anatahaHe Shi niChu kakemasuka] tohaYan wazu, [He Shi niiratsushiyaimasuka] noyouniYan ukotogaPu Tong dearu.

[Qin Zu Yu Hui noTi Xi ] noJie moCan Zhao .

mata, Yin Xiang Zheng Yu , iwayuruonomatopenoYu Hui Liang moRi Ben Yu nihaLi Fu dearu(onomatopenoDing Yi haYi Ding shinaiga, kokodeha, Ni Sheng Yu *Ni Yin Yu noyouniEr niWen koerumonowoXie shitaYu to, Ni Tai Yu noyouniEr niWen koenaiZhuang Tai *Yang Zi nadowoXie shitaYu noZong Cheng toshiteYong iru).

Ni Sheng Yu ha, Ren yaDong Wu gaLi teruSheng woXie shitamonodearu(Li , ogiyaa*gaou*geragera*niyaaniyaa). Ni Yin Yu ha, Wu Yin woXie shitamonodearu(Li , gatagata*gangan*banban*dondon). Ni Tai Yu ha, monogotonoYang Zi yaXin Li noDong kinadowoBiao shitamonodearu(Li , kiyorokiyoro*suisui*iraira*wakuwaku). Ni Tai Yu noZhong de, Xin Li woBiao suYu woTe niNi Qing Yu toCheng surukotomoaru.

onomatopeZi Ti haDuo kunoYan Yu niCun Zai suru. tatoebaMao noMing kiSheng ha, Ying Yu de[mew] , doitsuYu de[miau] , huransuYu de [miaou] , roshiaYu de[miau] ^{[Zhu Shi 27]}, Zhong Guo Yu de[Miao Miao ] ^{[Zhu Shi 28]}, Zhao Xian Yu de[yaongyaong] ^{[Zhu Shi 29]}nadodearu^[81]. shikashinagara, sonoYu Hui Liang haYan Yu niyotsuteYi naru. Ri Ben Yu noonomatopehaOu Mi Yu yaZhong Guo Yu no3Bei kara5Bei Cun Zai surutoiwareru^[82]. Ying Yu nadotoBi beruto, toriwakeNi Tai Yu gaDuo kuShi warerutosareru^[83].

Xin tanaonomatopegaZuo rarerukotomoaru. [(Xin Zang ga)bakubaku] [gatsutsuri(Shi beru)] nadoha, Jin Nian niZuo rareta(Guang matsuta)onomatopenoLi dearu.

Man Hua nadonoMei Ti deha, toriwakeZi You nionomatopegaZuo rareru. Man Hua Jia noShou Zhong Zhi Chong ha, Man Hua woYing Yi shitemoratsutatokoro, [dogiyu-n] [shi-n] nadonoYu niFan Yi Zhe ga[oShou ageninatsuteshimatsuta] toJi shiteiru^[84]. mata, Man Hua Chu Ban She She Chang noKu Yuan Qing Zhi mo, amerikadeRi Ben Man Hua woMai runiDang tari, Du Te noNi Yin woYi sunonisutatsuhugaNao ndakotowoShu beteiru^[85].

Ri Ben Yu noYu Hui woPin Ci gotonimiruto, Ya Dao De niDuo imonohaMing Ci dearu. sonoCan rinouchideBi Jiao De Duo imonohaDong Ci dearu. {Xin Xuan Guo Yu Ci Dian } noShou Lu Yu noChang He , Ming Ci ga82.37%, Dong Ci ga9.09%, Fu Ci ga2.46%, Xing Rong Dong Ci ga2.02%, Xing Rong Ci ga1.24%tonatsuteiru^[86].

konouchi, toriwakeMu woYin kunohaXing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci noShao nasadearu. katsuteLiu Tian Guo Nan hakonoDian woZhi Zhai shite[Xing Rong Ci Ji Jin ] toCheng shita^[87]. Ying Yu noChang He , {otsukusuhuo-doYing Yu Ci Dian } Di 2Ban deha, Ban Fen Yi Shang gaMing Ci , Yue 4Fen no1gaXing Rong Ci , Yue 7Fen no1gaDong Ci toiukotodeari^[88], Ying Yu tonoBi Jiao noShang karaha, Ri Ben Yu noXing Rong Ci gaJin Shao dearukotohaTe Zheng De toieru.

tadashi, korehaRi Ben Yu deWu Shi woXing Rong surukotogaNan shiikotowoYi Wei surumonodehanaku, Ta noXing Shi niyoruXing Rong Biao Xian gaDuo kuCun Zai suru. Li eba[Chu Bu (no)] [Suan Xing (no)] nado[Ming Ci (+no)] noXing Shi , [Mu Li tsu(Se )] [togatsuta(Zhen )] [hayatsuteiru(Dian )] nadoDong Ci woJi nishitaXing Shi , [tsumaranai] [niekiranai] nadoFou Ding Zhu Dong Ci [nai] woBan uXing Shi nadogaXing Rong Biao Xian niYong irareru.

motomotoShao naiXing Rong Ci woBu uZhu Yao naXing Shi haXing Rong Dong Ci dearu. Han Yu *Wai Lai Yu noShu Ru niyotsute, [Zheng Que da] [suma-toda] noyouna, Han Yu *Wai Lai Yu +[da] noXing Shi noXing Rong Dong Ci gaZeng Da shita. Shang Jie no{Xin Xuan Guo Yu Ci Dian } deMing Ci Xi ininatsuteiruHan Yu *Wai Lai Yu nouchinimo, Xing Rong Dong Ci noYong Fa woHan mumonogaDuo Shu Cun Zai suru. Xian Dai noEr Zi Han Yu ([Shi Jie ] [Yan Jiu ] [Li Fu ] nado)Yue 2Mo 1Qian Yu woDiao Cha shitaJie Guo niyoreba, Quan Ti no63.7%gaShi Wu Lei (Ming Ci niXiang Dang ), 29.9%gaDong Tai Lei (Dong Ci niXiang Dang ), 7.3%gaYang Tai Lei (Xing Rong Dong Ci niXiang Dang ), 1.1%gaFu Yong Lei (Fu Ci niXiang Dang )deari^[89], Er Zi Han Yu no7%Cheng Du gaXing Rong Dong Ci toshiteYong irareteirukotogaFen karu.

[Yu Hui noZeng Jia toPin Ci ] noJie moCan Zhao .

sorezorenoYu ha, barabaraniCun Zai shiteirunodehanaku, Yi Wei *Yong Fa nadonoDian deHu iniGuan Lian womotsutaguru-puwoXing Cheng shiteiru. korewoYu Hui Ti Xi toCheng suru^[90]. Ri Ben Yu noYu Hui Zi Ti , Yi tsunoDa kinaYu Hui Ti Xi toieruga, sonoZhong nihasaraniWu Shu noYu Hui Ti Xi gaHan mareteiru.

Yi Xia , Ti Xi wonasuYu Hui noDian Xing De naLi toshite, Zhi Shi Yu *Se Cai Yu Hui *Qin Zu Yu Hui woQu riShang geteLun ziru.

Ri Ben Yu deha, monowoZhi Shi surutameniYong iruYu Hui ha, Yi Ban ni[kosoado] toHu bareru4Xi Lie wonashiteiru. koreranoZhi Shi Yu (Zhi Shi Ci )ha, Zhu toshiteMing Ci ([kore*koko*konata*kotsuchi] nado)dearutame, Gai Shuo Shu noLei dehaMing Ci (Dai Ming Ci )noShuo Ming nonakadeXi wareteiruChang He moDuo i. shikashi, Shi Ji nihaFu Ci ([kou] nado)*Lian Ti Ci ([kono] nado)*Xing Rong Dong Ci ([konnada] nado)nimatagarutame, kokodehaYu Hui Ti Xi noWen Ti toshiteLun ziru.

[kosoado] noTi Xi ha, Chuan Tong De niha[Jin Cheng *Zhong Cheng *Yuan Cheng *Bu Ding (huziyou, hutei)Cheng ] noMing deHu bareta. Ming Zhi Shi Dai ni, Da Gui Wen Yan haYi Xia noyounaBiao woShi shiteiru^[91].

\	Jin Cheng	Zhong Cheng	Yuan Cheng	Bu Ding Cheng
Shi Wu	kore ko	sore so	are a kare ka	idure(dore) nani
Di Wei	koko	soko	ashiko asoko kashiko	iduko(doko) iduku
Fang Xiang	konata	sonata	anata kanata	idukata(donata)
	kochi	sochi	achi	iduchi(dochi)

kokode, [Jin Cheng ] haZui moJin imono, [Zhong Cheng ] hayayaLi retamono, [Yuan Cheng ] haYuan imonowoZhi sutosareta. tokoroga, [soko] nadowo[yayaLi retamono] woZhi sutoKao eruto, Yuan kuniiruRen niXiang katsute[sokodeDai tsuteitekure] toYan uyounaChang He woShuo Ming shigatai. mata, Zi Fen noWan noyouniJin kuniarumonowoZhi shite, Ren ni[sokowosasutsutekudasai] toYan ukotomoShuo Ming shigatainadonoQian Dian gaaru. Zuo Jiu Jian Ding ha, konoDian woGai me, [ko] ha[wa(=Zi Fen )nonawabari] niShu surumono, [so] ha[na(=anata)nonawabari] niShu surumono, [a] hasoreYi Wai noFan Wei niShu surumonowoZhi sutoshita^[92]. sunawachi, Ti Xi haXia Ji noyounimatomerareta.

\	Zhi Shi sarerumono
	Dui Hua Zhe noCeng	Suo Shu Shi Wu noCeng
Hua shiShou	(Hua shiShou Zi Shen ) watakushi watashi	(Hua shiShou Suo Shu nomono) koXi
Xiang Shou	(Hua shikakenoMu Biao ) anata omae	(Xiang Shou Suo Shu nomono) soXi
hatano Ren mono	(Di San Zhe )(anohito)	(hatanomono) aXi
Bu Ding	donata dare	doXi

konoyouniZheng Li sureba, Shang Shu no[sokodeDai tsuteitekure] [sokowosasutsutekudasai] noyounaYan iFang haumakuShuo Ming sareru. Xiang Shou Ce niShu surumonoha, Yuan Jin woWen wazu[so] deBiao sarerukotoninaru. konoShuo Ming Fang Fa ha, Xian Zai noXue Xiao Jiao Yu noGuo Yu demoQu riRu rerareteiru.

tohaie, subetenoChang He woZuo Jiu Jian Shuo deGe riQie reruwakedemonai. tatoeba, Dao de[dochiraniXing karemasuka] toWen warete, [chiyotsutosokomade] toDa etatoki, koreha[sorehodoYuan kunaitokoromadeXing ku] toiuYi Wei dearukara, Da Gui Wen Yan noiu[Zhong Cheng ] noShuo Ming nohougahusawashii. monowoWu kushitatoki, [chiyotsutosonohenwoTan shitemiruyo] toYan utokimoTong Yang dearu.

mata, Mu noQian niarumonowoZhi Jie Zhi Shi suruChang He (Xian Chang Zhi Shi )to, Wen Zhang noZhong deQian niChu taYu Ju woZhi Shi suruChang He (Wen Mo Zhi Shi )todemo, Shi Qing gaBian watsutekuru. [Sheng kaSi ka, soregaWen Ti da] no[sore] ha, [Zhong Cheng ] (yayaLi retamono)tomo, [Xiang Shou Suo Shu nomono] tomoJie Shi shigatai. Zhi Qian noNei Rong wo[sore] deShi sumonodearu. konoyouni, Zhi Shi Yu noYi Wei Ti Xi ha, Xiang Xi niJian reba, naoYan Jiu noYu Di gaDuo kuCan sareteiru.

nao, Zhi Shi noTi Xi haYan Yu niyotsuteYi naru. Bu Ding Cheng woChu itaChang He , 3Xi Lie wonasuYan Yu haRi Ben Yu (ko, so, a)yaZhao Xian Yu (i, geu, jeo)nadogaaru. Yi Fang , Ying Yu (this, that)yaZhong Guo Yu (Zhe , Na )nadoha2Xi Lie wonasu. Ri Ben Ren noYing Yu Xue Xi Zhe ga[kore, sore, are] ni[this, it, that] woDang tehameteKao erukotogaaruga, [it] haWen Mo Zhi Shi noDai Ming Ci deXi Lie gaYi narutame, Hun Yong surukotohadekinai.

Ri Ben Yu deSe Cai woBiao suYu Hui (Se Cai Yu Hui )ha, Gu Lai , [aka] [shiro] [awo] [kuro] no4Yu gaJi Chu tonatsuteiru^[93]. [aka] haMing ruiSe (Ming shinoYu Yuan ka), [shiro] haXian (aki)rakanaSe (Bai shinoYu Yuan ka), [awo] haMo Ran toshitaSe (Dan shinoYu Yuan ka), [kuro] haAn iSe (An shinoYu Yuan ka)woZong Cheng shita. Jin Ri demokonoTi Xi haJi Ben De niBian watsuteinai. Xie noSe *Kong noSe *Yan Se nadowoizuremo[ao] toBiao Xian surunohakokoniLi You gaaru^[94].

Wen Hua Ren Lei Xue Zhe noba-rintokeinoYan Jiu niyoreba, Zhong "noYan Yu deZui moGuang Fan niYong irareteiruJi Chu De naSe Cai Yu Hui ha[Bai ] to[Hei ] deari, Yi Xia , [Chi ] [Lu ] gaShun Ci Jia warutoiu^[95]. Ri Ben Yu noSe Cai Yu Hui mohobokonoFa Ze niHe tsuteirutoitsuteyoi.

konokotoha, Ri Ben Yu woHua suRen "ga4Se shikaShi Bie shinaitoiukotodehanai. Te Bie noSe woBiao suChang He niha, [Huang Se (Yu Yuan ha[Mu ] katoiu^[96])] [Zi Se ] [Cha Se ] [Su Fang Se ] [Qian Cong Se ] nado, Zhi Wu sonoTa noYi Ban Ming Cheng woBi Yao niYing ziteZhuan Yong suru. tadashi, korerahaJi Chu De naSe Cai Yu Hui dehanai.

Ri Ben Yu noQin Zu Yu Hui ^[97][98]ha, Bi Jiao De Dan Chun naTi Xi wonashiteiru. Ying Yu noJi Chu Yu Hui de, Tong ziQin karaSheng maretaZhe wo[brother] [sister] no2Yu nomideQu Bie surunoniBi bereba, Ri Ben Yu deha, Nan Nu *Chang You niyotsute[ani] [ane] [otouto] [imouto] no4Yu woQu Bie shi, yoriXiang shiiTi Xi dearutoieru(Gu Dai niha, Nian Shang nomi[ani] [ane] toQu Bie shi, Nian Xia ha[oto] toYi Gua shita^[97]). shikashinagara, tatoebaZhong Guo Yu noQin Zu Yu Hui toBi Jiao sureba, harukaniDan Chun dearu. Zhong Guo Yu deha, Fu Qin noFu Mu wo[Zu Fu ] [Zu Mu ] , Mu Qin noFu Mu wo[Wai Zu Fu ] [Wai Zu Mu ] toHu biFen keruga, Ri Ben Yu deha[zizi] [baba] noQu Bie shikanai. Zhong Guo Yu dehaFu noXiong Di wo[Bo ] [Shu ] , Fu noZi Mei wo[Gu ] , Mu noXiong Di wo[Jiu ] , Mu noZi Mei wo[Yi ] nadotoiuga, Ri Ben Yu deha[ozi] [oba] nomidearu. [ozi] [oba] noZi haizuremo[itoko] noMing deHu bareru. Ri Ben Yu demo, [Bo Fu (hakuhu)] [Shu Fu (shiyukuhu)] [Cong Xiong (ziyuukei)] [Cong Zi (ziyuushi)] nadonoYu woWen Zhang Yu toshiteYong irukotomoaruga, korerahaZhong Guo Yu karanoJie Yong Yu dearu.

Qin Zu Yu Hui woTa Ren niZhuan Yong suruXu Gou De Yong Fa ^{[Zhu Shi 30]}gaDuo kunoYan Yu niCun Zai suru. Li eba, Zhao Xian Yu ([abeonim] oFu Yang )*mongoruYu ([aab] Fu )dehaZun Jing suruNian Pei Nan Xing niYong iru. Ying Yu demoYi Hui nadonoChang Lao yakatoritsukuJiao Hui noShen Fu wo[father(Fu )] , Liao Mu wo[mother(Mu )] , Nan noQin You yaTong Yi Zong Pai noNan Xing wo[brother(Xiong Di )] , Nu noQin You yaXiu Dao Nu yaJian Zhi ranuNu Xing wo[sister] (Zi Mei )toHu bu. Zhong Guo Yu dehaJian Zhi ranuRuo iNan Xing *Nu Xing ni[Lao Xiong ] (oXiong san)[Da Jie ] (oZi san)toHu bikakeru, soshiteNian Chang Zhe dehaNan Xing *Nu Xing ni[Da Ye ] (Dan Na san)[Da Ma ] (Bo Mu san)toHu bikakeru. Ri Ben Yu nimokonoYong Fa gaari, Chi noTa Ren wo[oFu san] [oMu san] toHu bukotogaaru. tatoeba, Dian Yuan gaZhong Nian noNan Xing Ke ni[oFu san, saaMai tsutekudasai] noyouniYan u. huransuYu *itariaYu *denma-kuYu *chiekoYu nadonoyo-rotsupanoYan Yu deTa Ren dearuNan Xing wokonoyouniHu bukotoha, Ri Ben Yu deChi noTa Ren wo[oFu san] toHu bunogaShi Li ninariurunotoTong ziku, Shi Li nisaenarutoiu.

Yi Zu Nei deYi Fan Ruo iShi Dai karaJian taMing Cheng deZi Fen yaTa Zhe woHu bukotogaarunomoGe Guo Yu niJian rareruYong Fa dearu. Li eba, Fu Qin gaZi Fen Zi Shen woZhi shite[oFu san] toYan tsutari([oFu sangayatsuteageyou] ), Zi Fen noMu woZi karaJian taMing Cheng de[obaachiyan] toHu ndarisuruYong Fa dearu. konoYong Fa ha, Zhong Guo Yu *Zhao Xian Yu *mongoruYu *Ying Yu *huransuYu *itariaYu *denma-kuYu *chiekoYu nadowoHan meZhu Yan Yu niaru.

Ri Ben Yu noYu Hui woChu Zi karaFen Lei sureba, Da kiku, He Yu *Han Yu *Wai Lai Yu , oyobisoreragaHun zatsutaHun Zhong Yu niFen kerareru. konoyouni, Chu Zi niyotsuteFen ketaYan Xie noZhong Lei wo[Yu Zhong ] toiu. He Yu haRi Ben Gu Lai noDa He Yan Xie , Han Yu haZhong Guo Du Lai noHan Zi noYin woYong itaYan Xie , Wai Lai Yu haZhong Guo Yi Wai noTa Yan Yu karaQu riRu retaYan Xie dearu. ([Yu Hui Shi ] noJie Can Zhao ).

He Yu haRi Ben Yu noYu Hui noZhong He Bu Fen woZhan meru. [kore] [sore] [kiyou] [asu] [watashi] [anata] [Xing ku] [Lai ru] [Liang i] [E i] nadonoiwayuruJi Chu Yu Hui hahotondoHe Yu dearu. mata, [te] [ni] [wo] [ha] nadonoZhu Ci ya, Zhu Dong Ci noDa Bu Fen nado, Wen woZu miLi terutameniBi Yao naFu Shu Yu moHe Yu dearu.

Yi Fang , Chou Xiang De naGai Nian ya, She Hui noFa Zhan niBan tsuteXin taniFa Sheng shitaGai Nian woBiao sutameniha, Han Yu yaWai Lai Yu gaDuo kuYong irareru. He Yu noMing Cheng gasudeniaruShi Wu woHan Yu yaWai Lai Yu deYan iHuan erukotomoaru. [meshi] wo[Yu Fan ] [raisu] , [yadoya] wo[Lu Guan ] [hoteru] nadotoCheng surunohasonoLi dearu^[99]. konoyounaYu Zhong noYi naruTong Yi Yu niha, Wei Miao naYi Wei *niyuansunoChai Yi gaSheng mare, toriwakeHe Yu nihaYi shii, matahaBei Su naYin Xiang , Han Yu nihaGong De deZhong "shiiYin Xiang , Wai Lai Yu nihaXin shiiYin Xiang gaHan marerukotogaDuo i.

Yi Ban ni, He Yu noYi Wei haGuang ku, Han Yu noYi Wei haXia itoiwareru. tatoeba, [shidumu(shizumeru)] toiu1Yu noHe Yu ni, [Chen ] [Zhen ] [Jing ] nadoFu Shu noHan Yu noZao Yu Cheng Fen gaXiang Dang suru. [shidumu] noHan muDuo Yang naYi Wei ha, [Chen mu] [Zhen mu] [Jing mu] nadotoHan Zi woYong iteShu kiFen keruyouninari, sonoJie Guo , korerano[shidumu] gaBie "noYu toYi Shi sarerumadeninatsuta. 2Zi Yi Shang noHan Zi gaZu miHe wasatsutaHan Yu noBiao suYi Wei hatoriwakeFen Xi De dearu. tatoeba, [Ruo ] toiuZao Yu Cheng Fen ha, [Cui ] [Pin ] [Ruan ] [Bo ] nadonoCheng Fen toJie He surukotoniyori, [Cui Ruo ] [Pin Ruo ] [Ruan Ruo ] [Bo Ruo ] noyouniFen Xi De *Shuo Ming De naDan Yu woZuo ru^[100]([Yu Hui Shi ] noJie no[Han Yu noShi Li Kuo Da ] oyobi[Yu Hui noZeng Jia toPin Ci ] woCan Zhao ).

Han Yu ha, [Xue Wen ] [Shi Jie ] [Bo Shi ] nadonoyouni, Gu kuZhong Guo karaRu tsutekitaYu Hui gaDa Bu Fen woZhan merunohaWu Lun dearuga, Ri Ben Ren gaZuo tsutaHan Yu (He Zhi Han Yu )moGu Lai Duo i. Xian Dai Yu toshitemo, [Guo Li ] [Gai Zha ] [Zhao Xi ] [Ju Shi ] [Ji Da ] [Re Yan ] nadoDuo kunoHe Zhi Han Yu gaYong irareteiru^{[Zhu Shi 31]}. Han Yu haYin Du mideDu marerukotokara, Zi Yin Yu toHu bareruChang He moaru.

Wai Lai Yu ha, motonoYan Yu noYi Wei nomamadeYong irarerumonoYi Wai ni, Ri Ben Yu niRu tsutekaraDu Zi noYi Wei Bian Hua woSui gerumonogaShao nakunai. Ying Yu no "claim" ha[Dang Ran noQuan Li toshiteYao Qiu suru] noYi dearuga, Ri Ben Yu no[kure-mu] ha[Wen Ju ] noYi dearu. Ying Yu no "lunch" haZhou Shi noYi dearuga, Ri Ben noShi Tang de[ranchi] toiebaLiao Li noZhong Lei woZhi su^[101].

Wai Lai Yu woZu miHe wasete, [aisukiyande-] [saidomira-] [te-burusupi-chi] noyouniRi Ben Yu Du Zi noYu gaZuo rarerukotogaaru. mata, Dang Gai noYu Xing gaWai Guo Yu ninai[panera-] (panerisutonoYi )[purezente-ta-] (purezente-shiyonwosuruRen . purezenta-)nadonoYu Xing gaZuo rarerukotomoaru. korerawoZong Cheng shite[He Zhi Yang Yu ] , Ying Yu Xi noYu woTe ni[He Zhi Ying Yu ] toYan u.

Ri Ben Yu noYu Hui ha, Yu Gou Cheng noMian karahaDan Chun Yu toFu He Yu niFen kerukotogadekiru. Dan Chun Yu ha, [atama] [kao] [ue] [shita] [inu] [neko] noyouni, soreYi Shang Fen kerarenaitoYi Shi sareruYu dearu. Fu He Yu ha, [atamakazu] [kaonazimi] [uwakuchibiru] [inuzuki] noyouni, ikutsukanoDan Chun Yu gaHe wasatsutedekiteirutoYi Shi sareruYu dearu. nao, Shou Yu toZong Cheng sareruHan Yu ha, Ben Lai Han Zi noZi Yin woFu He sasetamonodearuga, [enpitsu(Qian Bi )] [sekai(Shi Jie )] nado, Ri Ben Yu nioiteDan Chun Yu toRen Shi sareruYu moDuo i. [Yu Zhong ] noJie deHong retaHun Zhong Yu , sunawachi, [puroYe Qiu ] [Cao Ye Qiu ] [Ri Ben shiri-zu] noyouniFu Shu noYu Zhong gaHe wasatsutaYu ha, Yu Gou Cheng noMian karahasubeteFu He Yu toiukotoninaru.

Ri Ben Yu deha, Xian rinakuChang iFu He Yu woZuo rukotogaKe Neng dearu. [Ping Cheng Shi Liu Nian Xin Xi Xian Zhong Yue Di Zhen Fei Chang Zai Hai Dui Ce Ben Bu ] [Fu Bu Si Lang Xian Sheng Ding Nian Tui Guan Ji Nian Lun Wen Ji Bian Ji Wei Yuan Hui ] toitsutaLei mo, hitotsunoChang iFu He Yu dearu. Guo Ji Xie Ding noGuan Shui Ji biMao Yi niGuan suruYi Ban Xie Ding ha, Ying Yu deha[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade] (Guan Shui toMao Yi niGuan suruYi Ban Xie Ding )deari, hitotsunoJu dearuga, Ri Ben noXin Wen deha[Guan Shui Mao Yi Yi Ban Xie Ding ] toFu He Yu deBiao Xian surukotogaaru. korehaHan Zi noJie He Li niyorutokorogaDa kiku, Zhong Guo Yu *Zhao Xian Yu nadodemoTong Yang noChang iFu He Yu woZuo ru. nao, yo-rotsupaYu woJian ruto, roshiaYu deha[chelovekonenavistnichestvo] (Ren Jian Xian i), doitsuYu deha[Naturfarbenphotographie] (Tian Ran Se Xie Zhen )nadonoChang iYu noLi woBi Jiao De Duo kuYou shi^[102], Ying Yu demo[antidisestablishmentarianism] (Guo Jiao Fei Zhi Tiao Li Fan Dui Lun . Ying Shou Xiang guratsudosutonnoZao Yu toiu^[103])nadonoYu Li gamareniaru.

Jie Ci ha, Fu He Yu woZuo rutameniWei Li woFa Hui suru. tatoeba, [Gan ] ha, [Yin Gan ] [Yu Gan ] [Ju Li Gan ] [Bu An Gan ] nadoHan Zi 2Zi *3Zi karanaruFu He Yu nominarazu, Zui Jin deha[Tou keGan ] [Huai kashiGan ] [shiyakitsutoGan ] [kichintoGan ] nadoDong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Fu Ci tonoFu He Yu woZuo ri, saraniha[{Xi noMing Qian deChu teimasu} Gan ] (=Xi noMing Qian deChu teirutoiuGan zi)noyouniWen deatsutamononiXia Jie shiteChang iFu He Yu woZuo rukotomoaru.

Ri Ben Yu noFu He Yu ha, Nan shiiYu demo, Biao Ji woJian rebaYi Wei gaFen karuChang He gaDuo i. tatoeba, Ying Yu no[apivorous] haSheng Wu Xue Zhe nishikaFen karanainoniDui shi, Ri Ben Yu no[Feng Shi Xing ] ha[Feng woShi beruXing Zhi ] dearutoTui Ce dekiru^[104]. korehaBiao Ji niHan Zi woYong iruYan Yu noTe Zheng dearu.

Xian Dai noRi Ben Yu ha, Ping Jia Ming (hiragana)*Pian Jia Ming (katakana)*Han Zi woYong ite, Xian Dai Jia Ming Qian i*Chang Yong Han Zi niJi duiteBiao Ji sarerukotogaYi Ban De dearu. arabiaShu Zi yaro-maZi (ratenWen Zi )nadomoBi Yao niYing ziteBing Yong sareru.

Zheng Shu Fa noBi Yao Xing woShuo kuZhu Zhang ^[105]ya, sonoFan Lun ^[106]gashibashibaJiao wasaretekita.

Ping Jia Ming *Pian Jia Ming ha, 2017Nian 9Yue Xian Zai dehaYi Xia no46Zi zutsugaShi wareru.

Ming Cheng	Zi Xing
Ping Jia Ming	a i u e o ka ki ku ke ko sa shi su se so ta chi tsu te to na ni nu ne no ha hi hu he ho ma mi mu me mo ya yu yo ra ri ru re ro wa wo n
Pian Jia Ming	a i u e o ka ki ku ke ko sa shi su se so ta chi tsu te to na ni nu ne no ha hi hu he ho ma mi mu me mo ya yu yo ra ri ru re ro wa wo n

konouchi, [] (Zhuo Yin Fu )oyobi[] (Ban Zhuo Yin Fu )woFu keteZhuo Yin *Ban Zhuo Yin woBiao suJia Ming moaru([Yin Yun ] noJie Can Zhao ). Ao Yin haXiao Shu kino[ya] [yu] [yo] woTian eteBiao shi, Cu Yin haXiao Shu kino[tsu] deBiao su. [tsua] [hua] noyouni, Xiao Shu kino[a] [i] [u] [e] [o] woTian eteBiao suYin moari, Bu Zhu Fu Hao toshiteChang Yin woBiao su[-] gaaru. Li Shi De Jia Ming Qian idehaShang Ji nohoka, Biao Yin haTong zidemoBiao Ji noWei u, Ping Jia Ming [wi] [we] oyobiPian Jia Ming [wi] [we] noZi gaCun Zai shi, sonoTa nimoBian Ti Jia Ming gaaru.

Han Zi ha, Ri Chang Sheng Huo nioiteBi Yao tosareru2136Zi noChang Yong Han Zi to, Zi noMing dukeniYong irareru861Zi noRen Ming Yong Han Zi ga, Fa deDing merareteiru. Shi Ji nihakoreraYi Wai nimoYi Ban niTong Yong suruHan Zi noShu haDuo itosare, Ri Ben Chan Ye Gui Ge (JIS)haJIS X 0208(Tong Cheng JISHan Zi )toshiteYue 6300Zi woDian Suan Chu Li Ke Neng naHan Zi toshiteJu geteiru. nao, Han Zi noBen Jia dearuZhong Guo nioitemoTong Yang noJi Zhun haCun Zai shi, Xian Dai Han Yu Chang Yong Zi Biao niyori, [Chang Yong Zi ] toshite2500Zi , [Ci Chang Yong Zi ] toshite1000Zi gaDing merareteiru. koreniJia e, Xian Dai Han Yu Tong Yong Zi Biao dehasarani3500Zi gaZhui Jia sareteiru.

Yi Ban De naWen Zhang deha, Shang Ji noHan Zi *Ping Jia Ming *Pian Jia Ming woJiao eteJi suhoka, arabiaShu Zi *ro-maZi nadomoBi Yao niYing ziteBing Yong suru. Ji Ben De niha, Han Yu nihaHan Zi wo, He Yu nouchiGai Nian woBiao suBu Fen (Ming Ci yaYong Yan Yu Gan nado)nihaHan Zi wo, Xing Shi De Yao Su (Zhu Ci *Zhu Dong Ci nado)yaFu Ci *Jie Sok Ci noYi Bu nihaPing Jia Ming wo, Wai Lai Yu (Han Yu Yi Wai )nihaPian Jia Ming woYong iruChang He gaDuo i. Gong De naWen Shu dehaTe niBiao Ji Fa woGui Ding shiteiruChang He moari^{[Zhu Shi 32]}, Min Jian demokoreniFang ukotogaaru. tadashi, Yan Mi naZheng Shu Fa hanaku, Biao Ji noyurehaGuang kuXu Rong sareteiru. Wen Zhang noZhong Lei yaMu De niyotsute,

• sakuranohanagasaku / sakuranoHua gaXiao ku / Ying noHua gaXiao ku

nadonoBiao Ji gaariuru.

Duo Yang naWen Zi Ti Xi woJiao eteJi suLi Dian toshite, Dan Yu nomatomarigaBa Wo shiyasuku, Su Du Xing niYou rerunadonoDian gaZhi Zhai sareru. Ri Ben Yu noDan Chun naYin Jie Gou Zao niYou Lai suruTong Yin Yi Yi Yu gaHan Zi niyotsuteQu Bie sare, katsuZi Shu moJie Yue sarerutoiuLi Dian moaru. Ji Suan Ji Ke Xue Zhe noCun Dao Ding Xing ha, Ri Ben Yu deha, Biao Yi Wen Zi toBiao Yin Wen Zi noEr Zhong noWen Zhang Biao Xian gadekirutame, Ji Yi shitari, Xiang Qi shitarisurunoniShou gakarigaDuo ku, Qing Bao Chu Li noGuan Dian karaLi Dian gaarutoZhu Zhang shiteiru^[107]. Yi Fang deZhong Guo Wen Xue Zhe noGao Dao Jun Nan ha, Han Zi noBiao Yi Xing niGuo Du niYi Cun shitaRi Ben Yu noWen Zhang ha, Ta noZi Ran Yan Yu niLei woJian naihodonoTong Yin Yi Yi Yu woYong izaruwoDe nakunari, shibashibaShi Yong noShang deZhi Zhang woLai tasukotokara, Yan Yu toshite[Dian Dao shiteiru] toPing shiteiru^[108]. Li Shi Shang , Han Zi woFei Zhi shite, Jia Ming mataharo-maZi woGuo Zi Hua shiyoutoiuZhu Zhang moatsutaga, Guang kuShi Xing sarerukotohanakatsuta^[109]([Guo Yu Guo Zi Wen Ti ] Can Zhao ). Jin Ri dehaHan Zi *Ping Jia Ming *Pian Jia Ming noJiao zeShu kigaBiao Zhun De Biao Ji noDi Wei woeteiru.

Ri Ben Yu noBiao Ji Ti Xi haZhong Yang Yu woShu kiBiao sutameniFa Da shitamonodeari, Fang Yan noYin Yun woBiao Ji surutamenihaBi zushimoShi shiteinai. tatoeba, Dong Bei Di Fang deha[Shi ] wo [kagi], [Jian ] wo [kangi] noyouniFa Yin suruga^[110], konoLiang Yu woTong Chang noJia Ming dehaShu kiFen kerarenai(akusentoCi Dian nadodeYong iruBiao Ji niyotsuteJin Si De niJi seba, [kagi] to[kanki] noyouninaru). sonotame, Fang Yan woZheng Que niWen Zi niShu kiBiao sukotogadekizu, Fang Yan woShu kiYan Xie toshiteYong irukotogaShao nakunatsuteiru.

Yan Shou Xian Qi Xian Fang Yan (kesenYu )nitsuite, Shan Pu Xuan Si niyori, Wen Fa Xing Shi woTa maetaZheng Shu Fa gaShi mirareteirutoiuyounaLi moaru^[111]. tadashi, korehaShi Yong notamenomonotoiuyoriha, Xue Shu De naShi minohitotsudearu.

Liu Qiu Yu ([Xi Tong ] Can Zhao )nioitemo, konoFang Shi woYing Yong shitaBiao Ji gaShi miraretaLi gaaru. tatoeba, Liu Ge [tensagonoHua ] (teinsagunuHua )nitsuite, Wen Fa *Yu Yuan woYi Shi shitaHan Zi kanaJiao ziriBiao Ji gaYi Xia noyouniTi Shi sareteiru.

tensagonoHua ya Zhua Xian niRan mete Qin noJi segotoya Gan niRan mere

--^[112]

konoBiao Ji Fa deha, tatoeba, [gu] [go] gadochiramo [gu] toFa Yin sareruyouni, kanaBiao Ji toFa Yin gaYi Dui Yi deDui Ying shinaiChang He gaDuo "aru. Biao Yin De niJi seba, [tinSagunu hanaja tsimidzatSini sumiti, ?ujanu juSigutuja tSimuni sumiri] noyouninarutokorodearu^{[Zhu Shi 33]}.

Han Zi Biao Ji noMian deha, Di Yu Wen Zi toiubekimonogaGe Di niCun Zai suru. tatoeba, Ming Gu Wu Shi noDi Ming [Eburi Zhong (irinaka)] nadoniShi wareru[Eburi ] ha, Ming Gu Wu toGuan Xi aruDi Yu no[Di Yu Wen Zi ] dearu. mata, [Tao ] ha[tao] [tawa] nadotoDu mareruGuo Zi de, Zhong Guo Di Fang hokadeDing Zhao shiteirutoiu^[113].

Wen ha, Mu De yaChang Mian nadoniYing zite, samazamanaYi natsutaYang Shi woCai ru. konoYang Shi nokotowo, Shu kiYan Xie (Wen Zhang )deha[Wen Ti ] toCheng shi, Hua shiYan Xie (Tan Hua )deha[Hua Ti ] ^[114]toCheng suru.

Ri Ben Yu deha, toriwakeWen Mo noZhu Dong Ci *Zhu Ci nadoniWen Ti Chai gaXian Zhu niXian reru. konokotoha, [desumasuTi ] [degozaimasuTi ] [daTi ] [dearuTi ] [arinsuYan Xie ] (Jiang Hu *Xin Ji Yuan noYou Nu noYan Xie )[teyodawaYan Xie ] (Ming Zhi Zhong Qi karaLiu Xing shitaRuo iNu Xing noYan Xie )nadonoMing Cheng niDian Xing De niBiao reteiru. sorezorenoWen Ti *Hua Ti noChai haDa kiiga, Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe ha, Fu Shu noWen Ti *Hua Ti woChang niQie riTi enagaraShi Yong shiteiru.

nao, [Wen Ti ] noYong Yu ha, Shu karetaWen Zhang dakedehanakuTan Hua nitsuitemoShi Yong sarerutame^[115], Yi Xia deha[Wen Ti ] ni[Hua Ti ] moHan meteShu beru. mata, Wen Yu Wen *Kou Yu Wen nadonitsuiteha[Wen Ti Shi ] noJie niRang ru.

Ri Ben Yu noWen Ti ha, Da kikuPu Tong Ti (Chang Ti )oyobiDing Zhu Ti (Jing Ti )no2Zhong Lei niFen kareru. Ri Ben Yu Hua Zhe haRi Chang Sheng Huo deLiang Wen Ti woShi Yi Shi iFen keru. Ri Ben Yu Xue Xi Zhe ha, Chu meniDing Zhu Ti wo, Ci niPu Tong Ti woShun Ci Xue Xi surukotogaYi Ban De dearu. Pu Tong Ti haXiang Shou woYi Shi shinaikanoyounaWen Ti dearutameDu Yu Ti toCheng shi, Ding Zhu Ti haXiang Shou woYi Shi suruWen Ti dearutameDui Hua Ti toCheng surukotomoaru^[116].

Pu Tong Ti toDing Zhu Ti noWei ihaCi noyouniXian reru.

\	Pu Tong Ti	Ding Zhu Ti
Ming Ci Wen	mousuguChun da(Chun dearu).	mousuguChun desu.
Xing Rong Dong Ci Wen	kokohaJing kada(Jing kadearu).	kokohaJing kadesu.
Xing Rong Ci Wen	Ye Shan noHua gaMei shii.	(Ye Shan noHua gaMei shiidesu. )
Dong Ci Wen	Niao gaKong woFei bu.	Niao gaKong woFei bimasu.

Pu Tong Ti deha, Wen Mo niMing Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci *Fu Ci nadogaLai ruChang He niha, [da] mataha[dearu] woFu ketaXing deJie bu. Qian Zhe woTe ni[daTi ] , Hou Zhe woTe ni[dearuTi ] toHu bukotomoaru.

Ding Zhu Ti deha, Wen Mo niMing Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci *Fu Ci nadogaLai ruChang He niha, Zhu Dong Ci [desu] woFu ketaXing deJie bu. Dong Ci gaLai ruChang He niha[masu] woFu ketaXing deJie bu. kokokara, Ding Zhu Ti wo[desumasuTi ] toHu bukotomoaru. Ding Zhu noDu He iwoyoriQiang me, [desu] noDai warini[degozaimasu] woYong itaWen Ti wo, Te ni[degozaimasuTi ] toHu bukotomoaru. Ding Zhu Ti ha, Jing Yu noMian karaiebaDing Zhu Yu woYong itaWen Ti nokotodearu. nao, Wen Mo niXing Rong Ci gaLai ruChang He nimo[desu] deJie bukotohadekiruga[Hua gaMei shikuXiao iteimasu] [Hua gaMei shiyuugozaimasu] nadotoYan i, [desu] woBi kerukotogaaru.

Tan Hua noWen Ti (Hua Ti )ha, Hua shiShou noXing Bie *Nian Ling *Zhi Ye *Chang Mian nado, Wei Xiang noWei iniyotsuteZuo You sareruBu Fen gaDa kii. [gohanwoShi betekimashita. ] toiuDing Zhu Ti ha, Hua shiShou noShu Xing niyotsute, tatoeba, Ci noyounaBian Rong gaaru.

• gohanShi betekitayo. (Zi domoyaYi Ban Ren nokudaketaWen Ti )
• meshiShi tsutekitaze. (SNSyaXue Sheng noCu Ye naWen Ti )
• Shi Shi woQu tsutemairimashita. (Cheng Ren noGai matsutaWen Ti )

konoyouniYi naruYan Xie Qian inosorezorewoWei Xiang Yu toYan i, sorezorenoChai woWei Xiang Chai toiu.

Wu Yu Zuo Pin yamedeianioite, Wei Xiang gaJi Duan nisutereotaipuHua sareteXian Shi toGuai Li shitari, aruihaShu kiShou nadogaJia Xiang De (ba-chiyaru)naWei Xiang woYi Tu De niZuo riChu shitarisuruChang He gaaru. konoyounaYan Xie Qian iwo[Yi Ge Yu ] toCheng surukotogaaru^[117]. Li ebaYi Xia noWen Ti ha, Shi Ji noXing Bie *Bo Shi *Ling Niang *Di Fang Chu Shen Zhe nadonoYi Ban De naWei Xiang woFan Ying shitamonodehanaimonono, Xiao Shuo *Man Hua *anime*doramanadode, Jia Xiang De nisorerashiiGan ziwoYu eruWen Ti toshiteGuang kuGuan Cha sareru. korehaXian Dai niShi matsutamonodehanaku, Jin Shi yaJin Dai noWen Xian nimoYi Ge Yu noLi gaRen merareru(Jia Ming Yuan Lu Wen {Xi Yang Dao Zhong Xi Li Mao } niXian reruWai Guo Ren rashiiYan Xie Qian inado).

• gohanShi betekitawayo. (Mu Shang noNu Xing )
• washiha, Shi Shi woshitekitanoziya. (Bo Shi Feng )
• watakushi, oShi Shi woitadaitemairimashiteyo. (oNiang Yang Feng )
• ora, meshiShi tsutekitadayo. (Tian Yadoru Zhe Feng )
• watashi, gohanShi betekitaaruyo. (Zhong Guo Ren Feng . Xie He Yu woCan Zhao )

Ri Ben Yu deha, Dai Yu Biao Xian gaWen Fa De *Yu Hui De naTi Xi woXing Zuo tsuteiru. toriwake, Xiang Shou niJing Yi woShi suYan Xie (Jing Yu )nioiteXian Zhu dearu.

[Jing Yu haRi Ben nishikanai] toYan warerukotogaaruga, Ri Ben toTong Yang niJing Yu gaWen Fa De *Yu Hui De Ti Xi woXing Zuo tsuteiruYan Yu toshiteha, Zhao Xian Yu *ziyawaYu *betonamuYu *chibetsutoYu *bengaruYu *tamiruYu nadogaari, Zun Jing *Qian Rang *Ding Zhu noQu Bie moaru^[118]. Zhao Xian Yu dehatatoebaDong Ci [naeda(neda)] (Chu su)ha, Jing Yu Xing [naesida(neshida)] (Chu sareru)*[naebnida(nemunida)] (Chu shimasu)noXing woChi tsu.

Jing Yu Ti Xi haWu kutomo, Jing Yi woShi suBiao Xian Zi Ti ha, samazamanaYan Yu niGuang kuGuan Cha sareru. Xiang Shou woJing i, Wu woDing Zhu niYan ukotoha, Fa Da shitaShe Hui narabadokodemoBi Yao tosareru. soushitaYan iFang woXi De surukotoha, donoYan Yu demoRong Yi denai.

Jin Tian Yi Jing Zhu nadoniyoreba, Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu noJing Yu niTe Zheng De nanohaCi no2Dian dearu.

• Xiang Dui Jing Yu dearu
• Wen Fa Ti Xi tonatsuteiru

Zhao Xian Yu nadoTa noYan Yu noJing Yu deha, tatoebaZi Fen noFu Qin haikanaruZhuang Kuang demoJing Yi Biao Xian noDui Xiang deari, Ta Ren niBi nokotowoHua suChang He mo[Si nooFu Yang ha...] toiuJue Dui De Jing Yu woYong iruga, Ri Ben Yu dehaZi Fen noShen Nei niDui suruJing Yi woTa Ren niBiao Xian surukotohaDan rare, [Si noFu ha...] noyouniBiao Xian shinakerebanaranai. tadashiHuang Shi dehaJue Dui Jing Yu gaCun Zai shi, Huang Tai Zi haZi Fen noFu Qin nokotowo[Tian Huang Bi Xia ha...] toBiao Xian suru.

donnaYan Yu moJing Yi woBiao suBiao Xian woChi tsuteiruga, Ri Ben Yu yaZhao Xian Yu nadohasoregaWen Fa Ti Xi tonatsuteirutame, Biao Xian *Yan Yu Xing Dong noarayuruBu Fen ni, Gao Du niZu Zhi Li tsutaTi Xi gaChu Lai Shang gatsuteiru^[119]. sonotame, Jing Yi noZhong Lei yaDu He iniYing zitaBiao Xian noXuan Ze Zhi gaYu meYong Yi sareteori, Chang nisoreranoZhong karaShi Qie naBiao Xian woXuan banakutehanaranai.

Yi Xia , Ri Ben Yu noJing Yu Ti Xi oyobiJing Yi Biao Xian nitsuiteShu beru.

Ri Ben Yu noJing Yu Ti Xi ha, Yi Ban ni, Da kikuZun Jing Yu *Qian Rang Yu *Ding Zhu Yu niFen Lei sareru. Wen Hua Shen Yi Hui Guo Yu Fen Ke Hui ha, 2007Nian 2Yue ni[Jing Yu noZhi Zhen ] woDa Shen shi, koreniDing Zhong Yu oyobiMei Hua Yu woHan meta5Fen Lei woShi shiteiru^[120].

Zun Jing Yu ha, Dong Zuo noZhu Ti woGao merukotode, Zhu Ti henoJing Yi woBiao suYan iFang dearu. Dong Ci ni[o(go)~ ninaru] woFu ketaXing , mata, Zhu Dong Ci [(ra)reru] woFu ketaXing nadogaYong irareru. tatoeba, Dong Ci [Qu ru] noZun Jing Xing toshite, [(Xian Sheng ga)oQu rininaru] [(Xian Sheng ga)Qu rareru] nadogaYong irareru.

Yu niyotsuteha, Te Ding noZun Jing Yu gaDui Ying surumonomoaru. tatoeba, [Yan u] noZun Jing Yu ha[otsushiyaru] , [Shi beru] noZun Jing Yu ha[Zhao shiShang garu] , [Xing ku*Lai ru*iru] noZun Jing Yu ha[iratsushiyaru] dearu.

Qian Rang Yu ha, Gu Dai karaJi Ben De niDong Zuo noKe Ti henoJing Yi woBiao suYan iFang deari, Xian Dai deha[Dong Zuo noZhu Ti woDi meru] toJie Shi suruhougayoiChang He gaaru. Dong Ci ni[o~ suru] [o~ itashimasu] (Qian Rang Yu +Ding Zhu Yu )wotsuketaXing nadogaYong irareru. tatoeba, [Qu ru] noQian Rang Xing toshite, [oQu risuru] nadogaYong irareru.

Yu niyotsuteha, Te Ding noQian Rang Yu gaDui Ying surumonomoaru. tatoeba, [Yan u] noQian Rang Yu ha[Shen shiShang geru] , [Shi beru] noQian Rang Yu ha[itadaku] , [(Xiang Shou noSuo ni)Xing ku] noQian Rang Yu ha[Si u] [Can Shang suru] [mairu] dearu.

nao, [Ye moGeng ketemairimashita] no[mairi] nado, Qian Rang Biao Xian noyoudearinagara, Shui kawoDi meteiruwakedehanaiBiao Xian gaaru. koreha, [Ye moGeng ketekita] toiuHua Ti woDing Zhong niBiao Xian surukotoniyotsute, Wen kiShou henoJing Yi woBiao sumonodearu. Gong Di Yu ha, konoBiao Xian niShi wareruYu wo, Te ni[Ding Zhong Yu ] toCheng shiteiru^[121][122]. Ding Zhong Yu nihahokani[itashi(masu)] [Shen shi(masu)] [Cun zi(masu)] [Xiao Sheng ] [Xiao She ] [Bi She ] nadogaaru. Wen Hua Shen Yi Hui no[Jing Yu noZhi Zhen ] demo, [Ming Ri karaHai Wai hemairimasu] no[mairi] noyouni, Xiang Shou tohaGuan rinonaiZi Fen Ce noDong Zuo woBiao Xian suruYan iFang woDing Zhong Yu toshiteiru.

Ding Zhu Yu ha, Wen Mo woDing Zhu nisurukotode, Wen kiShou henoJing Yi woBiao sumonodearu. Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci noZhong Zhi Xing deZhong waruChang Ti niDui shite, Ming Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci Yu Gan nadoni[desu] woFu ketaXing ([Xue Sheng desu] [kireidesu] )ya, Dong Ci ni[masu] wotsuketaXing ([Xing kimasu] [Fen karimashita] )Deng noDing Zhu Yu woYong itaWen Ti woJing Ti toiu.

Yi Ban ni, Mu Shang noRen nihaDing Zhu Yu woYong i, Tong Deng *Mu Xia noRen nihaDing Zhu Yu woYong inaitoiwareru. shikashi, Shi Ji noYan Yu Sheng Huo niZhao rashiteKao ereba, korehaShi Shi dehanai. Mu gaZi woChi rutoki, [oMu sanhamouZhi rimasenyo] toDing Zhu Yu woYong iruChang He moaru. Ding Zhu Yu gaYong irareruDuo kunoChang He ha, Jing Yi yaXie Yi noBiao Xian tosareruga, Xi niYi Bu Yin itaXin Li De naJu Li wotoroutosuruChang He moaru.

[oBian Dang ] [goFan ] nadono[o] [go] mo, Guang iYi Wei dehaDing Zhu Yu niHan mareruga, Gong Di Yu haTe ni[Mei Hua Yu ] toCheng shiteQu Bie suru^[121][122]. Xiang Shou henoDing Zhu noYi woShi sutoiuyoriha, Hua shiShou gaZi Fen noYan Xie Qian iniPei Lu shitaBiao Xian dearu. shitagatsute, [oBian Dang Shi beyouyo. ] noyouni, Ding Zhu Ti denaiWen demoMei Hua Yu woYong irukotogaaru. Wen Hua Shen Yi Hui no[Jing Yu noZhi Zhen ] demo[Mei Hua Yu ] woShe keteiru.

konoJie nihaDu Zi Yan Jiu gaHan mareteiruosoregaarimasu. Wen Ti Ge Suo woJian Zheng shiChu Dian woZhui Jia shite, Ji Shi noGai Shan nigoXie Li kudasai. Yi Lun hano-towoCan Zhao shitekudasai. (2021Nian 10Yue )

Ri Ben Yu deJing Yi woBiao Xian surutameniha, Wen Fa *Yu Hui noJing Yu Yao Su woZhi tsuteirudakedehanaoBu Shi Fen deari, Shi yaChang He nadoZhong "noYao Su niPei Lu shitaShi Qie naBiao Xian gaBi Yao dearu. korewoJing Yi Biao Xian (Jing Yu Biao Xian )toiukotogaaru^[123].

tatoeba, [Ke Chang moko-hi-wooYin mininaritaidesuka] ha, Zun Jing Biao Xian [oYin mininaru] woYong iteiruga, Jing Yi Biao Xian toshitehaShi Qie denai. Ri Ben Yu dehaXiang Shou noYi Xiang woZhi Jie De niWen kukotohaShi Li niDang tarukaradearu. [ko-hi-haikagadesuka] noyouniYan unogaShi Qie dearu. Di 22Qi Guo Yu Shen Yi Hui (2000Nian )ha, konoyounaJing Yi Biao Xian noZhong Yao Xing woTa maete, [Xian Dai She Hui niokeruJing Yi Biao Xian ] woDa Shen shita.

Wan Qu Biao Xian noYi Bu ha, Jing Yi Biao Xian toshitemoYong irareru. tatoeba, Xiang Shou niChuang woKai ketehoshiiChang He ha, Ming Ling Biao Xian niyorazuni, [Chuang woKai ketekureru?] nadotoWen ikakeBiao Xian woYong iru. aruiha, [Jin Ri haShu inee] todakeYan tsute, Chuang woKai ketehoshiiQi Chi chiwoHan Yi surukotomoaru.

Ri Ben Ren gaShang Qu Yin de[Kao esasetemoraimasu] toiuChang He haJu Jue noYi Wei dearutoYan wareru. Ying Yu demo "Thank you for inviting me."(You tsutekuretearigatou)tohaYou iwoDuan ruBiao Xian dearu. mata, Jing Du deha, Jing Du Bian deGui rigakenoKe nisonoQi ganainoni[bubuduke(oCha Zi ke)demoagatsuteoikiyasu] toAi Xiang woYan utosareru(Chu Dian haLuo Yu [Jing nobubuduke] [Jing noCha Zi ke] yorutoiu^[124]). koreraha, Xiang Shou noQi Fen woHai sanaiyouniGong Fu shitaBiao Xian toiuYi Wei deha, Guang Yi noJing Yi Biao Xian toHu bubekimonodearuga, sonoHu Xi gaFen karanaiRen tonoJian niWu Jie woZhao kuosoremoaru.

Ri Ben Yu noLi Shi haYi Ban De ni[Ri Ben Yu Shi ] (mataha[Guo Yu Shi ] )toHu bareru^{[Zhu Shi 34]}. Yi Xia nioitehaGe Fen Ye niFen Lei shiteJi Shu suru.

Mu Yin noShu ha, Nai Liang Shi Dai oyobisoreYi Qian nihaXian Zai yorimoDuo katsutatoKao erareru. Qiao Ben Jin Ji ha, Jiang Hu Shi Dai noShang Dai Te Shu Jia Ming Qian noYan Jiu woZai Ping Jia shi^[125], Ji Ji ya{Mo Xie Ji } nadonoMo Xie Jia Ming nioite[ki*hi*mi*ke*he*me*ko*so*to*no*mo*yo*ro] noBiao Ji ni2Zhong Lei noJia Ming gaCun Zai surukotowoZhi Zhai shita(Jia Lei *Yi Lei toCheng suru. [mo] ha{Gu Shi Ji } nadodakedeQu Bie sareru). Qiao Ben ha, koreranoJia Ming noQu Bie haYin Yun Shang noQu Bie niJi dukumonode, Te niMu Yin noChai niyorumonotoKao eta^[126]. Qiao Ben noShuo ha, Hou Sok noYan Jiu Zhe raniyotsute, [Mu Yin noShu gaaiueoWu tsudenaku, He Ji Ba woShu erumono^[127]] toiu8Mu Yin Shuo toShou keQu rare, Ding Shuo Hua shita^{[Zhu Shi 35]}. 8Mu Yin noQu Bie haPing An Shi Dai nihanakunari, Xian Zai noyouni5Mu Yin ninatsutatomirareru. nao, Shang Dai Ri Ben Yu noYu Hui deha, Mu Yin noChu Xian noShi Fang gauraruYu Zu yaarutaiYu Zu noMu Yin Diao He noFa Ze niLei Si shiteirutosareru(You Ban *Chi Shang Fa Ze )^[31].

[haXing ] noZi Yin ha, Nai Liang Shi Dai Yi Qian niha [p] deatsutatomirareru^[63]. sunawachi, [hana(Hua )] ha [pana](pana)noyouniFa Yin saretaKe Neng Xing gaaru. [p] haZhong Shi madenihaWu Sheng Liang Chun Mo Ca Yin [F] niBian Hua shiteitsuta^[128]. sunawachi, [hana] ha [Fana](huana)tonatsuteita. Zhong Shi Mo Qi ni, ro-maZi deDang Shi noRi Ben Yu woJi Shu shitakirishitanZi Liao gaDuo kuCan sareteiruga, sokodeha[haXing ] noWen Zi ga[fa, fi, fu, fe, fo] deZhuan Xie sareteori, Dang Shi no[haXing ] ha[hua, hui, hu, hue, huo] niJin iFa Yin deatsutakotogaFen karu. Zhong Shi Mo Qi karaJiang Hu Shi Dai nikakete, [haXing ] noZi Yin ha [F] kara [h] heYi Xing shita. tadashi, [hu] ha [F] nomamani, [hi] ha [ci] ninatsuta^[129]. Xian Dai demoYin kiSok kikonoyouniFa Yin sareteiru.

Ping An Shi Dai Yi Jiang , Yu Zhong *Yu Wei no[haXing ] Yin ga[waXing ] Yin niBian Hua suruhaXing Zhuan Hu gaQi kotsuta^[130]. tatoeba, [kaha(Chuan )] [kahi(Bei )] [kahu(Mai )] [kahe(Ti )] [kaho(Yan )] ha, soremade [kaFa] [kaFi] [kaFu] [kaFe] [kaFo] deatsutamonoga, [kawa] [kawi] [kau] [kawe] [kawo] ninatsuta. [haha(Mu )] mo, kirishitanZi Liao deha[faua] (hawa)toJi saretaLi gaarunado, Ta noYu toTong Yang nihaXing Zhuan Hu gaQi kotsuteitakotogaZhi rareru.

konoyouni, [haXing ] Zi Yin haYu Tou deoomune [p] - [F] - [h], Yu Zhong de [p] - [F] - [w] toChun Yin gaShuai Tui suruFang Xiang deTui Yi shita. mata, Guan Xi de[u] woChun woWan meteFa Yin suru(Yuan Chun Mu Yin )noniDui shi, Guan Dong dehaChun woWan mezuniFa Yin suruga, koremoChun Yin Tui Hua noLi totoraerukotogadekiru.

[yaXing ] no[e] ([je]) noYin gaGu Dai niCun Zai shitakotoha, [aXing ] no[e] noJia Ming toBie noWen Zi deShu kiFen kerareteitakotokaraMing rakadearu^[130]. Ping An Shi Dai Chu Qi niCheng Li shitatoJian rareru[Tian Di noCi ] niha[e] ga2tsuHan mareteori, [aXing ] to[yaXing ] noQu Bie woShi sumonotoKao erareru. konoQu Bie ha10Shi Ji noQing nihanakunatsuteitatomirare^[130], 970Nian Cheng Li no{Kou You } niShou Lu sareru[Da Wei Er noGe ] deha[aXing ] no[e] shikanai. konoQing niha[aXing ] to[yaXing ] no[e] noFa Yin hatomoni [je] ninatsuteita.

[waXing ] ha, [wa] woChu ite[aXing ] tonoHe Liu gaQi kita.

Ping An Shi Dai Mo Qing niha,

1. [i] to[wi] (oyobiYu Zhong *Yu Wei no[hi] )
2. [e] to[we] (oyobiYu Zhong *Yu Wei no[he] )
3. [o] to[wo] (oyobiYu Zhong *Yu Wei no[ho] )

gaTong Yi niGui shita. 3gaTong Yin ninatsutanoha11Shi Ji Mo Qing , 1to2gaTong Yin ninatsutanoha12Shi Ji Mo Qing toKao erareteiru. Teng Yuan Ding Jia no{Xia Guan Ji } (13Shi Ji )deha[o] *[wo] , [i] *[wi] *[hi] , [e] *[we] *[he] noJia Ming noShu kiFen kegaWen Ti ninatsuteiru.

Dang Shi noFa Yin ha, 1haXian Zai no [i](i), 2ha [je](ie), 3ha [wo](uo)noyoudeatsuta.

3gaXian Zai noyouni [o](o)ninatsutanohaJiang Hu Shi Dai deatsutatomirareru^[131]. 18Shi Ji no{Yin Qu Yu Yuan Ji } deha, [o] [wo] wo[uo] toFa Yin shinaiyouniShuo iteiru.

2gaXian Zai noyouni [e](e)ninatsutanoha, Xin Jing Bai Shi {Dong Ya } Zong Lun noJi Shu karasurebaZao kutomoYuan Lu Xiang Bao Qing (17Shi Ji Mo kara18Shi Ji Chu Tou )Yi Jiang ^[132], {Ou Qu Ying Hua Chao } noJi Shu karasureba18Shi Ji Zhong Xie Qing tomirareru^[133].

[gaXing ] noZi Yin ha, Yu Zhong *Yu Wei dehaiwayuruBi Zhuo Yin (gaXing Bi Yin )no [ng] deatsuta. Bi Zhuo Yin ha, Jin Dai niRu tsuteJi Su niShi Li woShi i, Yu Tou toTong ziPo Lie Yin no [g] matahaMo Ca Yin no [g] niQu tsuteDai wararetsutsuaru. Jin Ri , Bi Zhuo Yin woBiao Ji suruShi ha, [kaXing ] noWen Zi niBan Zhuo Dian woFu shite[kakami(Jing )] noyouniShu kukotomoaru.

[zi*di] [zu*du] noSi tsuJia Ming ha, Shi Ting Shi Dai Qian Qi noJing Du dehasorezore [zi], [dji], [zu], [du] toFa Yin sareteitaga, 16Shi Ji Chu meQing ni[chi] [di] gaKou Gai Hua shi, [tsu] [du] gaPo Ca Yin Hua shitaJie Guo , [di] [du] noFa Yin gasorezore [dzi], [dzu] tonari, [zi] [zu] noYin niJin duita. 16Shi Ji Mo nokirishitanZi Liao dehasorezore[ji*gi] [zu*zzu] nadoYi naruro-maZi deBiao sareteori, Dang Shi hamadaFa Yin noQu Bie gaatsutakotogaFen karuga, Dang Shi Ji niHun Tong gaShi matsuteitakotomoJi Lu sareteiru^[131]. 17Shi Ji Mo Qing nihaFa Yin noQu Bie haJing Du dehahoboXiao Mie shitatoKao erareteiru(Jin moQu Bie shiteiruFang Yan moaru^[61]). [se*ze] ha[xe*je] deBiao Ji sareteori, Xian Zai no[shie*zie] niDang taru [ce], [ze] deatsutakotomoFen katsuteiru. Guan Dong dehaShi Ting Shi Dai Mo nisudeni [se], [ze] noFa Yin deatsutaga, korehayagateXi Ri Ben nimoGuang gari, 19Shi Ji Zhong Qing nihaJing Du demoYi Ban Hua shita. Xian Zai haDong Bei yaJiu Zhou nadonoYi Bu ni [ce], [ze] gaCan tsuteiru.

Ping An Shi Dai kara, Fa Yin woJian Bian nisurutameniDan Yu noYin woBian eruYin Bian Xian Xiang gaShao shizutsuJian rareruyouninatsuta. [Ci (tsu)gite] wo[Ci ide] tosurunadonoiYin Bian , [Xiang (kuha)shikusu] wo[Xiang shiusu] tosurunadonouYin Bian , [Fa (ta)chite] wo[Fa tsute] tosurunadonoCu Yin Bian , [Fei bite] wo[Fei nde] tosurunadonoBo Yin Bian gaXian reta. {Yuan Shi Wu Yu } nimo, [imiziku] wo[imiziu] tosurunadonouYin Bian gaDuo ku, mata, Shao Shu nagara[Ku shiki] wo[Ku shii] tosurunadonoiYin Bian noLi moJian Chu sareru^[134]. Lian Cang Shi Dai Yi Jiang ninaruto, Yin Bian haKou Yu dehaSheng nniYong irareruyouninatsuta.

Zhong Shi niha, [Chai shite] wo[Chai ite] , [Xie mite] wo[Xie ude] , [Ji bite] wo[Ji ude] nadonoyouni, Gong Tong Yu nihanaiYin Bian Xing gaSheng nniJian rareta. koretoTong Yang noXian Xiang ha, Jin Ri demoYi Bu noFang Yan niJian rareru^[135].

Lian Cang Shi Dai *Shi Ting Shi Dai nihaLian Sheng (renziyou)noQing Xiang gaSheng nninatsuta. Bo Yin matahaCu Yin noCi niLai taMu Yin *Ban Mu Yin ga[naXing ] Yin *[maXing ] Yin *[taXing ] Yin niBian waruXian Xiang de, tatoeba, Yin Xing ha[gin] +[an] de[ginnan] , Xue Yin ha[setsu] +[in] de[setsuchin] tonaru. Zhu Ci [ha] (wa)toQian noBu Fen togaLian Sheng woQi kosuto, [Ren Jian ha] -[ningenna] , [Jin Ri ha] -[konnitsuta] tonatsuta.

mata, konoShi Dai niha, [Zhong Yang ] no[Yang ] nado[au] [au] noYin gaHe shiteChang Mu Yin [o:] ninari, [Ying Dui ] no[Ying ] nado[ou] [ou] noYin ga [o:] ninatsuta([kau] [kou] nadoTou Zi Yin gaFu itaChang He moTong Yang )^[131]. Kou woyayaKai keruQian Zhe woKai Yin , Kou wosubomeruHou Zhe woHe Yin toHu bu. mata, [iu] [iu], [eu] [eu] nadonoEr Zhong Mu Yin ha, [ju:], [jo:] toiuAo Chang Yin niBian Hua shita. [Kai He ] noQu Bie haCi Di niLuan re, Jiang Hu Shi Dai nihaHe Yi shiteJin Ri no [o:](o-)ninatsuta. Jing Du deha, Yi Ban noHua shiYan Xie deha17Shi Ji niKai He noQu Bie haShi wareta^[131]. shikashiFang Yan niyotsutehaJin moKai He noQu Bie gaCan tsuteirumonomoaru^[61].

Han Yu gaRi Ben deYong irareruyouninaruto, Gu Lai noRi Ben niWu katsutaHe Ao Yin [kuwa*guwa] [kuwi*guwi] [kuwe*guwe] noYin gaFa Yin sareruyouninatsuta^[131]. koreraha [kwa] [gwe] nadotoiuFa Yin deari, [kikuwai(Qi Guai )] [honguwan(Ben Yuan )] [henguwe(Bian Hua )] noyouniYong irareta. Dang Chu haWai Lai Yin noYi Shi gaQiang katsutaga, Ping An Shi Dai Yi Jiang haPu Duan noRi Ben Yu niYong irareruyouninatsutatomirareru^[136]. tadashi[kuwi*guwi] [kuwe*guwe] noShou Ming haDuan ku, 13Shi Ji niha[ki*gi] [ke*ge] niTong He sareta. [kuwa] [guwa] haZhong Shi woTong ziteShi wareteitaga, Shi Ting Shi Dai nihasudeni[ka*ga] tonoJian deHun Tong gaShi matsuteita. Jiang Hu Shi Dai nihaHun Tong gaJin ndeiki, Jiang Hu deha18Shi Ji Zhong Qing nihaZhi Yin no[ka*ga] gaYi Ban Hua shita. tadashiYi Bu noFang Yan nihaJin moCan tsuteiru^[61].

Han Yu haPing An Shi Dai Qing madehaYuan Yu dearuZhong Guo Yu niJin kuFa Yin sare, Ri Ben Yu noYin Yun Ti Xi tohaBie Ge nomonotoYi Shi sareteita. Ru Sheng Yun Wei no [-k], [-t], [-p], Bi Yin Yun Wei no [-m], [-n], [-ng] nadomoYuan Yin nikanariZhong Shi niFa Yin sareteitatoJian rareru. Lian Cang Shi Dai nihaHan Zi Yin noRi Ben Yu Hua gaJin Xing shi, [ng] hauniTong He sare, Yun Wei no [-m] to [-n] noHun Tong mo13Shi Ji niYi Ban Hua shi, Bo Yin no /n/ niTong He sareta. Ru Sheng Yun Wei no [-k] haKai Yin Jie Hua shiteki, kutoFa Yin sareruyouninari, [-p] mo [-Fu](hu)woJing teudeFa Yin sareruyouninatsuta. [-t] haKai Yin Jie Hua shitachi, tsunoXing moXian retaga, Zi Yin Zhong warino [-t] noXing mo17Shi Ji Mo madeBing Cun shiteShi wareteita. Shi Ting Shi Dai Mo Qi nokirishitanZi Liao niha, [butmet] (Fo Mie ), [bat] (Fa )nadonoYu Xing gaJi Lu sareteiru. Jiang Hu Shi Dai niRu rutoKai Yin Jie noXing gaWan Quan niYi Ban Hua shita.

Jin Dai Yi Jiang niha, Wai Guo Yu (Te niYing Yu )noYin noYing Xiang deXin shiiYin gaShi wareShi meta. Bi Jiao De Yi Ban Hua shita[shie*chie*tsua*tsue*tsuo*tei*hua*hui*hue*huo*zie*dei*d eyu] nadonoYin niJia e, Chang He niyotsuteha, [ie*ui*ue*uo*kua*kui*kue*kuo*tsui*tou*gua*dou*teyu*huyu] nadonoYin moShi wareru^[137]. koreraha, Zi Yin *Mu Yin nosorezorewoQu tsutemireba, Cong Lai noRi Ben Yu niatsutamonodearu. [vua*vui*vu*vue*vuo*vuyu] noyouni, koremadeWu katsutaYin ha, Shu kiYan Xie dehaShu kiFen ketemo, Shi Ji niFa Yin sarerukotohaShao nai.

Dong Ci noHuo Yong Zhong Lei ha, Ping An Shi Dai niha9Zhong Lei deatsuta. sunawachi, Si Duan *Shang Yi Duan *Shang Er Duan *Xia Yi Duan *Xia Er Duan *kaBian *saBian *naBian *raBian niFen kareteita. koregaShi Dai totomoniTong He sare, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niha5Zhong Lei niJian tsuta. Shang Er Duan haShang Yi Duan ni, Xia Er Duan haXia Yi Duan nisorezoreTong He sare, naBian ([Si nu] nado)*raBian ([You ri] nado)haSi Duan niTong He sareta. koreranoBian Hua ha, Gu Dai karaZhong Shi nikaketeGe Bie De niQi kotsutaLi moaruga, Xian Zhu ninatsutanohaJiang Hu Shi Dai niRu tsutekaranokotodearu. tadashi, naBian haJin Dai niRu tsutemonaoShi Yong sarerukotogaatsuta.

konouchi, Zui moGui Mo noDa kinaBian Hua haEr Duan Huo Yong noYi Duan Hua dearu. Er Duan -Yi Duan noTong He ha, Shi Ting Shi Dai Mo Qi noJing Ban Di Fang deha, madamaredeatsuta(Guan Dong dehaBi Jiao De Zao kuWan Liao shita). soredemo, Jiang Hu Shi Dai Qian Qi nihaJing Ban demoJian rareruyouninari, Hou Qi nihaYi Ban Hua shita^[138]. sunawachi, Jin Ri no[Qi kiru] ha, Ping An Shi Dai niha[ki*ki*ku*kuru*kure*kiyo] noyouni[ki*ku] no2Duan niHuo Yong shitaga, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niha[ki*ki*kiru*kiru*kire*kiyo(kiro)] noyouni[ki] no1Duan dakedeHuo Yong suruyouninatsuta. mata, Jin Ri no[Ming keru] ha, Ping An Shi Dai niha[ke*ku] no2Duan niHuo Yong shitaga, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niha[ke] no1Duan dakedeHuo Yong suruyouninatsuta. shikamo, konoBian Hua noGuo Cheng deha, Zhong Zhi *Lian Ti Xing noHe Yi gaQi kotsuteirutame, Lian Cang *Shi Ting Shi Dai Qing niha, Qian Hou noShi Dai tohaYi natsutaHuo Yong noShi Fang ninatsuteiru. Ci niShi Dai gotonoHuo Yong woDui Zhao shitaBiao woJie geru.

Xian Dai noYu Xing	Shi Dai	Yu Gan	Wei Ran	Lian Yong	Zhong Zhi	Lian Ti	Yi Ran	Ming Ling
Qi kiru	Ping An	o	ki	ki	ku	kuru	kure	kiyo
	Shi Ting		ki	ki	kuru	kuru	kure	kiyo
	Jiang Hu		ki	ki	kiru	kiru	kire	kiyo(kiro)
Ming keru	Ping An	a	ke	ke	ku	kuru	kure	keyo
	Shi Ting		ke	ke	kuru	kuru	kure	keyo
	Jiang Hu		ke	ke	keru	keru	kere	keyo(kero)
Si nu	Ping An	shi	na	ni	nu	nuru	nure	ne
	Shi Ting ~ Jin Dai		na	ni	nuru	nuru	nure	ne
			na	ni	nu	nu	ne	ne
You ru	Ping An	a	ra	ri	ri	ru	re	re
	Shi Ting		ra	ri	ru	ru	re	re
	Jiang Hu		ra	ri	ru	ru	re	re

Xing Rong Ci ha, Ping An Shi Dai niha[ku*ku*shi*ki*kere(kara*kari*karu*kare)] noyouniHuo Yong shitakuHuo Yong to, [shiku*shiku*shi*shiki*shikere(shikara*shikari*shikaru*shika re)] noshikuHuo Yong gaCun Zai shita. konoQu Bie ha, Zhong Zhi *Lian Ti Xing noHe Yi totomoniXiao Mie shi, Xing Rong Ci noHuo Yong Zhong Lei haYi tsuninatsuta.

Jin Ri deha, Wen Fa Yong Yu noShang de, Si Duan Huo Yong gaWu Duan Huo Yong (Shi Zhi De nihaTong zi)toCheng sare, Yi Ran Xing gaJia Ding Xing toCheng sareruyouninatsutamonono, Huo Yong noZhong Lei oyobiHuo Yong Xing haJi Ben De niJiang Hu Shi Dai toTong Yang dearu.

konoJie haJian Zheng Ke Neng naCan Kao Wen Xian yaChu Dian gaQuan kuShi sareteinaika, Bu Shi Fen desu. Chu Dian woZhui Jia shiteJi Shi noXin Lai Xing Xiang Shang nigoXie Li kudasai. (konotenpure-tonoShi iFang ) Chu Dian Jian Suo ?: "Ri Ben Yu " - niyu-su * Shu Ji * sukara- * CiNii * J-STAGE * NDL * dlib.jp * ziyapansa-chi * TWL (2021Nian 10Yue )

katsutenoRi Ben Yu niha, Xi riJie bitoCheng sareruWen Fa Gui Ze gaatsuta. Wen Zhong noTe Ding noYu wo[zo] [namu] [ya] [ka] [koso] nadonoXi Zhu Ci deShou ke, katsumata, Wen Mo woLian Ti Xing ([zo] [namu] [ya] [ka] noChang He )matahaYi Ran Xing ([koso] noChang He )deJie bumonodearu(Nai Liang Shi Dai niha, [koso] moLian Ti Xing deJie nda).

Xi riJie biwodouYong irukaniyotsute, Wen Quan Ti noYi Wei niMing Que naWei igaChu ta. tatoeba, [Shan Li ha, Dong , Ji shisaZeng sarikeri] toiuWen nioite, [Dong ] toiuYu wo[zo] deShou keruto, [Shan Li haDong zoJi shisaZeng sarikeru] ({Gu Jin Ji } )toiuXing ninari, [Shan Li deJi shisagaZeng sunoha, hokademonaiDong da] toGao Zhi suruWen ninaru. mataJia ni, [Shan Li ] wo[zo] deShou keruto, [Shan Li zoDong haJi shisaZeng sarikeru] toiuXing ninari, [Dong niJi shisagaZeng sunoha, hokademonaiShan Li da] toGao Zhi suruWen ninaru.

tokoroga, Zhong Shi niha, [zo] [koso] nadonoXi Zhu Ci haCi Di niXing Shi Hua noDu He iwoQiang me, Dan niShang noYu woQiang Diao suruYi Wei shikaChi tanakunatsuta. sounaruto, Xi Zhu Ci woShi tsutemo, Wen Mo woLian Ti Xing matahaYi Ran Xing deJie banaiLi moJian rareruyouninaru. mata, Ni ni, Xi Zhu Ci woShi wanainoni, Wen Mo gaLian Ti Xing deJie bareruLi moDuo kunatsutekuru. koushite, Xi riJie bihaCi Di niBeng Huai shiteitsuta.

Jin Ri noKou Yu Wen niha, Gui Ze De naXi riJie bihaCun Zai shinai. tadashi, [Pin Fa dekosoare, Bi haXin Bao Qiang i] [Jin muDao kosoWei e, Kao eFang haTong zi] noyounaXing deHua Shi De niCan tsuteiru.

Huo Yong Yu nouchi, Si Duan Huo Yong Yi Wai noDong Ci *Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci oyobiDuo kunoZhu Dong Ci ha, Ping An Shi Dai niha, Zhong Zhi Xing toLian Ti Xing togaYi naruXing Tai woCai tsuteita. tatoeba, Dong Ci ha[Dui Mian su. ] (Zhong Zhi Xing )to[Dui Mian suru(toki)] (Lian Ti Xing )noyoudeatsuta. tokoroga, Xi riJie binoXing Shi Hua totomoni, Shang niXi Zhu Ci ganainoniWen Mo woLian Ti Xing Zhi me([Dui Mian suru. ] )nisuruLi gaDuo kuJian rareruyouninatsuta. tatoeba, {Yuan Shi Wu Yu } niha,

sukoshiLi chiChu detsutsuJian watashitamaheba, Gao kiSuo nite, kokokashiko, Seng Fang domoarahaniJian orosaruru.

--{Yuan Shi Wu Yu } Ruo Zi Juan ^[139]

nadonoYan iFang gaaruga, Ben Lai naraba[Jian orosaru] noXing deZhong Zhi subekimonodearu. konoyounaLi ha, Zhong Shi nihaYi Ban Hua shita. sonoJie Guo , Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci oyobiZhu Dong Ci ha, Xing Tai Shang , Lian Ti Xing toZhong Zhi Xing tonoQu Bie ganakunatsuta.

Xing Rong Dong Ci ha, Zhong Zhi Xing *Lian Ti Xing Huo Yong Yu Wei gatomoni[naru] ninari, saraniYu Xing Bian Hua woQi koshite[na] tonatsuta. tatoeba, [Xin Lao nari] ha, Zhong Zhi Xing *Lian Ti Xing tomo[Xin Lao na] tonatsuta. motsutomo, Zhong Zhi Xing niha, mushiro[nitearu] karaLai ta[diya] gaYong irarerukotogaPu Tong deatsuta. shitagatsute, Zhong Zhi Xing ha[Xin Lao diya] , Lian Ti Xing ha[Xin Lao na] noyouninatsuta. [diya] haZhu toshiteShang Fang deYong irare, Dong Guo deha[da] gaYong irareta. Jin Ri noGong Tong Yu moDong Guo Yu noXi Tong woYin iteori, Zhong Zhi Xing Yu Wei ha[da] , Lian Ti Xing Yu Wei ha[na] tonatsuteiru. konokotoha, Yong Yan noHuo Yong niLian Ti Xing *Zhong Zhi Xing noLiang Xing woQu Bie subekiGen Ju noYi tsutonatsuteiru.

Wen Yu noZhong Zhi Xing gaHua Shi De niCan tsuteiruChang He moaru. Wen Yu noZhu Dong Ci [tari] [nari] noZhong Zhi Xing ha, Jin Ri demoBing Li Zhu Ci toshiteCan ri, [Xing tsutariLai tari] [Da nariXiao nari] toitsutaXing deShi wareteiru.

Jin Ri , [Han Zi gaShu keru] [Jiu gaYin meru] nadotoYong iru, iwayuruKe Neng Dong Ci ha, Shi Ting Shi Dai nihaFa Sheng shiteita. konoShi Qi niha, [Du mu] kara[Du muru] (=Du mukotogadekiru)ga, [Chi tsu] kara[Chi tsuru] (=Chi tsukotogadekiru)gaZuo rarerunado, Si Duan Huo Yong noDong Ci woYuan nishite, Ke Neng woBiao suXia Er Duan Huo Yong noDong Ci gaZuo rareShi meta. koreranoDong Ci ha, yagateYi Duan Hua shite, [Du meru] [Chi teru] noyounaYu Xing deYong irareruyouninatsuta^{[Zhu Shi 36]}. koreranoKe Neng Dong Ci ha, Jiang Hu Shi Dai Qian Qi noShang Fang demoYong irare, Hou Qi noJiang Hu dehaPu Tong niShi wareruyouninatsuta^[140].

Cong Lai noRi Ben Yu nimo, [(Dao wo)Ba kuShi ] niDui shite[(Dao gaZi Ran ni)Ba kuruShi (Ba keruShi )] noyouni, Si Duan Dong Ci no[Ba ku] toXia Er Duan Dong Ci no[Ba ku] (Ba keru)togaDui Ying suruLi haDuo kuCun Zai shita. konoChang He , Hou Zhe ha, [Zi Ran nisounaru] toiuZi Ran Sheng Qi (Zi Fa )woBiao shita. sokokaraLei Tui shitaJie Guo , [Wen Zi woDu mu] niDui shite[Wen Zi gaDu muru(Du meru)] nadonoKe Neng Dong Ci gaChu Lai Shang gatsutamonotoKao erareru.

Jin Dai Yi Jiang , toriwakeDa Zheng Shi Dai Yi Jiang niha, konoYu Fa woSi Duan Dong Ci nominarazuYi Duan Dong Ci nimoJi bosu, iwayuru[raBa kiYan Xie ] gaGuang gariShi meta^{[Zhu Shi 37]}. [Jian rareru] wo[Jian reru] , [Shi berareru] wo[Shi bereru] , [Lai rareru] wo[Lai reru] , [Ju (i)rareru] wo[Ju (i)reru] toiuLei dearu. konoYu Fa ha, Di Fang niyotsutehaZao kuYi Ban Hua shi, Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Hou nihaQuan Guo De niXian Zhu ninatsuteiru.

Shou keShen noBiao Xian nioite, Ren Wu Yi Wai gaZhu Yu ninaruLi ha, Jin Dai Yi Qian nihaFa shii. motomoto, Ri Ben Yu noShou keShen Biao Xian ha, Zi Fen noYi Zhi dehadounimonaranai[Zi Ran Sheng Qi ] noYong Fa noYi Zhong deatsuta^[141]. shitagatsute, Wu gaShou keShen Biao Xian noZhu Yu ninarukotohahotondonakatsuta. {Zhen Cao Zi } no[nikukimono] ni

suzuriniFa noRu ritesuraretaru. (suzuriniFa gaRu tsutesurareteiru)

--{Zhen Cao Zi } ^[142]

toaruLi nadoha, Shou keShen Biao Xian toJie surukotomodekiruga, mushiroZi Ran noZhuang Tai woGuan Cha shiteShu betamonotoiubekimonodearu. Yi Fang , [konoQiao haDuo kunoRen "niyotsuteZao rareta] [Yuan Shi Wu Yu haZi Shi Bu niyotsuteShu kareta] noyounaYan iFang ha, Gu kuhaCun Zai shinakatsutatoJian rareru. koreranoShou keShen ha, Zhuang Tai woBiao sumonodehanaku, Shi Wu gaRen karaDong kiGua kewoShou ketakotowoBiao sumonodearu.

[konoQiao haDuo kunoRen "niyotsuteZao rareta] Shi noShou keShen ha, Ying Yu nadonoOu Wen Mo woQu riRu reruZhong deGuang kuYong irareruyouninatsutatoJian rareru^[143]. Ming Zhi Shi Dai niha

Min Zi noMu noZhou Wei nihaYe Ju gaYi Mian niZhi erareta.

--Yi Teng Zuo Qian Fu {Ye Ju noMu } 1906Nian

noyounaOu Wen Feng noShou keShen gaYong irareteiru.

Han Zi (Zhong Guo Yu noYu Hui )gaRi Ben Yu noZhong niRu riShi metanohakanariGu ku, Wen Xian noShi Dai nisakanoborutoKao erareru. Jin Ri He Yu toXi wareru[ume(Mei )] [uma(Ma )] nadomo, Yuan "haHan Yu karanoJie Yong Yu deatsutaKe Neng Xing gaZhi Zhai sareteiruga, korerahaZhong Guo Yu noGu iShi Dai noYin (Shang Gu Yin naishisorewoShou keJi guFang Yan Yin )woFan Ying shiteirutomirare, Hou noShi Dai niChuan Lai shitaWu Yin yaHan Yin tohaFa Yin gaYi naru^[29].

Zhong Guo noWen Wu *Si Xiang noLiu Ru yaFo Jiao noPu Ji nadonitsurete, Han Yu haXu "niYi Ban noRi Ben Yu niQu riRu rerareteitsuta. Lian Cang Shi Dai Zui Mo Qi no{Tu Ran Cao } deha, Han Yu Ji biHun Zhong Yu (Han Yu toHe Yu noHun Jiao )ha, Yi nariYu Shu (Wen Zhong noTong Yi Yu woYi Du shikakauntoshinai)deQuan Ti no31%woZhan meruniZhi tsuteiru. tadashi, Yan beYu Shu (Tong Yi Yu woHe Du demokauntosuru)deha13%niGuo gizu, Yu Hui noDa Duo Shu haHe Yu gaZhan meru^[144]. Mu Mo noHe Ying Ci Dian {He Ying Yu Lin Ji Cheng } noJian Chu shiYu demo, Han Yu hanao25%hodoniZhi matsuteiru^[145].

Han Zi gayokuShi wareruyouninatsutanohaMu Mo karaMing Zhi Shi Dai nikaketedearu. [Dian Xin ] [Tie Dao ] [Zheng Dang ] [Zhu Yi ] [Zhe Xue ] sonoTa , Xi Yang noWen Wu woHan Yu niyoriFan Yi shita(Xin Han Yu . Gu Dian Zhong Guo Yu ninaiYu woTe niHe Zhi Han Yu toiu). Mu Mo no{Du Bi Xin Wen } noJi Shi niyoreba, Jing Du Zhi Yuan noYun Zhe moHan Yu woHao mi, [Lin Yu niPen Chi noJin Yu gaTuo Zou shi, Huo Bo gaYin Xun shitewiru] (Chang Yu deChi gaahureteJin Yu gadokokaheXing tsuta, Huo Bo noHuo ganakanakatsukanai)nadotoYan tsuteitatoiu^[146].

Han Zi haJin moDuo kuShi wareteiru. Za Zhi Diao Cha deha, Yan beYu Shu *Yi nariYu Shu tomoniHe Yu woShang Hui ri, Quan Ti noBan Shu Jin kuniJi bumadeninatsuteiru^[147][148]([Yu Zhong ] Can Zhao ).

Han Zi woChu ki, Ta Yan Yu noYu Hui woJie Yong surukotoha, Gu Dai nihasorehodoDuo kunakatsuta. konouchi, Fan Yu noYu Hui ha, Duo kuHan Yu niQu riRu reraretaHou ni, Fo Jiao toGong niRi Ben niChuan erareta. [Suo Po ] [Tan Na ] [Man Tu Luo ] nadogasonoLi dearu. mata, Jin Ri dehaHe Yu toXi wareru[hotoke(Fo )] [kawara(Wa )] nadomoFan Yu You Lai dearutosareru^[143].

Xi Yang Yu gaShu Ru sareShi metanoha, Zhong Shi nikirishitanXuan Jiao Shi gaLai Ri shitaShi Qi Yi Jiang dearu. Shi Ting Shi Dai niha, porutogaruYu kara[kasutera] [konpeitou] [sarasa] [ziyuban] [tabako] [bateren] [biro-do] nadonoYu gaQu riRu rerareta. [meriyasu] nadoYi Bu supeinYu moYong irareta. Jiang Hu Shi Dai nimo, [katsupa(He Yu )] [karuta] [chiyotsuki] [pan] [botan] nadonoporutogaruYu , [enishida] nadonosupeinYu gaYong irareruyouninatsuta.

mata, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niha, Lan Xue nadonoXing Long totomoni, [aruko-ru] [ereki] [garasu] [ko-hi-] [so-da] [dontaku] nadonoorandaYu gaChuan erareta^[149].

Mu Mo karaMing Zhi Shi Dai Yi Hou niha, Ying Yu woZhong Xin tosuruWai Lai Yu gaJi Zeng shita. [sutenshiyon(Yi )] [teregarahu(Dian Xin )] nado, Jin Ri dehaPu Tong Shi warenaiYu de, Dang Shi Yi Ban niShi wareteitamonomoatsuta. Ping Nei Xiao Yao {Dang Shi Shu Sheng Qi Zhi } (1885) nihaShu Sheng noserihunoZhong ni[Wo Bei noShi Ji (uotsuchi)dehamadaShi Fen (tenminitsu)Wei arukara, Ji iteXing kiyotsutara, Da Zhang Fu diyarau] [Xiang huniYou Dai tohaDun Ci (puretekisuto)de, Qi (sebun)[=Zhi Wu ] heDian (poun)shitaYu (ka), Mai (seru)shitaniXiang Wei nai] nadotoiuYing Yu gaDuo kuChu tekuru. konoyounaYu nouchi, Ri Ben Yu toshiteDing Zhao shitaYu moDuo i.

Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan gaJi shikunarunitsurete, Wai Lai Yu woJin Zhi matahaZi Su suruFeng Chao moQi kotsutaga, Zhan Hou haamerikaFa noWai Lai Yu gaBao Fa De niDuo kunatsuta. Xian Zai deha, Bao Dao *Jiao Tong Ji Guan *Tong Xin Ji Shu noFa Da niyori, Xin shiiWai Lai Yu gaShun Shi niGuang maruZhuang Kuang gaSheng mareteiru. Za Zhi Diao Cha deha, Yi nariYu Shu deWai Lai Yu ga30%woChao erutoiuJie Guo gaChu teori^[148], Xian Dai Yu Hui noZhong deQian kukotonodekinaiCun Zai tonatsuteiru([Yu Zhong ] Can Zhao ).

Han Yu gaRi Ben Yu niQu riRu reraretaJie Guo , Ming Ci *saBian Dong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci noYu Hui gaTe niZeng Da surukotoninatsuta. Han Yu haHuo Yong shinaiYu deari, Ben Zhi De nihaTi Yan (Ming Ci )toshiteQu riRu reraretaga^[150], [su] wotsukerebasaBian Dong Ci (Li , Qi Nian su), [nari] wotsukerebaXing Rong Dong Ci (Li , Shen Miao nari)toshiteYong irukotogadekita.

Han Yu niyori, Yan Mi naGai Nian woJian Jie niBiao Xian surukotogaKe Neng ninatsuta. Yi Ban ni, He Yu haYi Yu gaGuang iYi Wei deShi wareru^[151]. tatoeba, [toru] toiuDong Ci ha, [Zi Ge wotoru] [Rong Yang wotoru] [Xie Ye wotoru] [Xin Ren wotoru] [Ying Hua wotoru] noyouniYong irareru. tokoroga, Han Yu woYong ite, [Qu De suru(Qu De su)] [She Qu suru] [Cai Qu suru] [Cai Yong suru] [Cuo Ying suru] nadoto, samazamanasaBian Dong Ci deQu Bie shiteBiao Xian surukotogadekiruyouninatsuta. mata, Ri Ben Yu no[kiyoi(kiyoshi)] toiuXing Rong Ci haYi Wei gaGuang iga, Han Yu woYong ite, [Qing Jie da(Qing Jie nari)] [Qing Jing da] [Qing Cheng da] [Qing Lie da] [Qing Chun da] nadonoXing Rong Dong Ci niyotsuteYan Mi niBiao Xian surukotogadekiruyouninatsuta^[152].

Wai Lai Yu ha, Han Yu hodoGao iZao Yu Li woChi tanaimonono, Han Yu toTong Yang ni, Te niMing Ci *saBian Dong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci noBu Fen deRi Ben Yu noYu Hui woLi Fu nishita. [inki] [baketsu] [te-buru] nadoMing Ci toshiteYong irareruhoka, [suru] woFu kete[suketsuchisuru] [sa-bisusuru] nadonosaBian Dong Ci toshite, mata, [da] wotsukete[romanchitsukuda] [senchimentaruda] nadonoXing Rong Dong Ci toshiteYong irareruyouninatsuta.

Han Yu *Wai Lai Yu noZeng Jia niyotsute, Xing Rong Ci toXing Rong Dong Ci noShi Li gaNi Zhuan shita. Yuan Lai , He Yu nihaXing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci tomoniShao nakatsutaga, Shu noShang deha, Xing Rong Ci gaXing Rong Biao Xian noZhong Xin deari, Xing Rong Dong Ci gasorewoBu uXing deatsuta. {Mo Xie Ji } dehaMing Ci 59.7%, Dong Ci 31.5%, Xing Rong Ci 3.3%, Xing Rong Dong Ci 0.5%deari, {Yuan Shi Wu Yu } demoMing Ci 42.5%, Dong Ci 44.6%, Xing Rong Ci 5.3%, Xing Rong Dong Ci 5.1%deatsuta(izuremoYi nariYu Shu )^[144]. tokoroga, Han Yu *Wai Lai Yu woYu Gan toshitaXing Rong Dong Ci gaJian Zeng shitatame, Xian Dai Yu dehaXing Rong Dong Ci gaXing Rong Ci woShang Hui runiZhi tsuteiru([Pin Ci gotonoYu Hui Liang ] noJie Can Zhao ). tadashi, Yi Fang deHan Yu *Wai Lai Yu niYou Lai suruMing Ci *saBian Dong Ci nadomoZeng eteirutame, Yu Hui Quan Ti karaJian rebanaoXing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci noGe He haShao nai.

Xing Rong Ci noZao Yu Li haJin Ri dehahotondoShi wareteori, Jin Dai Yi Jiang nomiQue Li noaruXin shiiXing Rong Ci ha[Gan Suan tsupai] [Huang Se i] [Si Jiao i] [Nian tsukoi] nadowazukanisuginai^{[Zhu Shi 38]}. Yi Fang , Xing Rong Dong Ci haJin Ri niZhi rumadeGao iZao Yu Li woBao tsuteiru. Te ni, [Ke Xue De da] [Ren Jian De da] nadoJie Wei Yu [De ] woFu ketaYu noDa Duo Shu ya, [eregantoda] [kuri-nda] nadoWai Lai Yu niYou Lai surumonohaJin Dai Yi Jiang noXin Yu dearu. shikamo, Xin shiiXing Rong Dong Ci noDuo kuhaHan Yu *Wai Lai Yu woYu Gan tosurumonodearu. Xian Dai Za Zhi noDiao Cha niyoreba, Xing Rong Dong Ci deYu Zhong nohatsukirishiteirumononouchi, He Yu ha2Ge hododeari, Han Yu ha3Ge Qiang , Wai Lai Yu ha4Ge Qiang toiuZhuang Kuang dearu^[148].

Yuan Lai , Ri Ben niWen Zi toHu berumonohanaku, Yan Xie woBiao Ji surutamenihaZhong Guo Du Lai noHan Zi woYong ita(iwayuruShen Dai Wen Zi haHou Shi noWei Zuo tosareteiru^[153]). Han Zi noJi saretaYi Wu noLi toshiteha, 1Shi Ji nomonotosareruFu Gang Shi Chu Tu no[Han Wei Nu Guo Wang Yin ] nadomoaruga, Ben Ge De niShi Yong saretanohayoriHou Nian tomirareru. {Gu Shi Ji } niyoreba, Ying Shen Tian Huang noShi Dai niBai Ji noXue Zhe Wang Ren ga[Lun Yu Shi Juan , Qian Zi Wen Yi Juan ] woXi eteLai Ri shitatoaru. Dao He Shan Gu Fen Chu Tu noTie Jian Ming (5Shi Ji )niha, Xiong Lue Tian Huang toMu sareruRen Ming woHan muHan Zi gaKe mareteiru. [Yu Tian Ba Fan Shen She Jing Ming ] (6Shi Ji )haChun Han Wen deJi sareteiru. konoyounaShi Liao kara, Da He Zheng Quan noShi Li Shen Chang totomoniHan Zi Shi Yong Yu moKuo Da saretakotogaTui Ce sareru. 6Shi Ji ~ 7Shi Ji ninarutoRu Jiao , Fo Jiao , Dao Jiao nadonitsuiteHan Wen woDu muBi Yao gaChu tekitatameShi Zi Ceng gaGuang gatsuta^[154].

Han Zi deHe Ge nadonoDa He Yan Xie woJi suJi , [Bo Du Bo Liu Neng (hatsuharuno)] noyouniRi Ben Yu no1Yin 1Yin woHan Zi noYin (matahaXun )woJie riteXie sukotogaatsuta. konoBiao Ji Fang Shi woYong itaZi Liao noDai Biao ga{Mo Xie Ji } (8Shi Ji )dearutame, konoBiao Ji nokotowo[Mo Xie Jia Ming ] toiu(sudeni7Shi Ji Zhong Qing noMu Jian niLi gaJian rareru^{[Zhu Shi 39]}).

9Shi Ji nihaMo Xie Jia Ming noZi Ti woyoriBeng shita[Cao Jia Ming ] gaSheng mare({Zan Qi Guo Hu Ji Zhang } no[Teng Yuan You Nian Shen Wen ] nado), sarani, Cao Jia Ming woyoriBeng shitaPing Jia Ming noDan Sheng womiruniZhi tsuta. koreniyotsute, Chu meteRi Ben Yu woZi You niJi sukotogaKe Neng ninatsuta. Ping Jia Ming woZi Zai niCao tsutaWang Zhao Wen Xue ha, 10Shi Ji Chu Tou no{Gu Jin He Ge Ji } nadoniShi mari, 11Shi Ji no{Yuan Shi Wu Yu } nadonoWu Yu Zuo Pin Qun deDing Dian woYing eta.

Seng Lu yaXue Zhe ragaHan Wen woXun Du suruJi niha, Han Zi noYu niDian woDa chi, sonoWei Zhi niyotsute[te] [ni] [wo] [ha] nadonoZhu Ci sonoTa woBiao sukotogaatsuta(wokotoDian ). shikashi, Ci Di niMo Xie Jia Ming woTian eteZhu Ci nadowoShi sukotogaYi Ban Hua shita. yagate, soreraha, Zi Hua noSheng karetaJian Lue naPian Jia Ming ninatsuta.

Ping Jia Ming mo, Pian Jia Ming mo, Fa Sheng Dang Chu kara, 1tsunoYin Jia niDui shiteFu Shu noWen Zi gaShi wareteita. tatoeba, /ha/(Dang Shi noFa Yin ha [Fa])niDang taruPing Jia Ming toshiteha, [Bo ] [Zhe ] [Ba ] nadowoZi Yuan tosurumonogaatsuta. 1900Nian (Ming Zhi 33Nian )ni[Xiao Xue Xiao Ling Shi Xing Gui Ze ] gaChu sare, Xiao Xue Xiao deJiao eruJia Ming ha1Zi 1Yin niZheng Li sareta. koreYi Jiang Shi warenakunatsutaJia Ming wo, Jin Ri dehaBian Ti Jia Ming toHu ndeiru. Bian Ti Jia Ming ha, Xian Zai demoLiao Li Wu noMing nadoniShi warerukotogaaru.

Ping An Shi Dai madeha, Fa Yin toJia Ming hahoboYi Zhi shiteita. sonoHou , Fa Yin noBian Hua niBan tsute, Fa Yin toJia Ming toga1Dui 1noDui Ying woshinakunatsuta. tatoeba, [hana(Hua )] no[ha] to[kaha(Chuan )] no[ha] noFa Yin ha, Ping An Shi Dai Chu Qi nihaizuremo[hua] ([Fa]) deatsutatomirareruga, Ping An Shi Dai niQi kotsutahaXing Zhuan Hu niyori, [kaha(Chuan )] nadoYu Zhong Yu Wei no[ha] ha[wa] toFa Yin suruyouninatsuta. tokoroga, [wa] toDu muWen Zi nihaBie ni[wa] moarutame, [kawa] toiuFa Yin woBiao Ji surutoki, [kawa] [kaha] noizurenisubekika, Pan Duan noJi Zhun gaBu Ming ninatsuteshimatsuta. kokoni, Jia Ming wodouShi ukatoiuJia Ming Qian inoWen Ti gaFa Sheng shita.

sonoShi "noZhi Shi Ren ha, Jia Ming Qian initsuitenoGui Fan woShi sukotomoatsutaga(Teng Yuan Ding Jia {Xia Guan Ji } nado), Bi zushimoGu iJia Ming Qian iniZhong Shi namonobakaridehanakatsuta([Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu Shi ] noJie Can Zhao ). mata, Cong uZhe mo, Ge Ren , Guo Xue Zhe nado, aruZhong noguru-puniXian rareteita. Mo Ren niYong irareruJia Ming Qian iGui Fan ha, Ming Zhi niXue Xiao Jiao Yu gaShi marumadeDai tanakerebanaranakatsuta.

Han Zi noZi Shu *Zi Ti oyobiJia Ming Qian initsuiteha, Jin Dai Yi Jiang , tabitabiGai Ding gaYi Lun sare, mataShi Shi niYi saretekita^[109].

Jia Ming Qian initsuiteha, Zao kuXiao Xue Xiao Ling Shi Xing Gui Ze (1900Nian )nioite, [ningiyau(Ren Xing )] wo[ningiyo-] tosurunado, Han Zi Yin woFa Yin Tong rinisuru, iwayuru[Bang Yin kiJia Ming Qian i] gaCai Yong saretakotogaatsuta. 1904Nian karaShi Yong no{Xun Chang Xiao Xue Du Ben } (Di 1Qi )hakonoBang Yin kiJia Ming Qian iniCong tsuta. shikashi, korehaPing Pan gaE ku, Gui Ze noGai Zheng totomoni, Ci Qi 1910Nian noJiao Ke Shu karaYuan noJia Ming Qian iniLi tsuta.

Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Hou no1946Nian niha, [Dang Yong Han Zi Biao ] [Xian Dai kanadukai] gaNei Ge Gao Shi sareta. koreniBan i, Yi Bu noHan Zi noZi Ti niLue Zi Ti gaCai Yong sare, soremadenoLi Shi De Jia Ming Qian iniyoruXue Xiao Jiao Yu haFei Zhi sareta.

1946Nian oyobi1950Nian noMi Jiao Yu Shi Jie Tuan Bao Gao Shu deha, Guo Zi noro-maZi Hua nitsuiteQuan Gao oyobiShi Suo gaXing ware^{[Zhu Shi 40]}, Guo Yu Shen Yi Hui demoYi Lun saretaga, Shi Xian shinakatsuta. 1948Nian niha, GHQnoMin Jian Qing Bao Jiao Yu Ju (CIE) noZhi Shi niyoruDu miShu kiNeng Li Diao Cha gaXing wareta. Han Zi gaRi Ben Ren noShi Zi Lu woYi eteirutonoKao eFang niJi dukuDiao Cha deatsutaga, sonoJie Guo ha, Diao Cha Zhe noYu Xiang niFan shiteRi Ben Ren noShi Zi Lu haGao Shui Zhun deatsutakotogaPan Ming shita^[155]. 1981Nian niha, Dang Yong Han Zi Biao *Xian Dai kanadukainoZhi Xian Se woBo meta[Chang Yong Han Zi Biao ] oyobiGai Ding [Xian Dai Jia Ming Qian i] gaNei Ge Gao Shi sareta. mata, Song riJia Ming niGuan shiteha, Shu Ci niwataruYi Lun woJing te, 1973Nian ni[Song riJia Ming noFu keFang ] gaNei Ge Gao Shi sare, Jin Ri niZhi tsuteiru. Zhan Hou noGuo Yu Zheng Ce ha, Bi zushimoDing Jian niZhi erareteitatohaiezu, Jin niZhi rumadeYi Lun gaSok iteiru.

Ping An Shi Dai madeha, Zhao Ting deYong iruGong noShu kiYan Xie haHan Wen deatsuta. korehabetonamu*Zhao Xian Ban Dao nadotoTong Yang dearu. Dang Chu Han Wen haZhong Guo Yu Yin deDu maretatomirareruga, Ri Ben Yu toZhong Guo Yu noYin Yun Ti Xi haXiang Wei gaDa kiitame, konoFang Fa hayagateFei re, Ri Ben Yu noWen Fa *Yu Hui woDang tehameteXun Du sareruyouninatsuta. iwaba, Han Wen woRi Ben Yu niZhi Yi shinagaraDu mumonodeatsuta.

Han Wen Xun Du noXi Guan niBan i, Han Wen niRi Ben Yu Te You no[Si ] (...tamahu)ya[Zuo ] (...masu)noyounaYu Ju woHun zetari, Yi Bu woRi Ben Yu noYu Shun deJi shitarishita[He Hua Han Wen ] toiubekimonogaSheng zita(6Shi Ji noFa Long Si Yao Shi Fo Guang Bei Ming nadoniJian rareru). saraniha[Wang Deng Chen Deng _Nai Zhong _Er ] ({Sok Ri Ben Ji } )noyouni, [Nai (no)] [Er (ni)] toitsutaZhu Ci nadowoXiao Shu kinishiteTian eruWen Ti gaXian reta. konoWen Ti haZhu Ci (norito)*Xuan Ming (senmiyou)nadoniJian rarerutame, [Xuan Ming Shu ki] toHu bareru.

Han Wen noDu miTian enihaPian Jia Ming gaYong irareruyouninari, yagatekoregaBen Wen Zhong niJin Chu shite, Han Wen Xun Du Ti woYuan nishita[Han Zi Pian Jia Ming Jiao ziriWen ] woXing Cheng shita. Zui Gu noLi ha{Dong Da Si Feng Song Wen Gao } (9Shi Ji )tosareru. Han Zi Pian Jia Ming Jiao ziriWen deha, Han Yu gaDuo Yong sarerubakaridenaku, Yan iHui shimo[Shen (hanaha)daGuang kushite] [He (nan)zoYan hazaru] noyouni, Han Wen Xun Du niYong irarerumonogaDuo ikotogaTe Zheng dearu.

Yi Fang , Ping An Shi Dai noGong Ting Wen Xue noWen Ti (He Wen )ha, Ji Ben De niHe Yu woYong irumonodeatsute, Han Yu haShao nai. mata, Han Wen Xun Du niShi uYan iHui shimoamarinai. tatoeba, Han Wen Xun Du huuno[Shen daGuang kushite] [He zoYan hazaru] ha, He Wen deha[itoGuang u] [nadokanotamahanu] tonaru. He Wen ha, Biao Ji Fa karaJian reba, Ping Jia Ming nitokorodokoroHan Zi noJiao ziru[Ping Jia Ming Han Zi Jiao ziriWen ] dearu. [Chun haakebono. yauyaushirokuCheng Xing Shan gihasukoshiakarite......] deShi maru{Zhen Cao Zi } noWen Ti haDian Xing Li noYi tsudearu.

Liang Zhe noWen Ti ha, yagateHe wasari, {Ping Jia Wu Yu } niJian rareruyounaHe Han Hun Yao Wen gaWan Cheng shita.

Qiang Wu (kiyaugo)Hu (tachimachi)nihorobite, Gu Su Tai (kosotai)noLu Jing Ji (keikiyoku)niutsuri, Bao Qin (boushin)sudeniShuai hete, Xian Yang Gong (kanyaukiu)noYan Pi Ni (heikei)woYin shikenmo, kakuyatooboeteAi renari.

--{Ping Jia Wu Yu } Sheng Zhu Lin Xing ^[156]

kokodeha, [Qiang Wu ] [Jing Ji ] toitsutaHan Yu , [sudeni] toitsutaHan Wen Xun Du noYan iHui shigaaruYi Fang , [kakuyatooboeteAi renari] toitsutaHe Wen noYu Hui *Yan iHui shimoShi wareteiru.

Jin Ri , Zui moPu Tong niYong irareruWen Zhang ha, He Yu toHan Yu woShi Du niJiao etaYi Zhong noHe Han Hun Yao Wen dearu. [Xian Ri , You Ren toTong Dao shiteJiao Wai woSan Ce shita] toiuyounaHan Yu noDuo iWen Zhang to, [konoJian , You dachitoLian redatsuteTing hazurewoburaburaBu ita] toiuyounaHe Yu noDuo iWen Zhang towo, Shi Yi Hun zeHe wase, aruihaShi iFen kenagaraWen Zhang woZhui tsuteiru.

Hua shiYan Xie ha, Shi Dai toGong nikiwameteDa kinaBian Hua woSui geruga, soreniBi bete, Shu kiYan Xie haBian Hua noDu He igaShao nai. sonotame, He Bai Nian toiuJian niha, Hua shiYan Xie toShu kiYan Xie noChai gaSheng mareru.

Ri Ben Yu noShu kiYan Xie gahitomazuCheng Shou shitanohaPing An Shi Dai Zhong Qi deari, sonoQing haShu kiYan Xie *Hua shiYan Xie noChai haDa kikunakatsutatoKao erareru. shikashinagara, Zhong Shi nokirishitanZi Liao nouchi, Yu riKou Diao deShu kareteirumonowoJian ruto, Shu kiYan Xie toHua shiYan Xie tonihasudeniDa kinaKai kigaSheng mareteitakotogaKui eru. Jiang Hu Shi Dai noSa Luo Ben *Hua Ji Ben noLei deha, Hui Hua Bu Fen haDang Shi noHua shiYan Xie gaQiang kuFan Ying sare, Di noBu Fen noShu kiYan Xie dehaGu Lai noWen Fa niCong outoshitaWen Ti gaYong irareteiru. Liang Zhe noWei ihaMing rakadearu.

Ming Zhi Shi Dai noShu kiYan Xie ha, Yi Ran toshiteGu Dian Wen Fa niCong outoshiteitaga, Dan Yu nihaRi Chang Yu woYong itaWen Zhang moXian reta. koushitaShu kiYan Xie ha, Yi Ban ni[Pu Tong Wen ] toCheng sareta. Pu Tong Wen ha, Yi Xia noyouniXiao Xue Xiao noDu Ben demoYong irareta.

wagaGuo noRen ha, Shou woYong huruGong Ye ni, takuminareba, sonoZhi Zuo Pin noJing Qiao narukoto, Ta ni, kurabubekiGuo Shao shi.

--{Guo Ding Du Ben } Di 1Qi 1904

Pu Tong Wen ha, Yan Mi niha, Gu Dian Wen Fa sonomamadehanaku, Xin shiiYan iFang moDuo kuHun zitsuteita. tatoeba, [Jie Shi seraru] toiubekitokorowo[Jie Shi saru] , [Jiu Xue seshimuruYi Wu ] wo[Jiu Xue seshimurunoYi Wu ] nadotoYan ukotogaatsuta. sokode, Wen Bu Sheng haXin shiiYu Fa nouchiYi Bu Guan Yong noJiu shiimonowoRen me, [Wen Fa Shang Xu Rong subekiShi Xiang ] (1905Nian *Ming Zhi 38Nian )16Tiao woGao Shi shita.

Yi Fang , Ming Zhi 20Nian Dai Qing kara, Er Xie Ting Si Mi *Shan Tian Mei Miao raWen Xue Zhe woZhong Xin ni, Shu kiYan Xie woHua shiYan Xie niJin dukeyoutosuruNu Li gaZhong nerareta(Yan Wen Yi Zhi Yun Dong ). Er Xie Ting ha[da] Ti , Mei Miao ha[desu] Ti , Wei Qi Hong Xie ha[dearu] Ti toiwareruWen Zhang wosorezoreShi mita. konoyounaShi migaGuang maruZhong de, Xin Wen *Za Zhi noJi Shi nadomoHua shiYan Xie niJin iWen Ti gaDuo kunatsuteiku. Gu Lai noChuan Tong De Wen Fa niCong tsutaWen Zhang woWen Yu Wen , Hua shiYan Xie woFan Ying shitaWen Zhang woKou Yu Wen toiu. Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Hou ha, Fa Lu Wen nadonoGong Wen Shu momotsuparaKou Yu Wen deShu kareruyouninari, Wen Yu Wen haRi Chang Sheng Huo noChang karaYuan noita.

Ri Ben Yu ha, Wen Xian Shi Dai niRu tsutatokinihasudeniFang Yan Chai gaatsuta. {Mo Xie Ji } noJuan 14[Dong Ge ] yaJuan 20[Fang Ren Ge ] nihaDang Shi noDong Guo Fang Yan niyoruGe gaJi Lu sareteiru^{[Zhu Shi 41]}. 820Nian Qing Cheng Li no{Dong Da Si Feng Song Wen Gao } niha[Ci Dang Guo Fang Yan , Mao Ren Fang Yan , Fei Tuo Fang Yan , Dong Guo Fang Yan ] toiuJi Shu gaJian e, koregaGuo Nei Wen Xian deYong irareta[Fang Yan ] toiuYu noZui Gu Li tosareru. Ping An Chu Qi noZhong Yang noRen "noFang Yan Guan gaKui eruGui Zhong naJi Lu dearu.

Ping An Shi Dai karaLian Cang Shi Dai nikaketeha, Zhong Yang noWen Hua De Ying Xiang Li gaYa Dao De deatsutatame, Fang Yan niGuan suruJi Shu haDuan Pian De namononitodomatsutaga, Shi Ting Shi Dai , toriwakeZhan Guo Shi Dai nihaZhong Yang noZhi Pei Li gaRuo mariDi Fang noLi gaQiang matsutaJie Guo , Di Fang Wen Xian niFang Yan woFan Ying shitamonogashibashibaXian wareruyouninatsuta. Dong Men Chao Wu toHu bareruDong Guo Xi noWen Xian gaYou Ming dearuga, Gu Wen Shu Lei nimoshibashibaFang Yan gaDeng Chang suruyouninaru.

An Tu Tao Shan Shi Dai karaJiang Hu Shi Dai Ji Chu Qi nikaketeha, porutogaruRen noXuan Jiao Shi gaShu Duo kunokirishitanZi Liao woCan shiteiruga, sonoZhong niGe Di noFang Yan woJi Lu shitamonogaaru. Jing Du nokotobawoZhong Xin niJu enagaramoJiu Zhou Fang Yan woDuo Shu Cai Lu shita{Ri Pu Ci Shu } (1603Nian ~ 1604Nian )ya, Zhu Qian yaBei Qian nadoGe Di noFang Yan noYan Yu De Te Zheng woJi shita{rodorigesuRi Ben Da Wen Dian } (1604Nian ~ 1608Nian )hasonoDai Biao dearu.

konoShi Qi nihaLiu Qiu Fang Yan (Liu Qiu Yu )noZi Liao moDeng Chang suru. Zui Gu Qi niShu surumonotoshiteha, Zhong Guo Zi Liao no{Liu Qiu Guan Yi Yu } (16Shi Ji Qian Ban Cheng Li )gaari, Liu Qiu noYan Xie woYin Yi Biao Ji niyotsuteDuo Shu Ji Lu shiteiru. mata, 1609Nian noDao Jin Qin Gong Shi Jian deLiu Qiu Wang Guo woZhi Pei Xia niZhi itaSa Mo Fan mo, Ji Lu Lei niLiu Qiu noYan Xie woDuan Pian De niJi Lu shiteiruga, Yu Shi noZi Liao toshiteJian taChang He , Liu Qiu Zhu Dao niChuan waruGu Dai Ge Yao *umuiwoJi meta{omorosaushi} (1531Nian ~ 1623Nian )ga, Zhi *Liang tomoniTa woYa Dao shiteiru.

Nai Liang Shi Dai Yi Lai , Jin Ji Fang Yan gaZhong Yang Yu noDi Wei niatsutaga, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niJiang Hu Wen Hua gaKai Hua surutotomoni, Jiang Hu noDi Wei gaGao mari, Ming Zhi Shi Dai niShan noShou Yan Xie woJi Chu nishitaYan Xie gaRi Ben Yu noBiao Zhun Yu tosareruyouninatsuta.

Ming Zhi Zheng Fu noCheng Li Hou ha, Zheng Zhi De *She Hui De niQuan Guo De naTong Yi woTu rutame, mata, Jin Dai Guo Jia toshiteWai Guo niDui surutame, Yan Xie noTong Yi *Biao Zhun Hua gaQiu merareruyouninatsuta^[158]. Xue Xiao Jiao Yu deha[Dong Jing noZhong Liu She Hui ] noYan Xie gaCai Yong sare^{[Zhu Shi 42]}, Fang Song demoTong Yang noYan Xie ga[Gong Tong Yong Yu ] tosareta^{[Zhu Shi 43]}. koushiteBiao Zhun Yu noGui Fan Yi Shi gaQue Li shiteikunitsure, Fang Yan woJiao Zheng shiyoutosuruDong kigaGuang gatsuta. Jiao Yu Jia noYi Ze Xiu Er ha, Jiao Yuan Xiang keniShu Wu woZhu shiteDong Bei Fang Yan noJiao Zheng Fa woShuo ita^[160]. Di Fang noXue Xiao dehaFang Yan woHua shitaZhe niShou kara[Fang Yan Zha ] woXia gesaserunadonoFa Ze moXing wareta^{[Zhu Shi 44]}. Jun Dui dehaMing Ling Chuan Da niZhi Zhang woLai sanaiyou, Chu Deng Jiao Yu noDuan Jie deGong Tong Yu noShi Yong gaZhi Dao sareta^{[Zhu Shi 45]}.

Zhan Hou ninarutoDu Shi Bu henoRen Kou Liu Chu moJia Su , saraniterebiFang Song noKai Shi deYing Xiang totomoniBiao Zhun Yu gaGuang mari^[161], Ge Di noFang Yan gaShi waretsutsuarukotogaWei Ju sareruyouninatsuta. NHKFang Song Wen Hua Yan Jiu Suo ha, (Zhao He 20Nian Dai noShi Dian de)Ge Di noChun Cui naFang Yan ha80Sui Yi Shang noLao Ren noJian denomiShi wareteirunisuginaitoshite, 1953Nian kara5Nian Ji Hua deQuan Guo noFang Yan noLu Yin woXing tsuta. konoLu Yin Diao Cha niha, Liu Tian Bang Fu , Dong Tiao Cao , Yan Yuan Yue Tai Lang , Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan nadoYan Yu Xue Zhe ragaZhi Dao niatatsuta^[162].

tadashi, Zhan Hou shibarakuhaGong Tong Yu noQu De niLi Dian woZhi itaGuo Yu Jiao Yu gaChu Deng Jiao Yu noXian Chang deSok ki, Zhao He 22Nian (1947Nian )noXue Xi Zhi Dao Yao Ling Guo Yu Ke Bian (Shi An )deha, [narubeku, Fang Yan ya, namari, She nomotsurewonaoshite, Biao Zhun Yu niJin dukeru] [dekirudake, Yu Fa noZheng shiikotobawotsukai, Su Yu matahaFang Yan wosakeruyounisuru] tonoJi Zai gaJian rareru^[163]. mata, Zhao He 33Nian (1958Nian )noXiao Xue Xiao Xue Xi Zhi Dao Yao Ling demo, [Xiao Xue Xiao noDi Liu Xue Nian woZhong Liao surumadeni, donoyounaDi Yu nioitemo, Quan Guo niTong Yong surukotobade, Yi Ying Wen itariHua shitarisurukotogadekiruyounisuru] tonoJi Shu gaaru^[164].

mata, Jing Ji Cheng Chang totomoniDi Fang karaDu Shi henoRen Kou Liu Ru gaQiang maruto, Biao Zhun Yu toFang Yan noYa Li moJi Hua shita. 1950Nian Dai Hou Ban kara, Di Fang Chu Shen Zhe gaZi Fen noYan Xie woXiao waretakotoniyoruZi Sha *Shi Jian gaXiang Ci ida^{[Zhu Shi 46]}. konoyounaQing Shi woShou kete, Fang Yan noJiao Zheng Jiao Yu monaoSok kerareta. Lian Cang Shi Li Yao Yue Xiao Xue Xiao deha, 1960Nian Dai ni, [nesayoYun Dong ] toCheng shite, Yu Wei ni[~ ne] [~ sa] [~ yo] nadoGuan Dong Fang Yan Te You noYu Wei wotsukenaiyounishiyoutosuruYun Dong gaShi merareta^[166]. Tong Qu noYun Dong haQuan Guo niGuang gatsuta.

Gao Du Cheng Chang gaZhong wari, An Ding Cheng Chang niYi Xing suruShi Dai ninaruto, Fang Yan niDui suruYi Shi niBian Hua gaJian rareruyouninatsuta. 1980Nian Dai Chu menoanke-toDiao Cha deha, [Fang Yan woCan shiteokitai] toHui Da suruZhe ga90%Yi Shang niDa suruJie Guo gaChu teiru^[167]. Fang Yan noGong Tong Yu Hua gaJin mutotomoni, iwayuru[Fang Yan konpuretsukusu] gaJie Xiao niXiang kai, Fang Yan woDa Qie nishiyoutoiuQi Yun gaSheng riShang gatsuta.

1990Nian Dai Yi Jiang ha, Ruo Zhe gaYan Xie You binoGan Jue deFang Yan woShi ukotoniZhu Mu gaJi maruyouninatsuta. 1995Nian niharatsupu[DA.YO.NE] noGuan Xi Ban [SO.YA.NA] nadonoFang Yan Ti eGe gaHua Ti woHu bi, Bao Dao Ji Shi nimoQu riShang gerareta^[168]. Shou Du Quan Chu Shen noDu Nei Da Xue Sheng woDui Xiang toshitaDiao Cha deha, Dong Jing noRuo Zhe noJian nimoGuan Xi Fang Yan gaJin Tou shiteirukotogaGuan Cha sarerutoiu^[169]. 2005Nian Qing niha, Dong Jing noNu Zi Gao Sheng tachinoJian demo[dera(totemo)kawaii-!] [ikube] nadotoGe Di noFang Yan woHui Hua niZhi riJiao zeteShi ukotogaLiu Xing shiShi me^[170], Nu Zi Gao Sheng notamenoFang Yan Can Kao Shu noLei moXian reta^[171]. [Chao omoshiroi] nado[Chao ] noXin Yong Fa mo, motomotoJing Gang Xian deFa Sheng shiteDong Jing niRu tsutatosareruga^[172], Ruo Zhe Yan Xie yaXin Yu noFa Xin Di gaDong Jing niXian ranaiZhuang Kuang ninatsuteiru([Fang Yan You Lai noRuo Zhe Yan Xie ] woCan Zhao ).

Fang Yan Xue noShi Jie deha, katsuteha, Biao Zhun Yu noQue Li niZi surutamenoYan Jiu gaSheng ndeatsutaga^{[Zhu Shi 47]}, Jin Ri noFang Yan Yan Jiu ha, Bi zushimosonoyounaShi Dian nominiyotsuteXing waretehainai. Zhong Yang Yu noGu Xing gaFang Yan niCan rukotohaDuo ku, Fang Yan Yan Jiu gaZhong Yang Yu noShi De Yan Jiu niZi surukotohaiumademonai^{[Zhu Shi 48]}. shikashi, sorenitodomarazu, Ge "noFang Yan noYan Jiu ha, soreZi Ti , Du Li shitaXue Wen toZhuo erukotogadekiru. Shan Pu Xuan Si no[kesenYu ] Yan Jiu niJian rareruyouni^[111], Yan Jiu Zhe gaZi ranoFang Yan niKua riwoChi chi, Ri Ben Yu tohaBie Ge noYan Yu toshiteYan Jiu surutoiuLi Chang moSheng mareteiru.

Ri Ben Ren Zi Shen gaRi Ben Yu niGuan Xin woJi setekitaLi Shi haChang ku, {Gu Shi Ji } ya{Mo Xie Ji } noJi Shu nimoYu Yuan *Yong Zi Fa *Zhu Zi nadonitsuitenoGuan Xin gaYuan Jian Jian rareruyouni, Gu Lai , samazamanaFen Ye noRen "niyotsuteRi Ben Yu Yan Jiu gaXing waretekitaga, toriwakeJiang Hu Shi Dai niRu tsutekaraha, Mi Chuan nikodawaranaiZi You naXue Feng gaQi kori, Ke Guan De *Shi Zheng De naYan Jiu gaShen merareta. Jin Dai niXi Yang noYan Yu Xue gaShu Ru sareruYi Qian ni, Ri Ben Yu noJi Ben De naXing Zhi hahoboMing rakaninatsuteitatoitsutemoGuo Yan dehanai.

konoyouni[koremadeRi Ben Yu wodonoyouniZhuo etekitaka] woMing rakanisuruFen Ye ha, Yi Ban De ni[Ri Ben Yu Xue Shi ] (mataha[Guo Yu Xue Shi ] )toHu bareru^[175][176]. Yi Xia deha, Jiang Hu Shi Dai Yi Qian *Yi Hou niFen keteGai Shuo shi, saraniJin Dai nitsuiteFu Shuo suru.

Gu Dai *Zhong Shi noRi Ben Yu Yan Jiu noLiu reha, Da kikuFen kete3Fen Ye atsuta. Zhong Guo Yu (Han Yu )Xue Zhe niyoruYan Jiu , Xi Tan Xue Zhe niyoruYan Jiu , Ge Xue Zhe niyoruYan Jiu dearu^[177].

Zhong Guo Yu tonoJie Hong , sunawachiHan Zi noYin Jie Gou Zao nitsuiteXue Xi surukotoniyori, Ri Ben Yu noXiang Dui De naTe Zheng gaYi Shi sareruyouninatsuta. {Gu Shi Ji } niha[Yu Neng Qi Lu Dao _{Zi Yu Yi Xia Si Zi Yi Yin} ] (onogoroDao )noyounaYin Zhu gashibashibaFu kerareteiruga, korehaHan Zi woJie Zi toshiteYong i, Zhong Guo Yu deBiao senaiRi Ben Yu noGu You Yu wo1Yin Jie zutsuHan Zi deBiao Ji shitamonodearu. koushitaBiao Ji Fa woTong zite, Ri Ben Yu noYin Jie Gou Zao gaZi Jue sareruyouninatsutatoKao erareru. mataHan Wen noXun Du niyori, Zhong Guo Yu ninaiZhu Ci *Zhu Dong Ci noYao Su gaYi Shi sareruyouninari, Han Wen woDu miXia suJi niBi Yao na[te] [ni] [wo] [ha] nadonoYao Su ha, Dang Chu haDian woHan Zi niTian erukotodeBiao Xian shiteitanoga(wokotoDian ), Hou niJie Zi , saraniPian Jia Ming gaYong irareruyouninatsuta. koreranoYao Su ha[teniwoha] noMing deYi Gua sare, Hou niYi tsunoYan Jiu Fen Ye tonatsuta.

Ri Ben Yu no1Yin 1Yin woJie Zi deJi suyouninatsutaDang Chu ha, Yin Yun Zu Zhi Quan Ti niDui suruYi Shi hamadaRuo katsutaga, Hou niarayuruJia Ming wo1Hui zutsuJi meteSong Wen nishitamonogaCheng Li shiteiru. Ping An Shi Dai Chu Qi ni[Tian Di noCi ] ga, Ping An Shi Dai Zhong Qi niha[irohaGe ] gaXian reta. korerahahonraiHan Zi Yin noakusentoXi De notameniShi waretatomirareruga^[178], nochiniirohaGe haWen Mo gaatsuteNei Rong woJue eyasuikotokara, {Se Xie Zi Lei Chao } (12Shi Ji )nadoWu noShun Fan woShi su[irohaShun ] toshiteYong irare, mataJia Ming noShou Ben toshitemoRen "noJian niYi Ban Hua shiteiru.

Yi Fang , Xi Tan Xue noYan Jiu niyori, Fan Yu (sansukuritsuto)niZheng Ran toshitaYin Yun Zu Zhi gaCun Zai surukotogaZhi rareruyouninatsuta. Ping An Shi Dai Mo Qi niCheng Li shitatoJian rareru[Wu Shi Yin Tu ] ha, [a*ka*sa*ta*na......] noXing noBing biFang gaFan Yu noXi Tan Zhang (Zi Mu Biao )noShun niKu Si shiteori, Xi Tan Xue woTong ziteRi Ben Yu noYin Yun Zu Zhi noYan Jiu gaJin ndakotowoukagawaseru. motsutomo, Wu Shi Yin Tu Zuo Cheng noMu De ha, Yi Fang deha, Zhong Guo Yin Yun Xue noFan Qie woLi Jie surutamedemoatsuta. Dang Chu , sonoPei Lie hakanariZi You deatsuta(hoboXian Zai niJin iPei Lie gaDing Zhao shitanohaShi Ting Shi Dai Yi Hou ). Zui Gu noWu Shi Yin Tu ha, Ping An Shi Dai Mo Qi noXi Tan Xue Zhe Ming Jue no{Fan Yin Zuo Fa } niJian rareru. Ming Jue hamata, {Xi Tan Yao Jue } nioite, Fan Yu noFa Yin woShuo Ming surutameniRi Ben Yu noLi woDuo kuYin Yong shi, Ri Ben Yu noYin Yun Zu Zhi henoGuan Xin woJian seteiru.

Ge Xue haPing An Shi Dai Yi Jiang , Da iniXing Long shita. He Ge noShi Zuo oyobiPi Ping notamenoXue Wen deatsutaga, Zheng Dang naYu Hui *Yu Fa woShi Yong surukotohenoYao Qiu kara, Ri Ben Yu noGu Yu niGuan suruYan Jiu ya, [teniwoha] noYan Jiu , saraniJia Ming Qian ihenoYan Jiu niXi gatsuta^[179].

konouchi, Gu Yu noYan Jiu deha, Yu toYu noGuan Xi woYin Yun Lun De niShuo Ming surukotogaShi mirareta. tatoeba, Xian Zhao no{Xiu Zhong Chao } deha, [Qi Xi tsuNu (tanabatatsume)] noYu Yuan ha[tanabatatsuma] datoshite(koreZi Ti haWu ri), [{ma} to{me} tohaTong ziWu Yin (=Wu Shi Yin noTong ziXing )naruGu Ye ] ^[180]toShuo Ming shiteiru. konoyouni, [Wu Yin Xiang Tong (Wu Shi Yin noTong ziXing deYin gaXiang Tong zurukoto)] ya[Tong Yun Xiang Tong (Wu Shi Yin noTong ziDuan deYin gaXiang Tong zurukoto)] nadonoShuo Ming gaDuo Yong sareruyouninatsuta^[181].

[teniwoha] noBen Ge De Yan Jiu ha, Lian Cang Shi Dai Mo Qi karaShi Ting Shi Dai Chu Qi niCheng Li shita{Shou Er Xie Da Gai Chao } toiuDuan iWen Zhang niyotsuteDuan Xu gaFu kerareta. konoWen Zhang deha[Ming Ci *Dong Ci nadonoZi Li Yu (Ci )gaSi She dearutosureba, {teniwoha} hasonoZhuang Yan saniXiang Dang surumonoda] toGui Ding shitaShang de, Xi Zhu Ci [zo] [koso] tosonoJie binoGuan Xi woLun zirunado, [teniwoha] nitsuitegokuGai Lue De niShu beteiru^[182]. mata, Shi Ting Shi Dai niha{Zi Xiao Lu Shi } gaZhu sare, Xi Zhu Ci [zo] [koso] [ya] [ka] nohokaZhong Zhu Ci [kana] nadono[teniwoha] noYong Fa woyoriXiang Xi niLun ziteiru^[182].

Jia Ming Qian initsuiteha, Lian Cang Shi Dai noChu meQing niTeng Yuan Ding Jia gakorewoWen Ti toshi, Ding Jia hasonoZhu Zuo {Xia Guan Ji } nioite, Jia Ming Qian inoJi Zhun woQian Dai noPing An Shi Dai Mo Qi noCao Zi Lei noJia Ming Biao Ji niQiu me, Gui Fan woShi soutoshita^[181]. tokoroga[o] to[wo] noQu Bie nitsuiteha, Ping An Shi Dai Mo Qi nihasudeniizuremo[wo]noYin tonariFa Yin Shang noQu Bie gaWu kunatsuteitakotoniyori, Xiang Dang naBiao Ji noYao regaari, Ge Zhu Ci no[wo] woChu kiQian Li niyoruJi Zhun woJian Chu sukotogadekinakatsuta. sokode{Xia Guan Ji } dehaakusentogaGao iYan Xie wo[wo] de, akusentogaDi iYan Xie wo[o] deJi shiteiruga, konoakusentonoGao Di niyori[wo] to[o] noShi iFen kewosurukotoha, sudeni{Se Xie Zi Lei Chao } nimoJian rareru. Nan Bei Zhao Shi Dai nihaXing A gakorewoZeng Bu shite{Jia Ming Wen Zi Qian } woZhu shi, koregaHou ni[Ding Jia Jia Ming Qian ] toHu bareru^[181]. Xing A noZi Shi moJi Zhun woGu Shu niQiu merutoiumonode, [o] to[wo] noQu Bie nitsuitemoDing Jia Jia Ming Qian noYuan Ze woTa Xi shiteiru. shikashiXing A ga{Jia Ming Wen Zi Qian } woZhu shitaQing , Ri Ben Yu niakusentonoYi Da Bian Hua gaari, [wo]noYin woHan muYu Hui niGuan shitemoDing Jia noShi Dai tohaakusentonoGao Di gaYi natsuteshimatsuta. sonoJie Guo [o] to[wo] noJia Ming Qian initsuiteha, Ding Jia gaShi shitamonotohaJu Yu woSheng ziteiru.

nao, [o] to[wo] noFa Yin Shang noQu Bie gaWu kunatsuteitakotode, Wu Shi Yin Tu nioitemoLian Cang Shi Dai Yi Lai [o] to[wo] tohaWei Zhi gaNi Zhuan shitaWu tsutaTu gaYong irareteita(sunawachi, [aiuewo] [wawiuweo] tonatsuteita). koregaZheng sarerunoha, Jiang Hu Shi Dai niBen Ju Xuan Chang gaDeng Chang shitekaranokotodearu.

Wai Guo Ren niyoruRi Ben Yu Yan Jiu mo, Zhong Shi Mo Qi karaJin Shi Qian Qi nikaketeDuo kuXing wareta. iezusuHui dehaRi Ben Yu toporutogaruYu noCi Shu {Ri Pu Ci Shu } (1603Nian )gaBian Zuan sare, Tong Hui norodorigesuniyoruWen Fa Shu {Ri Ben Da Wen Dian } (1608Nian )oyobi{Ri Ben Xiao Wen Dian } (1620Nian )ha, ratenYu noWen Fa Shu noChuan Tong niJi duiteRi Ben Yu woFen Xi shitamonode, izuremoJia Zhi gaGao i^[183][184]. Yi Fang , Zhong Guo deha{Ri Ben Guan Yi Yu } (1549Nian Qing ), Li Shi Zhao Xian deha{Jie Jie Xin Yu } (1676Nian )toitsutaRi Ben Yu Xue Xi Shu gaBian Zuan sareta^[185].

Jiang Hu Shi Dai noQi Chong ha, {Mo Xie Ji } noZhu Shi woTong ziteJia Ming Qian initsuiteXiang Xi niGuan Cha woXing i, {He Zi Zheng Lan Chao } (1695Nian )woZhu shita^[186]. konoShu niyori, Gu Dai haYu gotoniJia Ming Qian igaJue matsuteitakotogaMing rakanisare, Qi Chong Zi Shen mosonoJia Ming Qian iwoShi Xing shita. Qi Chong noJie Chu shitaJian Chu shiYu ha, Hou niJi Qu Yu Yan Bian noJia Ming Qian iCi Shu {Gu Yan Ti } (1765Nian )deZeng Bu sare^[187], Hou Shi nioiteLi Shi De Jia Ming Qian itoCheng sareta.

Gu Yu noYan Jiu deha, Song Yong Zhen De no{He Ju Jie } (1662Nian ), Bei Yuan Yi Xuan no{Ri Ben Shi Ming } (1700Nian )gaChu taHou , Xin Jing Bai Shi niyoriDa Zhu {Dong Ya } (1719Nian )gamatomerareta. Bai Shi ha, {Dong Ya } noZhong deYu Yuan Shuo woShu beruniDang tari, Zhong Shi Wen Jian naZi Shi woGuan ki, Ai Mei namonoha[Yi Wei Xiang ] toshiteQu Jie woPai shita. mata, He Mao Zhen Yuan ha{Yu Yi Kao } (1789Nian )woZhu shi, [Yue *Yan *Lue *Tong ] noKao eFang woShi shita^[187]. sunawachi, [Yu Xing noBian Hua ha, Suo meru(Yue )ka, Yan basuka, Lue suruka, Yin Tong (Mu Yin matahaZi Yin noJiao Ti )kaniyotsuteSheng ziru] toiumonodearu. konoYuan Ze ha, soreZi Ti haZheng Dang dearuga, Hou nikorewoLan Yong shi, Fei He Li naYu Yuan Shuo woTi Chang suruZhe moXian reta. Yu Yuan Yan Jiu deha, hokani, Ling Mu Lang ga{Ya Yu Yin Sheng Kao } (1816Nian )woZhu shi, [hototogisu] [uguisu] [karasu] nadono[hototogi] [ugui] [kara] noBu Fen haMing kiSheng dearukotowoShi sunado, Xing Wei Shen iKao eFang woShi shiteiru^[188].

Ben Ju Xuan Chang ha, Jia Ming Qian inoYan Jiu oyobiWen Fa noYan Jiu deFei Chang naGong Ji gaatsuta. mazu, Jia Ming Qian inoFen Ye deha, {Zi Yin Jia Zi Yong Ge } (1776Nian )woZhu shi, Han Zi Yin woJia Ming deShu kiBiao sutokinidonoyounaJia Ming Qian iwoYong irebayoikawoLun zita^[189]. sonoZhong deXuan Chang ha, Lian Cang Shi Dai Yi Lai , Wu Shi Yin Tu de[o] to[wo] noWei Zhi gaWu tsuteJi sareteiru(Qian Jie Can Zhao )toiuShi Shi woZhi Zhai shi, Shi ni400Nian burini, Ben Lai noZheng shii[aiueo] [wawiuwewo] noXing niLi shita. konoShi Shi ha, Hou niDong Tiao Yi Men ga{Yu Hu Qing Zhong Yi } (1827Nian )deJian Zheng shita. mata, Xuan Chang haWen Fa noYan Jiu , toriwakeXi riJie binoYan Jiu deCheng Guo woShang geta. Xi riJie binoYi Lan Biao dearu{himoJing } (1771Nian )womatome, {Ci noYu Xu } (1779Nian )deXiang Shuo shita. Wen Zhong ni[zo*no*ya*He ] gaLai taChang He nihaWen Mo gaLian Ti Xing , [koso] gaLai taChang He haYi Ran Xing deJie barerukotowoShi shitanominarazu, [ha*mo] oyobi[Tu (tada=Zhu Ge nadoniZhu Ci gatsukanaiChang He )] noChang He haWen Mo gaZhong Zhi Xing ninarukotowoShi shita^[189]. Zhu Ge nadoni[ha*mo] nadogaFu itaChang He niWen Mo gaZhong Zhi Xing ninarunohaDang Ran noyoudearuga, Bi zushimosoudenai. Zhu Ge woShi su[ga*no] gaLai taChang He ha, [Jun gaSi hoserikeru] (Mo Xie Ji )[nihohinoXiu nitomareru] (Gu Jin Ji )noyouniWen Mo gaLian Ti Xing deJie barerunodearukara, aete[ha*mo*Tu ] noXia gaZhong Zhi Xing deJie barerukotowoShi shitakotohaZhong Yao dearu.

Pin Ci Yan Jiu deCheng Guo woShang getanohaFu Shi Gu Cheng Zhang deatsuta. Fu Shi Gu ha, Pin Ci wo[Ming ] (Ming Ci )*[Zhuang (yosoi)] (Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci nado)*[Cha Tou (kazashi)] (Fu Ci nado)*[Jiao Jie (ayui)] (Zhu Ci *Zhu Dong Ci nado)no4Lei niFen Lei shita^[187]. {Cha Tou Chao } (1767Nian )dehaJin Ri deYan uFu Ci noLei woZhong Xin niLun zita. Te niZhu Mu subekiZhu Zuo ha{Jiao Jie Chao } (1778Nian )de, Zhu Ci *Zhu Dong Ci woXi Tong Li teteFen Lei shi, sonoHuo Yong noShi Fang oyobiYi Wei *Yong Fa woXiang Xi niLun zita. Nei Rong haChuang Jian niMan chi, Jin Ri noPin Ci Yan Jiu demoSheng nniYin kiHe iniChu sareru^[187]. {Jiao Jie Chao } noMou Tou niJi sareta[Zhuang Tu ] ha, Dong Ci *Xing Rong Ci noHuo Yong woZheng Li shitaBiao de, Hou noYan Jiu niZi surutokorogaDa kikatsuta.

Huo Yong noYan Jiu ha, sonoHou , Ling Mu Lang no{Huo Yu Duan Sok Pu } (1803Nian Qing ), Ben Ju Chun Ting no{Ci Ba Qu } (1806Nian )niYin kiJi gareta^{[Zhu Shi 49]}. Mu Mo nihaYi Men ga{Huo Yu Zhi Nan } (1844Nian )woZhu shi, Fu Jian Guang Yin ga{Ci Yu Tasuki } (1829Nian )woZhu sunado, Ri Ben Yu noHuo Yong gaZu Zhi Hua *Ti Xi Hua sareteitsuta^[195][196].

konoyouniGuo Xue nihaDang Chu Shi Zheng De naFang Xiang Xing gaatsutaga, Ping Tian Du Yin noDeng Chang moari, yagateShen Dai Wen Zi noyounaWei Shi hetoQing Dao shiteitsuta^[197].

konohoka, Jiang Hu Shi Dai deZhu Mu subekiYan Jiu toshiteha, Shi Zhong Long Ma no{Jia Zi Yong Ge Ao Shan Lu } gaaru. Mo Xie Ji noJia Ming ni2Zhong noShu kiFen kegaCun Zai surukotowoShi shitamonode, Chang rakuZheng Dang naXi iwoShou kenakatsutaga, Hou niQiao Ben Jin Ji gaShang Dai Te Shu Jia Ming Qian noXian Qu De Yan Jiu toshiteZai Ping Jia shita^{[198][199][200]}.

Jiang Hu Shi Dai Hou Qi karaMing Zhi Shi Dai nikakete, Xi Yang noYan Yu Xue gaShao Jie sare, Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu haXin tanaDuan Jie woYing eta. motsutomo, Xi Yang noYan Yu niDang tehamaruLi Lun woWu Pi Pan niRi Ben Yu niYing Yong surukotode, kaetsutekoremadenoXu Ji woSun nauyounaYan Jiu moShao nakunakatsuta^[201][202].

koushitaZhong de, Gu Lai noRi Ben Yu Yan Jiu toXi Yang Yan Yu Xue towoYin Wei shiteWen Fa womatometanogaDa Gui Wen Yan deatsuta. Da Gui ha{Yan Hai } noZhong deWen Fa Lun [Yu Fa Zhi Nan ] woJi shi(1889Nian ), Hou nikorewoDu Li , Zeng Bu shite{Guang Ri Ben Wen Dian } (1897Nian )toshita^[203].

sonoHou , Gao Deng Jiao Yu noPu Ji totomoni, Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu Zhe noShu haZeng Da shita. 1897Nian nihaDong Jing Di Guo Da Xue niGuo Yu Yan Jiu Shi gaZhi kare, doitsuGui rinoShang Tian Wan Nian gaChu Dai Zhu Ren Jiao Shou toshiteZhi Dao De Yi Ge woGuo tashita^[204].

Jin Dai Yi Jiang , Tai Wan yaZhao Xian Ban Dao nadowoBing He *Tong Zhi shitaRi Ben ha, Xian Di Min noTai Wan Ren *Zhao Xian Min Zu henoHuang Min Hua Zheng Ce woTui Jin surutame, Xue Xiao Jiao Yu deRi Ben Yu woGuo Yu toshiteCai Yong shita. Man Zhou Guo (Xian Zai noZhong Guo Dong Bei Bu )nimoRi Ben Ren gaShu Duo kuYi Zhu shitaJie Guo , Ri Ben Yu gaGuang kuShi Yong sare, mata, Ri Ben Yu haZhong Guo Yu totomoniGong Yong Yu tosareta. Ri Ben Yu woJie sanaiZhu niHan Min Zu yaMan Zhou Zu nihaJian Yi De naRi Ben Yu dearuXie He Yu gaYong irareteitakotomoatsuta. Xian Zai noTai Wan (Zhong Hua Min Guo )yaZhao Xian Ban Dao (Bei Zhao Xian *Han Guo )nadodeha, Xian Zai demoGao Ling Zhe noZhong niRi Ben Yu woJie suruRen moiru.

Yi Fang , Ming Zhi *Da Zheng karaZhao He Zhan Qian Qi nikakete, Ri Ben Ren gaamerika*kanada*mekishiko*buraziru*peru-nadoniDuo Shu Yi Min shi, Ri Xi Ren She Hui gaZhu kareta. koreranoDi Yu komiyuniteidehaRi Ben Yu gaShi Yong saretaga, Shi Dai gaRuo Nian ninarunishitagatsute, Ri Ben Yu woJie sanaiRen gaZeng eteiru.

1990Nian Dai Yi Jiang , Ri Ben Guo Wai karaRi Ben henoDu Hang Zhe Shu gaZeng Jia shi, katsumata, Ri Ben Qi Ye deQin Wu suruWai Guo Ren Lao Dong Zhe (Ri Ben noWai Guo Ren )moFei Yue De niZeng Da shiteirutame, Guo Nei Wai niRi Ben Yu Jiao Yu gaGuang gatsuteiru. Guo *Di Yu niyotsuteha, Ri Ben Yu woDi 2Wai Guo Yu nadoXuan Ze Jiao Ke noYi tsutoshiteiruGuo moari, Ri Ben Guo Wai deRi Ben Yu gaXue Xi sareruJi Hui haZeng etsutsuaru^[205][206].

toriwake, 1990Nian Dai Yi Jiang , [ku-ruziyapan] toiwareruyouniRi Ben Guo Wai deMan Hua , anime, ge-muniDai Biao sareruRi Ben noXian Dai sabukaruchiya-wo[katsukoii] toGan ziruRuo Zhe gaZeng e^[207], sonoJie Guo , Bi ranoRi Ben Yu niHong reruJi Hui gaZeng etsutsuarutoiu^{[Zhu Shi 50][208]}. 2021Nian 9Yue ni, Dan Yu Jian Suo tsu-ruWordtipsgaShi Jie Ge Guo deYu Xue Xue Xi wosuruniDang tari, donoYan Yu gaZui moRen Qi gaarukawoGoogleki-wa-dopuranna-woLi Yong shiDiao Cha shitatokoro, amerika, kanada, o-sutoraria, niyu-zi-randotoitsutaYing Yu Quan woZhong Xin ni, Ri Ben Yu gaZui moXue bitaiYan Yu niXuan bareta^[209].

Ri Ben Ren gaFang Wen surukotonoDuo iRi Ben Guo Wai noGuan Guang Di nadodeha, Xian Di noGuang Gao yaShang Ye Shi She Dian Pu noCong Ye Yuan tonoHui Hua niRi Ben Yu gaShi Yong sarerukotomoaru^[210]. konoyounaChang deMu niHong reruRi Ben Yu nouchi, Xin Qi deZhu Yi woYin kuLi ha, Za Zhi *Shu Ji nadodeShao Jie sarerukotomoDuo i^[211].

Ri Ben Yu nihaDuo Yang naFang Yan gamirare, sorerahaikutsukanoFang Yan Quan nimatomerukotogadekiru. donoyounaFang Yan Quan woXiang Ding surukaha, Qu Hua surutameniYong iruZhi Biao niyotsuteShao nakarazuYi naru.

1967Nian noXiang Hu Li Jie Ke Neng Xing noDiao Cha yori, Guan Dong Di Fang Chu Shen Zhe niZui moLi Jie shinikuiFang Yan ha(Liu Qiu Zhu Yu toDong Bei Fang Yan woChu ku), Fu Shan Xian Bing Jian Fang Yan (Zheng Jie Lu 4.1%), Chang Ye Xian Mu Ceng Fang Yan (Zheng Jie Lu 13.3%), Lu Er Dao Fang Yan (Zheng Jie Lu 17.6%), Gang Shan Xian Zhen Ting Fang Yan (Zheng Jie Lu 24.7%)datsuta. ^[212]konoDiao Cha ha, 12~ 20Miao noChang sa, 135~ 244noYin Su noLao Ren noLu Yin niJi duiteori, 42Ming noRuo Zhe gaWen iteFan Yi shita. Shou Yan Zhe haGuan Dong Di Fang deYu tsutaQing Ying Da Xue noXue Sheng deatsuta. ^[212]

Guan Dong Quan Chu Shen Zhe tonoXiang Hu Li Jie Ke Neng Xing (1967Nian )^[212]

Fang Yan	Da Ban Shi	Jing Du Shi	Ai Zhi Xian Li Tian Cun	Chang Ye Xian Mu Ceng Ting Xin Kai	Fu Shan Xian Bing Jian Shi	Gang Shan Xian Sheng Shan Ting	Gao Zhi Xian Da Fang Ting	Dao Gen Xian Yun Cheng Cun	Xiong Ben Shi	Lu Er Dao Shi
Zheng Jie Lu	26.4%	67.1%	44.5%	13.3%	4.1%	24.7%	45.5%	24.8%	38.6%	17.6%

Dong Tiao Cao ha, Quan Guo deHua sareteiruYan Xie woDa kikuDong Bu Fang Yan *Xi Bu Fang Yan *Jiu Zhou Fang Yan oyobiLiu Qiu Fang Yan niFen keteiru^[213]. matasoreraha, Bei Hai Dao *Dong Bei *Guan Dong *Ba Zhang Dao *Dong Hai Dong Shan *Bei Lu *Jin Ji *Zhong Guo *Yun Bo (Chu Yun *Bo Qi )*Si Guo *Li Ri (Li Qian *Li Hou *Ri Xiang )*Fei Zhu (Zhu Zi *Fei Qian *Fei Hou )*Sa Yu (Sa Mo *Da Yu )*Yan Mei Qun Dao *Chong Nawa Zhu Dao *Xian Dao Zhu Dao niQu Hua sareta. koreranoFen Lei ha, Jin Ri demonaoYi Ban De niYong irareru. nao, konouchiYan Mei *Chong Nawa *Xian Dao noYan Xie ha, Ri Ben Yu noYi Fang Yan (Liu Qiu Fang Yan )tosuruLi Chang to, Du Li Yan Yu toshiteLiu Qiu Yu tosuruLi Chang togaaru.

mata, Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan ha, Jin Ji *Si Guo woZhu tosuruNei Lun Fang Yan , Guan Dong *Zhong Bu *Zhong Guo *Jiu Zhou Bei Bu noYi Bu woZhu tosuruZhong Lun Fang Yan , Bei Hai Dao *Dong Bei *Jiu Zhou noDa Bu Fen woZhu tosuruWai Lun Fang Yan , Chong Nawa Di Fang woZhu tosuruNan Dao Fang Yan niFen Lei shita^[214]. konoFen Lei ha, akusentoyaYin Yun , Wen Fa noTe Zheng gaJi Nei woZhong Xin niLun woMiao kukotoniZhao Mu shitamonodearu. konohoka, Ji Ren kanoYan Jiu Zhe niyoriFang Yan Qu Hua An gaShi sareteiru.

Yi tsunoFang Yan Qu Hua noNei Bu moBian Hua niFu ndeiru. tatoeba, Nai Liang Xian haJin Ji Fang Yan noDi Yu niShu suruga, Shi Jin Chuan Cun yaXia Bei Shan Cun Zhou Bian dehasonoDi Yu dakeDong Jing Shi akusentogaShi ware, saraniXia Bei Shan Cun Chi Yuan nihamataBie Ti Xi noakusentogaatsuteDong Jing Shi noDi Yu niQu riWei mareteiru^[215]. Xiang Chuan Xian Guan Yin Si Shi Yi Chui Ting (Yi Chui Dao )deha, Ping An Shi Dai noakusentoTi Xi gaCan Cun shiteirutoiwareru^[216](Yi Shuo moaru^[217]). korerahaTe niXian Zhu naTe Zheng woShi suLi dearuga, donoyounaXia iDi Yu nimo, sonoTu Di toshitenoYan Xie noTi Xi gaaru. shitagatsute, [donoDi Dian nokotobamo, Deng shikuJi Lu niJia suru^[218]] monodearu.

Yi Ban ni, Fang Yan Chai gaHua Ti ninarutokiniha, Wen Fa noDong Xi noChai Yi gaQu riShang gerarerukotogaDuo i. Dong Bu Fang Yan toXi Bu Fang Yan tonoJian niha, oyosoCi noyounaWei igaaru.

Fou Ding Ci niDong de[nai] , Xi de[n] woYong iru. Wan Liao Xing niha, Dong de[teru] wo, Xi de[toru] woYong iru. Duan Ding niha, Dong de[da] wo, Xi de[ziya] mataha[ya] woYong iru. awaXing Wu Duan Huo Yong noDong Ci Lian Yong Xing ha, Dong deha[katsuta(Mai )] toCu Yin Bian ni, Xi deha[ko-ta] touYin Bian ninaru. Xing Rong Ci Lian Yong Xing ha, Dong deha[hayaku(naru)] noyouniFei Yin Bian Xing woYong iruga, Xi deha[hayo-(naru)] noyouniuYin Bian Xing woYong irunadodearu^[219].

Fang Yan noDong Xi Dui Li noJing Jie ha, Hua Ran toYin kerumonodehanaku, donoTe Zheng woQu riShang gerukaniyotsuteShao nakarazuBian watsutekuru. shikashi, oomune, Ri Ben Hai Ce haXin Xi Xian Xi Duan noMi Yu Chuan Shi , Tai Ping Yang Ce haJing Gang Xian Bang Ming Hu gaJing Jie Xian (Mi Yu Chuan *Bang Ming Hu Xian )tosarerukotogaDuo i. Mi Yu Chuan Xi Fang nihaNan Suo Qin Bu Zhi gaari, sonoNan nihaRi Ben arupusugaLian natsuteDong Xi noJiao Tong woFang geteitakotoga, Dong Xi Fang Yan woXing Cheng shitaYi Yin tomirareru.

Ri Ben Yu noakusentoha, Fang Yan gotonoWei igaDa kii. Ri Ben Yu noakusentoTi Xi haikutsukanoZhong Lei niFen kerareruga, Te niGuang Fan Wei deHua sareHua Zhe Shu moDuo inohaDong Jing Shi akusentotoJing Ban Shi akusentono2tsudearu. Dong Jing Shi akusentohaXia gariMu noWei Zhi nomiwoBian Bie suruga, Jing Ban Shi akusentohaXia gariMu noWei Zhi niJia eteDi 1Pai noGao Di woBian Bie suru. Yi Ban nihaakusentonoWei ihaRi Ben Yu noDong Xi noWei itoshiteYu rarerukotogaDuo iga, Shi Ji noFen Bu haDan Chun naDong Xi Dui Li dehanaku, Dong Jing Shi akusentohaGai neBei Hai Dao , Dong Bei Di Fang Bei Bu , Guan Dong Di Fang Xi Bu , Jia Xin Yue Di Fang , Dong Hai Di Fang noDa Bu Fen , Zhong Guo Di Fang , Si Guo Di Fang Nan Xi Bu , Jiu Zhou Bei Dong Bu niFen Bu shiteori, Jing Ban Shi akusentohaJin Ji Di Fang *Si Guo Di Fang nosorezoreDa Bu Fen toBei Lu Di Fang noYi Bu niFen Bu shiteiru. sunawachi, Jin Ji Di Fang woZhong Xin toshitaDi Yu niJing Ban Shi akusentoDi Dai gaGuang gari, sonoDong Xi woDong Jing Shi akusentoDi Yu gaXie muXing ninatsuteiru. Ri Ben Yu noBiao Zhun Yu *Gong Tong Yu noakusentoha, Dong Jing noShan noShou Yan Xie nomonowoJi Pan nishiteirutameDong Jing Shi akusentodearu.

Jiu Zhou Xi Nan Bu yaChong Nawa noYi Bu nihaXing noZhong Lei ga2Zhong Lei ninatsuteiruEr Xing akusentogaFen Bu shi, Gong Qi Xian Du Cheng Shi nadonihaXing noZhong Lei ga1Zhong Lei ninatsuteiruYi Xing akusentogaFen Bu suru. mata, Yan Shou Xian Na Shi Ting yaShan Li Xian Zao Chuan Ting Nai Liang Tian nadonoakusentoha, Yin noXia gariMu dehanakuShang gariMu woBian Bie suru. koreraYou akusentonoFang Yan niDui shi, Dong Bei Di Fang Nan Bu karaGuan Dong Di Fang Bei Dong Bu nikaketenoDi Yu ya, Jiu Zhou noDong Jing Shi akusentoDi Dai toEr Xing akusentoDi Dai niXie maretaDi Yu nadoniha, Hua Zhe niakusentonoZhi Jue ganaku, dokowoGao kusurutoiuJue mariganaiWu akusento(Beng Huai akusento)noDi Yu gaaru. koreranoakusentoDa Qu Fen noZhong nimoYang "naBian Zhong gaari, saranisorezorenoTi Xi noZhong Jian Xing yaBie Pai nadomoCun Zai suru.

[Hua ga] gaDong Jing de[Di Gao Di ] , Jing Du de[Gao Di Di ] toFa Yin sareruyouni, Dan Yu noakusentohaDi Fang niyotsuteYi naru. tadashi, sorezorenoDi Fang noakusentoTi Xi haHu inimatsutakuWu Guan Xi niCheng riLi tsuteirunodehanai. Duo kunoChang He nioiteGui Ze De naDui Ying gaJian rareru. tatoeba, [Hua ga] [Shan ga] [Chi ga] woDong Jing dehaizuremo[Di Gao Di ] toFa Yin suruga, Jing Du dehaizuremo[Gao Di Di ] toFa Yin shi, [Shui ga] [Niao ga] [Feng ga] haDong Jing dehaizuremo[Di Gao Gao ] toFa Yin surunoniDui shiteJing Du dehaizuremo[Gao Gao Gao ] toFa Yin suru. mata, [Song ga] [Kong ga] [Hai ga] haDong Jing dehaizuremo[Gao Di Di ] toFa Yin sarerunoniDui shi, Jing Du dehaizuremo[Di Di Gao ] toFa Yin sareru. konoyouni, aruDi Fang deTong ziakusentonoXing nimatomerareruYu Qun (Lei toHu bu)ha, Ta noDi Fang demoTong ziXing niShu surukotogaYi Ban De niGuan Cha sareru.

konoShi Shi ha, Ri Ben noFang Yan akusentoga, Guo Qu noTong Yi noakusentoTi Xi karaFen kareChu takotowoYi Wei suru^[220]. Fu Bu Si Lang hakorewoYuan Shi Ri Ben Yu noakusentotoCheng shi^[221], koregaFen Qi shiHu iniFan Dui noFang Xiang niBian Hua shite, Dong Jing Shi toJing Ban Shi woSheng zitatoKao eta. Xian Zai You Li naShuo ha, Yuan Zheng Qi noJing Ban Shi akusento(Ming Yi Chao Shi akusento)gaRi Ben Yu akusentonoZu Ti Xi de, Xian Zai noZhu Fang Yan akusentonohotondohakoregaShun Ci Bian Hua woQi koshitaJie Guo Sheng zitatosurumonodearu^{[Zhu Shi 51]}. Yi Fang de, Di Fang noWu akusentotoZhong Yang noJing Ban Shi akusentonoJie Hong deZhu Fang Yan noakusentogaSheng zitatosuruShuo moaru^[222].

Fa Yin noTe Zheng niyotsuteBen Tu Fang Yan woDa kikuQu Fen suruto, Biao Ri Ben Fang Yan , Li Ri Ben Fang Yan , Sa Yu (Lu Er Dao )Shi Fang Yan niFen kerukotogadekiru^[223]. Biao Ri Ben Fang Yan haGong Tong Yu niJin iYin Yun Ti Xi woChi tsu. Li Ri Ben Shi noYin Yun Ti Xi ha, Dong Bei Di Fang woZhong Xin ni, Bei Hai Dao Yan An Bu yaXin Xi Xian Yue Hou Bei Bu , Guan Dong Bei Dong Bu (Ci Cheng Xian *Hoy Mu Xian )to, tondeDao Gen Xian Chu Yun Di Fang woZhong Xin toshitaDi Yu niFen Bu suru. sonoTe Zheng ha, iDuan touDuan noMu Yin niZhong She Mu Yin woYong irukototo, egaXia kuiniJin ikotodearu. Guan Dong nouchiQian Xie Xian yaQi Yu Xian Dong Bu nadoto, Yue Hou Zhong Bu *Zuo Du *Fu Shan Xian *Shi Chuan Xian Neng Deng noFang Yan haLi Ri Ben Shi toBiao Ri Ben Shi noZhong Jian dearu. mataSa Yu Shi Fang Yan ha, Da Liang noMu Yin Tuo Luo niyoriBi Yin Jie woDuo kuChi tsuteiruDian deTa Fang Yan toDui Li shiteiru. Sa Yu Fang Yan Yi Wai noJiu Zhou noFang Yan ha, Sa Yu Shi toBiao Ri Ben Shi noZhong Jian dearu.

Yin Yun noMian deha, Mu Yin no[u] wo, Dong Ri Ben , Bei Lu , Chu Yun Fu Jin dehaZhong She Ji rideFei Yuan Chun Mu Yin (Chun woWan menai)no [W] mataha [W] de, Xi Ri Ben Yi Ban dehaAo She deYuan Chun Mu Yin no [u] deFa Yin suru. mata, Mu Yin ha, Dong Ri Ben yaBei Lu , Chu Yun Fu Jin , Jiu Zhou deWu Sheng Hua shiyasuku, Dong Hai , Jin Ji , Zhong Guo , Si Guo dehaWu Sheng Hua shinikui^[224].

matakoretohaBie ni, Jin Ji *Si Guo (*Bei Lu )tosoreYi Wai denoDui Li gaaru. Qian Zhe haJing Ban Shi akusentonoDi Yu dearuga, konoDi Yu dehaakusentoYi Wai nimo, [Mu ] wo[kii] , [Mu ] wo[mee] noyouniYi Yin Jie Yu woShen bashiteEr Pai niFa Yin shi, mata[Chi i] -[ake-] noyounaLian Mu Yin noRong He gaQi koranaitoiuGong Tong Dian gaaru. mata, Xi Ri Ben (Jiu Zhou *Shan Yin *Bei Lu Chu ku)haMu Yin woQiang kuZi Yin woRuo kuFa Yin shi, Dong Ri Ben yaJiu Zhou haZi Yin woQiang kuMu Yin woRuo kuFa Yin suruQing Xiang gaaru.

Ri Ben Yu gaShi toGong niBian Hua surukotohashibashibaPi Pan noDui Xiang tonaru. konoZhong noPi Pan ha, Gu Dian Wen Xue noZhong nimoJian rareru. {Zhen Cao Zi } dehaWen Mo no[ntosu] ga[nzu] toiwarerukotowo[itowaroshi] toPing shiteiru([hutoXin otoritokasurumonoha] ). mata, {Tu Ran Cao } dehaGu kuha[Che motageyo] [Huo kakageyo] toYan waretanoga, Jin noRen ha[moteageyo] [kakiageyo] toYan uyouninatsutatoJi shi, Jin noYan Xie ha[Wu Xia niiyashiku] natsuteikuyoudatoJi shiteiru(Di 22Duan ).

korenitodomarazu, Yan Yu Bian Hua nitsuiteZhu Yi suruJi Shu ha, Li Shi Shang , Jia Ming Qian iShu ya, {Jun Lai Sui Noy } nadonoGe Lun Shu , {Yin Qu Yu Yuan Ji } nadonoYin Qu Zhi Nan Shu wohazime, Zhu Zhong noZi Liao niJian rareru. nakademo, Jiang Hu Shi Dai noPai Ren An Yuan Zhen Shi ga, namatsutaYan Xie noPi Zheng woMu De niBian nda{Pian Yan (katakoto)} (1650Nian )ha, 800niwataruXiang Mu woQu riShang geteori, Dang Shi noYan Yu Shi Tai woShi suZi Liao toshiteJia Zhi gaGao i.

Jin Dai Yi Jiang mo, Jie Chuan Long Zhi Jie ga[Cheng Jiang Tang Za Ji ] de, [totemo] haCong Lai Fou Ding woBan tsuteitatoshite, [totemoAn i] nadoKen Ding Xing ninarukotoniYi Wen woCheng surunado, Yan Yu Bian Hua nitsuitenoZhi Zhai gaSan Jian suru. Yan Jiu Zhe noLi Chang karaTong Shi Dai noQi ninaruYan Xie woShou Ji shitaLi toshiteha, Qian Ye Xin {Xiang Jian noYan Yu Sheng Cha } (1933Nian )nadogaaru.

Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Hou ha, 1951Nian niZa Zhi {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } (Dang Chu haGuo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo gaJian Xiu )gaChuang Kan sarerunado, Ri Ben Yu henoGuan Xin gaGao matsuta. sonoyounaFeng Chao noZhong de, arayuruLi Chang noRen "niyori, Yan Yu Bian Hua niDui suruPi Pan yasonoYong Hu Lun gaHuo Fa niJiao wasareruyouninatsuta. Dian Xing De naYi Lun noLi toshiteha, Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan [Ri Ben Yu haLuan reteinai] ^[225][226]oyobiYu Ye Yi Fang noFan Lun ^[227]gaJu gerareru.

iwayuru[Ri Ben Yu noLuan re] Lun Yi nioite, Mei Du noyouniHua Ti nisareruYan Xie moDuo i. 1955Nian noGuo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo noYou Shi Zhe Diao Cha ^[228]noXiang Mu niha[nitsupon*nihon(Ri Ben )] [zitsusen*ziyutsusen(Shi Qian )] [Jian rarenakatsuta*Jian renakatsuta] [Yu Yan Jiu saremashita*Yu Yan Jiu ninarimashita] nado, Jin Ri demoshibashibaQu riShang gerareruYu Xing *Yu Fa gaDuo kuHan mareteiru. toriwake[Jian rareru] wo[Jian reru] tosuruYu Fa ha, 1979Nian noNHKFang Song Wen Hua Yan Jiu Suo [Xian Dai Ren noYan Yu Huan Jing Diao Cha ] deKe Fou noYi Jian gaEr Fen surunado, Ren "noYan Yu Xi Guan noWei iwoRu Shi niShi suDian Xing Li tonatsuteiru. konoYu Fa ha1980Nian Dai niha[raBa kiYan Xie ] toCheng sare, Sheng nniQu riShang gerareruyouninatsuta.

[Yan Xie noLuan re] woZhi Zhai suruSheng ha, Xin Wen *Za Zhi noTou Shu nimoDuo i. Wen Hua Ting no[Guo Yu niGuan suruShi Lun Diao Cha ] deha, [Yan Xie Qian igaLuan reteiru] toKao eruRen ga1977Nian ni7Ge Jin kuninari, 2002Nian 11Yue kara12Yue noDiao Cha deha8Ge tonatsuteiru. Ren "nokonoyounaRen Shi ha, iwayuruRi Ben Yu bu-muwoZhi eruYao Su noYi tsutonatsuteiru.

Ruo Zhe Te You noYong Fa haPi Pan noDe ninatsutekita. Jin Dai Yi Jiang noRuo Zhe Yan Xie Pi Pan noLi toshite, Xiao Shuo Jia *Wei Qi Hong Xie ga1888Nian niNu Xing Tu noJian deLiu Xing shiteita[teyodawaTi ] ^{[Zhu Shi 52]}woPi Pan surunado, 1900Nian Qian Hou ni[teyodawaTi ] haPi Pan noDe tonatsuta^[229]. 1980Nian Dai gorokaraDan naruYan Xie noLuan retoshitedehanaku, Yan Jiu Zhe noJi Shu noDui Xiang toshitemoXi wareruyounimonatsuta^{[Zhu Shi 53]}.

iwayuru[Ruo Zhe Yan Xie ] haZhong "noYi Wei deYong irare, Bi zushimoDing Yi haYi Ding shiteinai. Jing Shang Shi Xiong noFen Lei ^[230]niJi shiteShu beruto, Ruo Zhe Yan Xie toCheng sarerumonohaYi Xia noyouniFen Lei sareru.

1. Yi Shi De Liu Xing Yu . aruShi Dai noRuo iShi Dai gaShi uYan Xie . Zhan Hou no[aziyapa-] ya1970Nian Dai no[chikaretabi-] nado.
2. ko-ho-toYu (Tong Shi Dai Yu ). Liu Xing Yu gaSheng kiCan ri, sonoShi Dai gaNian Ling woZhong netekaramoShi uYan Xie . Ci Shi Dai noRuo Zhe haLiu Xing Chi retoYi Shi shi, Shi wanai.
3. Ruo Zhe Shi Dai Yu . donoShi Dai noRen mo, Ruo iJian dakeShi uYan Xie . [doiYu ] (doitsuYu )ya[Dai Fan ] nadonoXue Sheng Yan Xie (kiyanpasuYong Yu )woHan mu.
4. Yan Yu Bian Hua . Ruo iShi Dai gaNian Ling woZhong netekaramoShi i, Ci Shi Dai noRuo Zhe moShi umono. Jie Guo De ni, Shi Dai woChao eteBian Hua gaDing Zhao suru. raBa kiYan Xie *Bi Zhuo Yin noShuai Tui nado.

Shang Ji ha, izuremoPi Pan nisarasareurutoiuDian dehaTong Yang dearuga, 1 - 4noShun de, Ci Di niYan Xie noDing Zhao Lu haGao kunarutame, soredake[Yan Xie noLuan re] noLi toshiteYi Shi sareyasukunaru.

Shang Ji noFen Lei nouchi[Yi Shi De Liu Xing Yu ] naishi[Ruo Zhe Shi Dai Yu ] niXiang Dang suruYan Xie noFa Sheng Yao Yin niGuan shi, Mi Chuan Ming Yan haXin Li *She Hui *Li Shi noMian niFen keteZhi Zhai shiteiru^[231]. sonoZhi Zhai ha, oyosoYi Xia noyouniZong He dekiru. sunawachi, Cheng Chang Qi niaruRuo Zhe ha, Zi Ji yaTa Zhe henoXing Wei gaQiang marudakedenaku, Cong Lai noYan Xie noGui Fan karanoZi You woQiu meru. Ri Ben Jing Ji noCheng Shou totomoni[mazime] toiuJia Zhi Guan gaBeng Huai shi, Ruo Zhe ga[nori] niyotsuteHui Hua suruyouninatsuta. toriwake, 1990Nian Dai Yi Jiang ha[nori] woLe shimuShi Dai gaDi Nian Ling Hua shi, Xiao Fei *Yu Le She Hui noChan Wu toshiteRuo Zhe Yan Xie gaSheng Chan sareteirutoiumonodearu. mata, 2007Nian Qing karamasumedeiaga[Chang noKong Qi ] noWen Hua woQu riShang geruyouninatsutekitekara, Yan Xie deChuan eruyori, Cha shiHe tsuteXin woTong waserukotowoZhong nziruZhe gaZeng eta^[232]. koreniDui shi, Wen Hua Ting ha, Kong Qi Du menai (KY) toYan warerukotowoKong re, Chang noKong Qi niHe waseyoutosuruFeng Chao noXian redehanaikatoZhi Zhai shiteiru^[233].

Ruo Zhe noRi Ben Yu ha, Biao Ji noMian demoDu Zi Xing woChi tsu. Nian Dai niyorisamazamanaRi Ben Yu noBiao Ji gaXing wareteiru.

Wan Wen Zi

1970Nian Dai kara1980Nian Dai nikakete, Shao Nu noJian de, Wan miwoDai bitaShu kiWen Zi ga[kawaii] toYi Shi sareteLiu Xing shi, [Wan Wen Zi ] [mangaWen Zi ] [Bian Ti Shao Nu Wen Zi (=Shu Ti noBian watsutaShao Nu Wen Zi noYi )] nadotoHu bareta. Shan Gen Yi Zhen noDiao Cha niyoreba, konoWen Zi ha1974Nian madenihaDan Sheng shi, 1978Nian niJi Ji niPu Ji woKai Shi shitatoiu^[234].

hetaumaWen Zi

1990Nian Qing kara, Wan Wen Zi niDai wari, Shao Nu noJian de, Jin Ding Liu niSi taZong Chang noShu kiWen Zi gaLiu Xing shiShi meta. Ping Jia Ming no[ni] wo[reko] noyouniShu itari, Chang Yin Fu no[-] wo[-] toShu itarisuruTe Zheng gaatsuta. Yi Jian Xia Shou niJian erutame, [Chang Ti hetaumaWen Zi ] nadotomoHu bareta. masukomideha[chiyoberibaShi Dai gaLe shimuhetaumaWen Zi ] ^[235][Nu Gao Sheng niGuang maruBian natongariWen Zi ] ^[236]nadotoShao Jie saretaga, Bi zushimoDa Ren Shi Dai noHua Ti nihanaranaimama, Que Shi niGuang matsuta. konoWen Zi woLian Xi surutamenoBen ^[237]moChu Ban sareta.

giyaruWen Zi

Xi Dai me-ruyainta-netsutonoPu Ji niBan i, giyarutoHu bareruShao Nu tachiwoZhong Xin ni, dezitaruWen Zi noBiao Ji niDu Te noWen Zi yaJi Hao woYong iruyouninatsuta. [sayounara] wo[+-uTyora] toShu kuLei de, [giyaruWen Zi ] toshitemasukominimoQu riShang gerareta^[238]. konogiyaruWen Zi woLian Xi surutamenoBen moXian reta^[239].

Yan Wen Zi

konpiyu-tanoPu Ji to, konpiyu-tawoShi Yong shitapasokonTong Xin nadonoShi mariniyori, Ri Ben Yu noYue Wu niSi taXi itoshiteYan Wen Zi gaYong irareruyouninatsuta. koreha, konpiyu-tanoWen Zi toshitekomiyunike-shiyonwoXing utokini, Wen Zhang noHou yaDan Du deJi Hao nadowoZu miHe waseta[(^_^)] noyounaYan Wen Zi woRu rerukotoniyoriGan Qing nadowoBiao Xian suruShou Fa dearu. 1980Nian Dai Hou Ban niShi Yong gaKai Shi saretaYan Wen Zi ha, Ruo Zhe henokonpiyu-tanoPu Ji niyoriGuang kuShi Yong sareruyouninatsuta.

Hui Wen Zi

Xi Dai Dian Hua niHui Wen Zi gaShi Zhuang saretakotoniyori, Hui Wen Zi Wen Hua toHu barerusamazamanaHui Wen Zi woLi Yong shitakomiyunike-shiyongaXing wareruyouninatsuta. Han Zi yaJia Ming toTong ziyouniRi Ben Yu noWen Zi toshiteXi ware, Yue Wu noyounaLi Yong Fang Fa nitodomarazu, Dan Yu yaWen Zhang noZhi kiHuan etoshitemoYong irareruyouninatsuta^[240].

Xiao Wen Zi

sudeniPu Ji shitaYan Wen Zi yaHui Wen Zi niJia e, 2006Nian Qing niha[Xiao Wen Zi ] toCheng sareruDu Te noBiao Ji Fa gaDeng Chang shita. [watashiwa, kiyouwaBu Huo ganaino] noyouniTe Ding Wen Zi woXiao Zi deBiao Ji surumonode, masukomidemoShao Jie sareruyouninatsuta^[241].

Ren "noRi Ben Yu niJi seruGuan Xin ha, Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Hou niTe niXian Zhu ninatsutatoieru^[242]. 1947Nian 10Yue karaNHKraziode[kotobanoYan Jiu Shi ] gaShi mari, 1951Nian nihaZa Zhi {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } gaChuang Kan sareta.

Ri Ben Yu Guan Xi Shu Ji noChu Ban Dian Shu moZeng Da shita. Jing Yu wote-matoshitaBen noChang He , 1960Nian Dai Yi Qian haJie Shuo Shu 5Dian , Shi Yong Shu 2Dian deatsutamonoga, 1970Nian Dai kara1994Nian no25Nian Jian niJie Shuo Shu Yue 10Dian , Shi Yong Shu Yue 40Dian gaChu tatoiu^[243].

Zhan Hou , Zui Chu noRi Ben Yu bu-mugaQi kotsutanoha1957Nian nokotode, Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan {Ri Ben Yu } (Yan Bo Xin Shu , Jiu Ban )ga77Mo Bu , Da Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu noQi Yuan } (Yan Bo Xin Shu , Jiu Ban )ga36Mo Bu Chu Ban sareta. 1974Nian nihaWan Gu Cai Yi {Ri Ben Yu notameni} (Xin Chao She )ga50Mo Bu , Da Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu wosakanoboru} (Yan Bo Xin Shu )ga50Mo Bu Chu Ban sareta^{[Zhu Shi 54]}.

sonoHou , 1999Nian noDa Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu Lian Xi Zhang } (Yan Bo Xin Shu )ha190Mo Bu woChao erubesutosera-tonatsuta(2008Nian Shi Dian )^[244]. sarani, 2001Nian niZhai Teng Xiao {Sheng niChu shiteDu mitaiRi Ben Yu } (Cao Si She )ga140Mo Bu Chu Ban saretaQing kara, Chu Ban Jie dehaKong Qian noRi Ben Yu bu-mutoiuZhuang Kuang ninari, obitadashiiZhong Lei toShu noYi Ban Xiang kenoRi Ben Yu Guan Xi Shu Ji gaChu ta^[245].

2004Nian nihaBei Yuan Bao Xiong Bian {Wen Ti naRi Ben Yu } (Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian )ga, Dang Shi yokuWen Ti nisaretaYu Hui *Yu Fa woYi Ban Xiang keniShuo Ming shita. Yi 2005Nian kara2006Nian nikaketeha, terebidemoRi Ben Yu wote-matoshitaFan Zu gaDuo kuFang Song sare, Da Ban noFan Zu deRi Ben Yu Xue Zhe gakomente-ta-yaJian Xiu niYing erareta. [tamorinoziyaponikarogosu] (huziterebi 2005~ 2008), [kuizu!Ri Ben Yu Wang ] (TBS 2005~ 2006), [San Zhai Shi kokugodoriru] (terebiDong Jing 2005~ 2006), [Matthew's Best Hit TV+*namariTing ] (terebiZhao Ri 2005~ 2006. Fang Yan woXi u), [He Ge !Ri Ben Yu bo-da-rain] (terebiZhao Ri 2005), [kotobaozisannonatsutokuRi Ben Yu Shu ] (NHK 2006~ 2010)nadoZhong "noFan Zu gaatsuta.

[Fu Za naBiao Ji Ti Xi ] [SOVGou Zao ] [Yin Jie Wen Zi ] [Jing Yu ] [Nan Yan Xie toNu Yan Xie ] [Ni Tai Yu gaLi Fu ] [Ai Mei Biao Xian gaDuo i] [Mu Yin noShu gaShao nai] nadowoGen Ju niRi Ben Yu Te Shu Lun gatonaerarerukotogaaru.

motsutomo, Ri Ben Yu gaYin Ou Yu tonoXiang Wei Dian woDuo kuChi tsukotohaShi Shi dearu. sonotame, Dui Zhao Yan Yu Xue noShang deha, Yin Ou Yu tonoyoiBi Jiao Dui Xiang tonaru. mata, Ri Ben Yu Cheng Li You Lai toiuGuan Dian karanoYan Jiu moCun Zai suru({Ri Ben Yu noQi Yuan } woCan Zhao ).

Ri Ben Yu Te Shu Lun ha, Jin Dai Yi Jiang shibashibaTi Qi sareteiru. Ji Duan naLi dehaaruga, Zhan Hou , Zhi He Zhi Zai ga[Ri Ben noGuo Yu Cheng , Bu Wan Quan deBu Bian namonohanaitoSi hu] toshite, huransuYu woGuo Yu niCai Yong surukotowoZhu Zhang shita^[246](Guo Yu Wai Guo Yu Hua Lun ). mata, 1988Nian niha, Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Suo Chang *Ye Yuan Ju Xiong ga, Wai Guo Ren henoRi Ben Yu Jiao Yu notame, Wen Fa woDan Chun Hua shita[Jian Yue Ri Ben Yu ] noBi Yao Xing woShuo ki, Lun Yi woHu nda^{[Zhu Shi 55]}.

Dong Ci gaZui Hou niLai rukotowoLi You niRi Ben Yu woAi Mei , Bu He Li toDuan zuruYi Lun moaru. Li ebakatsuteziya-narisutoSen Gong San ha, Ri Ben Yu noYu Shun deha[Si Xiang woBiao Xian surunoniYi Fan Da Qie naDong Ci ha, Wen Zhang noZui Hou nikuru] tame, Wen Mo noDong Ci noBu Fen niXing kumadeniPi rete, [mohayaDong Ci [Bu Fen de] noYi Lun nadohadekinai] toJi shiteiru^[247].

Fu Za naWen Zi Ti Xi woLi You ni, Ri Ben Yu woTe Shu tosuruYi Lun moaru. Ji Suan Ji Ke Xue Zhe noCun Dao Ding Xing ha, Gu kukaraRi Ben Ren gaWen Zi Wen Hua niQin shimi, Shu Min Jie Ji noShi Zi Lu moBi Jiao De Gao Shui Zhun deatsutanoha, Ri Ben Yu haBiao Yi Wen Zi (Han Zi )toBiao Yin Wen Zi (Jia Ming )no2tsunoWen Zi Ti Xi woShi Yong shiteitakaradatoZhu Zhang suru^[107]. tadashi, Biao Yi *Biao Yin Wen Zi noEr Zhong Shi Yong ha, Ta niHan Zi Wen Hua Quan dehaHan Wen Han Zi yaNu Zhen Wen Zi nado^[248], Han Zi Wen Hua Quan Yi Wai demomayaWen Zi yahierogurihunadonoLi gaaru. Yi Fang de, kanamozikainoyouni, Shu Zhong Lei noWen Zi Ti Xi woShi iFen kerukotonoBu Bian sawoZhu Zhang suruYi Jian moCun Zai suru.

Ri Ben Yu niokeruYu Shun yaYin Yun Lun , moshikuhaBiao Ji Ti Xi nadowoQu riShang gete, sorerawoRi Ben Ren noWen Hua yaSi Xiang De Bei Jing toGuan Lian Fu ke, Ri Ben Yu noTe Shu Xing woLun ziruLi haDuo i. shikashi, Da Ti nioitesoreranoShuo ha, Shou Jin naYing Yu yaZhong Guo Yu nadonoYan Yu tonoChai Yi woMu Ge De niLie Ju surunitodomari, Yan Yu Xue De Gen Ju niFa shiimonogaDuo i(sapia=uo-hunoJia Shuo moCan Zhao ). Yi Fang , Jin Nian dehaRi Ben Wen Hua noTe Shu Xing woLun suruWen Mo deatsutemo, Chu Lai rudakeDuo kunoWen Hua Quan woFu Kan shi, Zong He De naShi Dian niLi tsutaZhu Zhang gaDuo kuJian rarerutoiu^[249].

Ri Ben Yu woLie Deng moshikuhaNan Jie , Fei He Li De tosuruKao eFang noBei Jing toshite, Jin Dai Hua noGuo Cheng deGuang matsutaOu Mi Zhong Xin Zhu Yi gaarutoZhi Zhai sareru^[250][251]. Zhan Hou ha, Xiao Ji De naJian Fang bakaridenaku, [Ri Ben Yu haGe Xing De dearu] toJi Ji De niPing Jia suruJian Fang moDuo kunatsuta. sonoBian Hua noShi Qi haoyoso1980Nian Dai dearutoiu^[251]. izurenishitemo, Ri Ben Yu haTe Shu dearutonoQian Ti niLi tsuteiruDian deLiang Zhe noJian Fang haGong Tong suru.

Ri Ben Yu Te Shu Lun haRi Ben Guo Wai demoLun zirareru. E. raishiyawa-niyoreba, Ri Ben Yu noZhi Shi gaFa shiimama, Ri Ben Yu haMing Xi demoLun Li De demonaitoBu Man woLou rasuWai Guo Ren haDuo itoiu. raishiyawa-Zi Shen hakoreniFan Lun shi, arayuruYan Yu nihaAi Mei *Bu Ming Xi ninaruYu Di gaari, Ri Ben Yu moTong Yang daga, Jian Jie *Ming Xi *Lun Li De niShu berukotowoZu muYao Su haRi Ben Yu ninaitoiu^[252]. Gong Tong Dian noShao nasayueniYin Ou Xi Yan Yu Hua Zhe nihaXi De gaNan shiitosare, Xue Xi niGuan waruYang "naziyo-kugaCun Zai surubasukuYu nitsuite, huransunobaiyonnuniarubasukuBo Wu Guan deha, [katsuteE Mo satanhaRi Ben niita. soregabasukunoTu Di niyatsutekitanodearu] toCha Hui Ru rinoLi Shi gaMiao kareteirumonogaShi rareteiru. korehaTong zikuYin Ou Xi Yan Yu Hua Zhe karamiteXi De noNan shiibasukuYu toRi Ben Yu woZhong neHe waseteirutosareru^[253].

Jin Ri noYan Yu Xue nioiteha, Ri Ben Yu gaTe Shu dearutoiuJian Fang Zi Ti niGai shiteFou Ding De dearu. Li eba, Ri Ben Yu ni5Mu Yin shikanaikotogaTe Shu datoYan warerukotogaaruga, kuraza-zunoYan Jiu niyoreba, 209noYan Yu nouchi, Ri Ben Yu noyouni5Mu Yin woChi tsuYan Yu ha55ari, Lei Xing toshiteZui moDuo itoiu. mataYu Shun niGuan shiteha, Ri Ben Yu noyouni SOVGou Zao woCai ruYan Yu gaYue 45%deatsuteZui moDuo inoniDui shite, Ying Yu noyouniSVOGou Zao woCai ruYan Yu ha30%Qiang dearu(urutan, sutei-ru, guri-nba-guranoDiao Cha Jie Guo yori). konoDian kara, Ri Ben Yu hagokuPu Tong noYan Yu dearutoiuJie Lun gaDao karerutosareru^[250]. mataYan Yu Xue Zhe noJiao Tian Tai Zuo haYu Shun woHan me19noTe Zheng nitsuite130noYan Yu woBi Jiao shi, [Ri Ben Yu haTe Shu naYan Yu dehanai. shikashi, Ying Yu haTe Shu naYan Yu da] toJie Lun shiteiru^[254].

Cun Shan Qi Lang ha, [Wai Guo Yu woZhi rukotogaShao naihodoRi Ben Yu noTe Se gaDuo kunaru] toiu[Fan Bi Li Fa Ze ] woZhu Zhang shitatoiu^[255]. Ri Ben Ren Zi ragaRi Ben Yu woTe Shu toKao eruYuan Yin toshiteha, Shen Jin naTa Yan Yu (Ying Yu , Han Wen Cheng Du )gaShao naikotomoJu gerareru.

Ri Ben dehaGu kuHan Ji woDu mutamenoCi Shu gaDuo kuBian Zuan sareta. Guo Nei niokeruCi Shu Bian Zuan noJi Lu toshiteha, Tian Wu 11Nian (682Nian )no{Xin Zi } 44Juan gaZui Gu dearuga({Ri Ben Shu Ji } ), Chuan Ben haorokaYi Wen suramoCun Zai shinaitame, Shu Ming karaHan Zi Zi Shu noLei dearoutoTui Ce sareruYi Wai ha, ikanaruNei Rong noCi Shu deatsutakamoBu Ming dearu^[256].

Nai Liang Shi Dai niha, {Yang Shi Han Yu Chao } ya{Bian Se Li Cheng } toiuHe Xun woYou suruHan He Ci Shu gaBian Zuan saretarashiiga, sorezoreYi Wen toshiteCan runomide, Xiang Xi haBu Ming nomamadearu^[256]. Xian Cun suruZui Gu noCi Shu ha, Kong Hai Bian toChuan erareru{Zhuan Li Mo Xiang Ming Yi } (9Shi Ji )dearuga, Zhong Guo no{Yu Pian } woMo shitaBu Shou Pei Lie noHan Zi Zi Shu deari, He Xun haYi Qie nai^[257][258]. 10Shi Ji Chu Tou niBian Zuan sareta{Xin Zhuan Zi Jing } haChuan Ben gaCun suruZui Gu noHan He Ci Shu deari, Han Zi woBu Shou Pei Lie shitaShang de, He Xun woMo Xie Jia Ming deJi shiteiru^[257][259]. Ping An Shi Dai Zhong Qi niBian Zuan sareta{He Ming Lei Ju Chao } ha, Yi Wei deFen Lei shitaHan Yu nioomuneHe Yi woMo Xie Jia Ming deFu shitamonode, Han He Ci Shu dehaarugaBai Ke Ci Shu De Se Cai gaQiang i^[257][260]. Yuan Zheng Qi nihaGuo Qu noHan He Ci Shu noJi Da Cheng tomoYan eru{Lei Ju Ming Yi Chao } gaBian Zuan sare, Tong Shu noHe Xun niFu saretaLi Fu naSheng Dian niyoriYuan Zheng Qi noakusentoTi Xi hahoboJie Ming sareteiru^[257][261].

Lian Cang Shi Dai nihaBai Ke Ci Shu {Er Zhong Li } yaShi Zuo notamenoShi Yong De Yun Shu {Ping Ta Zi Lei Chao } hoka, Yu Yuan Ci Shu tomoiubeki{Chen Dai } ya{Ming Yu Ji } nadomoBian mareruyouninatsuta. mataShi Ting Shi Dai niha, Du miShu kigaGuang iJie Ceng hePu Ji shiShi metakotowoBei Jing ni, Han Shi woZuo rutamenoYun Shu {Ju Fen Yun Lue } ^[262], Han He Ci Shu {Wei Yu Pian } ^[263], He Yi niTong Su Yu moHan metaGuo Yu Ci Shu {Xia Xue Ji } ^[264], Ri Chang Yu noDan Yu woirohaShun niBing betaTong Su De Bai Ke Ci Shu {Jie Yong Ji } nadonoCi Shu gaBian mareta^[195]. saraniAn Tu Tao Shan Shi Dai noZui Mo Qi niha, iezusuHui nokirisutoJiao Xuan Jiao Shi niyotsute, Ri Ben Yu toporutogaruYu noCi Shu {Ri Pu Ci Shu } gaZuo Cheng sareta^[184][265].

Jiang Hu Shi Dai niha, Shi Ting Qi no{Jie Yong Ji } woYuan nishiteDuo Shu noCi Shu gaBian Ji *Kan Xing sareta. Yi Lin Ben {Jie Yong Ji } {Shu Yan Zi Kao Jie Yong Ji } nadogaZhu namonodearu^[266]. sonohoka, Pai Xie Yong Yu Ci Shu woHan mu{Shi Hua Jin } , Yu Yuan Ci Shu {Ri Ben Shi Ming } , Su Yu Ci Shu {Zhi Bu Ke Qi } , Zhen Ci Ci Shu {Guan Ci Kao } nadomoBian Zuan sareta. toriwakeGu Chuan Shi Qing {Wei Xun Kan } , Tai Tian Quan Zhai {Li Yan Ji Lan } , Shi Chuan Ya Wang {Ya Yan Ji Lan } ha, sorezoregakiwameteDa Bu namonode, [Jin Shi Qi noSan Da Ci Shu ] toiwareru^[267].

Ming Zhi Shi Dai niRu ri, 1889Nian karaDa Gui Wen Yan Bian noXiao Xing Ci Shu {Yan Hai } gaKan Xing sareta^[174]. koreha, Gu Dian Yu *Ri Chang Yu woWang Luo shi, Wu Shi Yin Shun niJian Chu shiwoBing bete, Pin Ci *Han Zi Biao Ji *Yu Shi woFu shitaChu noJin Dai De naRi Ben Yu Ci Shu deatsuta^[268]. {Yan Hai } ha, Hou noCi Shu noMo Fan De Cun Zai tonari, Hou niZeng Bu Ban no{Da Yan Hai } moKan Xing sareta^[269].

sonoHou , Guang kuShi waretaXiao Xing noRi Ben Yu Ci Shu toshiteha, Jin Ze Zhuang San Lang Bian {Ci Lin } nohoka^[270], Xin Cun Chu Bian {Ci Yuan } nadogaaru^[271]. Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Zhong karaZhan Hou nikaketehaJin Tian Yi Jing Zhu Bian {Ming Jie Guo Yu Ci Dian } gayokuYong irare^{[Zhu Shi 56]}, Jin Ri no{San Sheng Tang Guo Yu Ci Dian } {Xin Ming Jie Guo Yu Ci Dian } niYin kiJi gareteiru^[273].

Zhong Xing Ci Shu toshiteha, Di Er Ci Shi Jie Da Zhan Qian ha{Da Yan Hai } nohoka^[269], Song Jing Jian Zhi *Shang Tian Mo Nian Bian {Da Ri Ben Guo Yu Ci Dian } nadogaKan Xing sareta^[274]. Zhan Hou haXin Cun Chu Bian {Guang Ci Yuan } nadogaGuang kuShou keRu rerareteiru^[275]. Xian Zai dehaSong Cun Ming Bian {Da Ci Lin } wohazime^[276], Shu Zhong noZhong Xing Ci Shu gaJia watsuteiruhoka, Wei Yi nishiteZui Da noDa Xing Ci Shu {Ri Ben Guo Yu Da Ci Dian } (Yue 50Mo Yu )gaaru^[277].

• Da Shi Tou {Guo Yu Su Yuan } 1899Nian 3Yue .
• Shang Tian Wan Nian {Guo Yu notame:Di 2} Fu Shan Fang , 1903Nian 6Yue .
• Shan Tian Xiao Xiong {Ri Ben Wen Fa Lun } Bao Wen Guan , 1908Nian 9Yue .
• Shan Tian Xiao Xiong {Guo Yu Shi :Wen Zi Pian } Dao Jiang Shu Yuan , 1937Nian .
• Shan Tian Xiao Xiong {Guo Yu noZhong niYu keruHan Yu noYan Jiu } Bao Wen Guan , 1940Nian .
• Yi Ze Xiu Er {Shi Hua Ying Yong Dong Bei Fa Yin Jiao Zheng Fa } Le Shi She , 1909Nian 4Yue .
• Liu Tian Guo Nan {Gua Niu Kao } Dao Jiang Shu Yuan , 1930Nian 7Yue .
• Zuo Jiu Jian Ding {Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu noBiao Xian toYu Fa } Hou Sheng Ge , 1936Nian 5Yue .
• Xie Tian Shun Yi {Zan Qi Fang Yan noYan Jiu } Xiang Chuan Xian Shi Fan Xue Xiao Fu Shu Xiao Xue Xiao , 1938Nian 11Yue .
• Mei Yuan Shi {Ri Ben Wai Lai Yu noYan Jiu } Qing Nian Tong Xin She , 1943Nian 7Yue .
• Shi Zhi Cheng Ji {Ri Ben Wen Fa :Kou Yu Pian } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1950Nian .
• Da Ye Jin {Shang Dai Jia Ming Qian noYan Jiu :Ri Ben Shu Ji noJia Ming woZhong Xin toshite} Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1953Nian 6Yue .
• Da Ye Jin {Jia Ming Qian toShang Dai Yu } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1982Nian 2Yue .
• Da Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu Yi Qian } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1987Nian 12Yue . ISBN 4004203953.
• Da Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu noXing Cheng } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 2000Nian 5Yue . ISBN 4000017586.
• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo {Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Nian Bao 7:Yu Xing Que Ding notamenoJi Chu Diao Cha } Xiu Ying Chu Ban , 1955Nian .
• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo {Xian Dai Za Zhi Jiu Shi Zhong noYong Yu Yong Zi } Xiu Ying Chu Ban , 1964Nian 7Yue .
• Tang Ze Xing Ji Lang {Zeng Ding Jiang Hu Yan Xie noYan Jiu } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1957Nian .
• Fu Bu Si Lang {Ri Ben Yu noXi Tong } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1959Nian 1Yue .
• Sen Gong San {Zhi Ou Liu Nian } Zhao Ri Xin Wen She , 1959Nian 11Yue .
• San Shang Zhang {Xiang haBi gaChang i:Ri Ben Wen Fa Ru Men } kuroshioChu Ban , 1960Nian 10Yue .
• San Shang Zhang {Sok *Xian Dai Yu Fa Xu Shuo } kuroshioChu Ban , 1972Nian 10Yue .
• Sen Zhong Min {Ri Ben Wen Fa :Zhu Yu toShu Yu } Wu Zang Ye Shu Yuan , 1965Nian 9Yue .
• Ling Mu Zhong Xing {Ri Ben Yu Wen Fa *Xing Tai Lun } mugiShu Fang , 1972Nian 5Yue . ISBN 9784838401055.
• Zu Li Juan Yi {yachimata*Shang Xia } He Chu Shu Fang Xin She , 1974Nian 10Yue .
• Ling Mu Xiao Fu {kotobatoWen Hua } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1973Nian 5Yue . ISBN 9784004120988.
• Ling Mu Xiao Fu {Bi saretaYan Yu *Ri Ben Yu noShi Jie } Xin Chao She <Xin Chao Xuan Shu > , 1975Nian 3Yue . ISBN 9784106001697.
• Ling Mu Xiao Fu {Ri Ben Yu toWai Guo Yu } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1990Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4004301017.
• Shou Zhong Zhi Chong {manganoMiao kiFang :Si Yan Hui karaChang Bian made} Guang Wen She , 1977Nian 5Yue .
• Jian Fang Hao Ji {Ci Shu toRi Ben Yu } Yu Chuan Da Xue Chu Ban Bu , 1977Nian 11Yue .
• Tian Zhong Zhang Fu {Guo Yu Yu Hui Lun } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1978Nian 2Yue .
• Xiao Song Ying Xiong {irohauta:Ri Ben Yu Shi henoizanai} Zhong Yang Gong Lun She <Zhong Gong Xin Shu 558> , 1979Nian 11Yue . ISBN 4121005589.
• Xiao Song Ying Xiong {Ri Ben Yu hanazeBian Hua suruka:Mu Yu toshitenoRi Ben Yu noLi Shi } Li Jian Shu Yuan , 1999Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4305701847.
• Xiao Song Ying Xiong {Ri Ben Yu noLi Shi :Qing Xin Hao hanazeaonanoka} Li Jian Shu Yuan , 2001Nian 10Yue . ISBN 4305702347.
• Hua Dao Zhong Fu {Ri Ben Yu hadouBian waruka:Yu Hui toWen Zi } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1981Nian 1Yue . ISBN 9784004201458.
• Bei Yuan Bao Xiong {Ri Ben Yu noShi Jie 6:Ri Ben Yu noWen Fa } Zhong Yang Gong Lun She , 1981Nian 9Yue . ISBN 412401726X.
• Song Jing Rong Yi {Guo Yu Ci Dian ninaiYan Xie } Nan Yun Tang , 1983Nian 4Yue .
• Shan Gen Yi Zhen {Bian Ti Shao Nu Wen Zi noYan Jiu :Wen Zi noXiang uniShao Nu gaJian eru} Jiang Tan She , 1986Nian 2Yue . ISBN 4062020718.
• Shan Pu Xuan Si {kesenYu Ru Men } Gong He Yin Shua Qi Hua senta-, 1986Nian 10Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan {Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan *Ri Ben Yu semina- 4 (Fang Yan noShi Jie )} Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1983Nian .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan {Ri Ben Yu *Shang :Xin Ban } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1988Nian 1Yue . ISBN 9784004300021.
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan {Ri Ben Yu noTe Zhi } Ri Ben Fang Song Chu Ban Xie Hui , 1991Nian 2Yue . ISBN 9784140016176.
• Chai Tian Wu {Yu Hui Lun noFang Fa } San Sheng Tang , 1988Nian 7Yue .
• Zhen Tian Xin Zhi {Biao Zhun Yu haikaniCheng Li shitaka:Jin Dai Ri Ben Yu noFa Zhan noLi Shi } Chuang Tuo She , 1991Nian 1Yue .
• Jiao Tian Tai Zuo {Shi Jie noYan Yu toRi Ben Yu :Yan Yu Lei Xing Lun karaJian taRi Ben Yu } kuroshioChu Ban , 1991Nian 4Yue .
• Yuan Tian Zhi Zhi {Ri Ben Yan Yu Si Xiang Shi } Li Jian Shu Yuan
• , 1993Nian 11Yue . ISBN 4305102609.
• Jing Shang Shi Xiong {Fang Yan Xue noXin Di Ping } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1994Nian 4Yue . ISBN 4625420830.
• Jing Shang Shi Xiong {Ri Ben Yu haSheng kiCan reruka:Jing Ji Yan Yu Xue noShi Dian kara} PHPYan Jiu Suo , 2001Nian 8Yue . ISBN 4569617271.
• Ju Di Kang Ren {Jing Yu } Jiao Chuan Shu Dian , 1994Nian 6Yue . ISBN 4048833669.
• Ju Di Kang Ren {Jing Yu Zai Ru Men } Wan Shan , 1996Nian 8Yue . ISBN 462107234X.
• Zhong Zong Gen Zheng Shan {Liu Qiu Yu noMei shisa} romanShu Fang , 1995Nian 7Yue .
• Zuo Teng Wu Yi {Gai Shuo Ri Ben Yu noLi Shi } Zhao Cang Shu Dian , 1995Nian 10Yue . ISBN 9784254510195.
• Mi Chuan Ming Yan {Xian Dai Ruo Zhe kotobaKao } Wan Shan , 1996Nian 10Yue . ISBN 4621052101.
• Mi Chuan Ming Yan {Ruo Zhe Yu woKe Xue suru} Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1998Nian 3Yue . ISBN 9784625421051.
• Wa Yuan Qing Fu {Ri Ben Yu noYin Sheng } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1999Nian 4Yue . ISBN 4000066927.
• Shi Mian Min Xiong {Wai Lai Yu noZong He De Yan Jiu } Dong Jing Tang Chu Ban , 2001Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4490204264.
• Gao Dao Jun Nan {Han Zi toRi Ben Ren } Wen Yi Chun Qiu , 2001Nian 10Yue . ISBN 9784166601981.
• Shi Qi Xing Sheng {Xian Dai Xian Duan Fa Xue noZhan Kai } Xin Shan She Chu Ban , 2001Nian 10Yue . ISBN 479723038X.
• Shan Dong Gong {Ming Zhi Qian Qi Ri Ben Wen Dian noYan Jiu } He Quan Shu Yuan , 2002Nian 1Yue . ISBN 475760131X.
• Shan Dong Gong {Ri Ben Yu noGuan Cha Zhe tachi:Xuan Jiao Shi karaoGu iWai Guo Ren made} Yan Bo Shu Dian , 2013Nian 10Yue . ISBN 9784000286282.
• Jiu Jing Bang Jia {Yan Yu noNoy Ke Xue :Noy hadonoyounikotobawoSheng midasuka} Zhong Yang Gong Lun Xin She , 2002Nian 7Yue . ISBN 9784121016478.
• Jin Shui Min {vua-chiyaruRi Ben Yu Yi Ge Yu noMi } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 2003Nian 1Yue . ISBN 400006827X.
• Shan Kou Xing Yang {Ri Ben Yu Dong Jing akusentonoCheng Li } Gang noRen , 2003Nian 9Yue . ISBN 4896291174.
• Ru Jiang Dun Yan {ikezunoGou Zao } Xin Chao She , 2005Nian 2Yue . ISBN 4104675024.
• Bang Ye Bao Shu {Mo Fang sareruRi Ben :Ying Hua , animekaraLiao Li , huatsushiyonmade} Xiang Chuan She , 2005Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4396110022.
• Sey Yuan Hong Zhi {Ri Ben noHan Zi } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 2006Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4004309913.
• Ku Yuan Qing Zhi {Meng eruamerika:Mi Guo Ren haikanishiteMANGAwoDu muyouninatsutaka} Ri Jing BPShe , 2006Nian 8Yue . ISBN 4822245284.
• Shan Kou Zhong Mei {Ruo Zhe Yan Xie niEr wosumaseba} Jiang Tan She , 2007Nian 7Yue . ISBN 9784062141604.
• Bei Yuan Bao Xiong {KYShi Ri Ben Yu :ro-maZi Lue Yu ganazeLiu Xing runoka} Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 2008Nian 2Yue . ISBN 9784469221961.
• Wu Shan Hua {Han Zi Fei Zhi deHan Guo niHe gaQi kitaka} PHPYan Jiu Suo , 2008Nian 10Yue . ISBN 9784569695181.
• Nei Tian Shu {Ri Ben Bian Jing Lun } Xin Chao She , 2009Nian 11Yue . ISBN 9784106103360.
• Cun Dao Ding Xing {Han Zi kanaHun ziriWen noJing Shen } Feng Yong She , 2009Nian 11Yue . ISBN 9784434138126.
• Zhai Teng Chun Nan {Yan Yu Xue Ru Men } San Sheng Tang , 2010Nian 7Yue . ISBN 9784385364216.
• Jin Wen Jing {Han Wen toDong azia:Xun Du noWen Hua Quan } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 2010Nian 8Yue . ISBN 9784004312628.
• Ren Tian Yi Xiong {Guo Yu Wen Ti toRi Ben Yu Wen Fa Yan Jiu Shi } hitsuziShu Fang , 2021Nian 12Yue . ISBN 9784823411144.
• An Tian Shang Dao {Shang Dai Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu Shi noZai Jian Tao } Wu Zang Ye Shu Yuan , 2023Nian 5Yue . ISBN 9784838607792.

• Cheng Sheng Bai Tai Lang , Song Qi Kuan {Ri Ben Yu [rashisa] noYan Yu Xue } Jiang Tan She , 1995Nian 1Yue . ISBN 406206569X.
• Pu Gu Hong , Chuan Kou Yi Yi , Ban Ben Hui {Jing Yu Biao Xian } Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1998Nian 10Yue .
• Xi Gang Min , Zhong Yuan Rang {Chong Nawa Yu noRu Men :tanoshiiuchina-guchi} Bai Shui She , 2000Nian 4Yue .
• An Gong Xiong *Gao Li Xin Nai *Zhong Xi Jiu Shi Zi *Shan Tian Min Hong {Chu Ji woJiao eruRen notamenoRi Ben Yu Wen Fa handobutsuku} suri-e-netsutowa-ku, 2000Nian 5Yue .
• Gao Qiao Tai Lang Ta {Ri Ben Yu noWen Fa } hitsuziShu Fang , 2005Nian 4Yue . ISBN 9784894762442.
• Ki-Moon Lee; S. Robert Ramsey (2011). A history of the Korean language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521661898

• Du miShu kiNeng Li Diao Cha Wei Yuan Hui Bian {Ri Ben Ren noDu miShu kiNeng Li } Dong Jing Da Xue Chu Ban Bu , 1951Nian 4Yue .
• Dong Tiao Cao Bian {Ri Ben Fang Yan Xue } Ji Chuan Hong Wen Guan , 1954Nian 1Yue .
• Gui Jing Xiao , Da Teng Shi Yan , Shan Tian Jun Xiong Bian {Ri Ben Yu noLi Shi 1:Min Zu nokotobanoDan Sheng } Ping Fan She , 1963Nian 9Yue .
• Ri Ben Fang Song Xie Hui Bian {Ri Ben Fang Song Shi *Shang } Ri Ben Fang Song Chu Ban Xie Hui , 1965Nian .
• Gong Dao Da Fu Bian {Gu Dian Dui Zhao Yu iBiao } Li Jian Shu Yuan
• , 1971Nian 9Yue .
• Zuo Teng Xi Dai Zhi Bian {Guo Yu Shi } Ying Feng She , 1973Nian .
• Yue Kan Bao Dao Bian Ji Bu Bian {VOW:Xian Dai Xia Shi Hua Da Quan :machinohennamonoDa katarogu} JICCChu Ban Ju , 1987Nian 10Yue .
• Gui Jing Xiao , He Ye Liu Lang , Qian Ye Rong Yi Bian {Ri Ben Lie Dao noYan Yu :Yan Yu Xue Da Ci Dian serekushiyon} San Sheng Tang , 1997Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4385152071.
• Mei Ri Xin Wen Dong Jing Ben She Di Fang Bu Te Bao Ban Bian {Dong Bei [Fang Yan ] monogatari} Wu Ming Yadoru Chu Ban , 1998Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4895441806.
• Ben Ming Xin Xing , Gang Ben Zuo Zhi Zi Bian {azianiokeruRi Ben Yu Jiao Yu } San Xiu She , 2000Nian 5Yue . ISBN 4384015968.
• kotobaTan Zhen Tuan Bian {za*Fang Yan butsuku} Ri Ben Wen Yun She , 2005Nian 7Yue . ISBN 4537252987.
• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Bian {Xian Dai Za Zhi 200Mo Zi Diao Cha Yu Hui Biao } 2006Nian 3Yue .

• W.A.guro-ta-su Zhu , Chai Tian Wu Yi {Si haRi Ben Ren ninaritai:Zhi ritsukushiteAi shitaRi Ben Wen Hua noomotetoura} Da He Chu Ban , 1984Nian 10Yue . ISBN 4804720561.

• Qiao Ben Jin Ji [Guo Yu Fa Yao Shuo ] {Guo Yu Ke Xue Jiang Zuo 6:Guo Yu Fa } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1934Nian 12Yue .
• Fu Bu Si Lang Zhu [Yuan Shi Ri Ben Yu noakusento] , Si Chuan Xi Si Nan *Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan *Dao Yuan Zheng Xing Bian {Guo Yu akusentoLun Cong } Fa Zheng Da Xue Chu Ban Ju , 1951Nian 12Yue .
• Tu Jing Zhong Sheng Zhu [Lian Cang , Shi Ting Shi Dai noGuo Yu ] , Tu Jing Zhong Sheng Bian {Ri Ben Yu noLi Shi :Gai Ding Ban } Zhi Wen Tang , 1957Nian 6Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan Zhu [Si noFang Yan Qu Hua ] , Ri Ben Fang Yan Yan Jiu Hui Bian {Ri Ben noFang Yan Qu Hua } Dong Jing Tang Chu Ban , 1964Nian 11Yue .
• Gong Dao Da Fu Zhu [Xian Dai Yu inoXing Cheng ] , Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Bian {Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Lun Ji 3:kotobanoYan Jiu } Xiu Ying Chu Ban , 1967Nian 8Yue , 1-50Ye . https://doi.org/10.15084/00001752.
• Ao Cun San Xiong Zhu [Suo Wei Er Duan Huo Yong noYi Duan Hua nitsuite:Fang Yan De Shi Shi karaShi De Kao Cha he] , Jin Dai Yu Xue Hui Bian {Jin Dai Yu Yan Jiu 2} Wu Zang Ye Shu Yuan , 1968Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4838600852.
• Gong Di Yu Zhu [Xian Dai noJing Yu ] , Sip Cun Min Shu Bian {Jiang Zuo Guo Yu Shi 5:Jing Yu Shi } Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1971Nian 11Yue .
• Gong Di Yu Zhu [Dai Yu Biao Xian ] , Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Bian {Ri Ben Yu toRi Ben Yu Jiao Yu :Wen Zi *Biao Xian Bian } Da Zang Sheng Yin Shua Ju , 1976Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4173108044.
• Mei Zhuo Zhong Fu Zhu [Xian Dai Ri Ben Wen Zi noWen Ti Dian ] , Mei Zhuo Zhong Fu *Duo Tian Dao Tai Lang Bian {Ri Ben Wen Hua toShi Jie } Jiang Tan She , 1972Nian 6Yue . ISBN 4061156802.
• Wai Shan Ying Ci Zhu [Jin Dai noYin Yun ] , Zhong Tian Zhu Fu Bian {Jiang Zuo Guo Yu Shi 2:Yin Yun Shi *Wen Zi Shi } Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1972Nian 9Yue .
• Lin Ju Shu *Zhai Teng Zheng Ren *Fan Tian Qing Si Zhu [Gu Jin Xing Rong Ci Yi Lan ] , Ling Mu Yi Yan *Lin Ju Shu Bian {Pin Ci Bie Ri Ben Wen Fa Jiang Zuo 4:Xing Rong Ci *Xing Rong Dong Ci } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1973Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4625521203.
• J*V*neusutopuni- Zhu [Shi Jie noJing Yu :Jing Yu haRi Ben Yu dakenomonodehanai] , Lin Si Lang *Nan Bu Er Nan Bian {Jing Yu Jiang Zuo 8:Shi Jie noJing Yu } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1974Nian 2Yue . ISBN 462552153X.
• Zuo Zuo Mu Long Zhu [Ri Ben Yu noXi Tong Lun Shi ] , Da Ye Jin *Chai Tian Wu Bian {Yan Bo Jiang Zuo Ri Ben Yu 12:Ri Ben Yu noXi Tong toLi Shi } Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1978Nian 1Yue . ISBN 4124017367.
• Da Jiang Xiao Nan Zhu [arutaiZhu Yu ] , Bei Cun Fu Bian {Jiang Zuo Yan Yu 6:Shi Jie noYan Yu } Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1981Nian 7Yue . ISBN 4469110566.
• Bei Tiao Zhong Xiong Zhu [Dong Bei Fang Yan noGai Shuo ] , Fan Li Yi Yi *Ri Ye Zi Chun *Zuo Teng Liang Yi Bian {Jiang Zuo Fang Yan Xue 4:Bei Hai Dao *Dong Bei Di Fang noFang Yan } Guo Shu Kan Xing Hui , 1982Nian 9Yue . ISBN 4336019754.
• Yan Tian Ma Li Zhu [Xian Dai Ri Ben Yu niokeruHan Zi noJi Neng ] , Wan Gu Cai Yi Bian {Ri Ben Yu noShi Jie 16:Guo Yu Gai Ge woPi Pan suru} Zhong Yang Gong Lun She , 1983Nian 5Yue . ISBN 4124017367.
• Shi Shen Zhao Xiong Zhu [Fu Ci noYuan Li ] , Du Bian Shi Bian {Fu Yong Yu noYan Jiu } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1983Nian 10Yue . ISBN 4625420369.
• Ji Tian Ze Fu Zhu [Fang Yan Diao Cha Fa ] , Fan Li Yi Yi *Ri Ye Zi Chun *Zuo Teng Liang Yi Bian {Jiang Zuo Fang Yan Xue 2:Fang Yan Yan Jiu Fa } Guo Shu Kan Xing Hui , 1984Nian 10Yue . ISBN 4336019738.
• Du Zhu Tong Nian Xiong Zhu [Wen Fa Gai Shuo ] , Fan Li Yi Yi *Ri Ye Zi Chun *Zuo Teng Liang Yi Bian {Jiang Zuo Fang Yan Xue 1:Fang Yan Gai Shuo } Guo Shu Kan Xing Hui , 1986Nian 5Yue . ISBN 433601972X.
• Shang Ye Shan Dao Zhu [Ri Ben Yu noakusento] , Shan Teng Mei Dai Zi Bian {Jiang Zuo Ri Ben Yu toRi Ben Yu Jiao Yu 2:Ri Ben Yu noYin Sheng *Yin Yun (Shang )} Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1989Nian 5Yue . ISBN 9784625521027.
• Ben Tang Kuan Zhu [buraziruRi Xi Ren noRi Ben Yu nitsuitenoYi Shi toShi Tai :hawaiDiao Cha tonoDui Bi kara] , Ping Shan Hui Nan Bo Shi Mi Shou Ji Nian Hui Bian {Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu Zhu Ling Yu noShi Dian *Shang } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 1996Nian 10Yue , 774-789Ye . ISBN 9784625421006.
• Ye Cun Ya Zhao [Xian Dai Han Yu noPin Ci Xing ] {Dong Jing Da Xue Guo Yu Yan Jiu Shi Chuang She Bai Zhou Nian Ji Nian Guo Yu Yan Jiu Lun Ji } Ji Gu Shu Yuan , 1998Nian 2Yue , 128-144Ye . ISBN 4762934135.
• Zhen Tian Xin Zhi Zhu [ponapeYu niokeruRi Ben Yu karanoJie Yong Yu noWei Xiang :mikuroneshiadenoXian Di Diao Cha kara] , Zuo Teng Xi Dai Zhi Bian {Guo Yu Lun Jiu 9:Xian Dai noWei Xiang Yan Jiu } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 2002Nian 1Yue , 33-57Ye . ISBN 4625433126.
• Shan Kou Xing Yang Zhu [[Yi Chui Dao ] akusentonoBei Jing :She Hui Yan Yu Xue De Shi Qing toBi Jiao Yan Yu Xue De Li Lun ] , Jin Dai Yu Xue Hui Bian {Jin Dai Yu Yan Jiu 11} Wu Zang Ye Shu Yuan , 2002Nian 12Yue , 409-424Ye . ISBN 4838602057.
• Song Sen Jing Zi [akusentoYan Jiu noDong Xiang toZhan Wang 2(Xian Dai Yu Zhong Xin )] {Zhao Cang Ri Ben Yu Jiang Zuo 3:Yin Sheng *Yin Yun } Zhao Cang Shu Dian , 2003Nian 6Yue , 261-277Ye .
• Ban Qiao Yi San Zhu [Gao Ju Li noDi Ming karaGao Ju Li Yu toZhao Xian Yu *Ri Ben Yu tonoShi De Guan Xi wosaguru] , Chang Tian Jun Shu Bian {Ri Ben Yu Xi Tong Lun noXian Zai } Guo Ji Ri Ben Wen Hua Yan Jiu senta-, 2003Nian 12Yue , 131-185Ye . https://doi.org/10.15055/00005276.
• Shan Ben Zhen Wu Zhu [Guo Yu Xue Shi ] , Mu Tian Zhang Yi Bian {Guo Yu Shi woXue buRen notameni} Shi Jie Si Xiang She , 2013Nian 4Yue , 261-285Ye . ISBN 9784790715962.
• Shan Dong Gong Zhu [Ri Ben Yu Xue Shi ] , Yi Tian Zhi Xiu Bian {Ji Chu Ri Ben Yu Xue } hitsuziShu Fang , 2019Nian 2Yue , 284-309Ye . ISBN 9784894769465. (Di 2Ban , 2023Nian 3Yue . ISBN 9784823411953)
• Chang Tian Jun Shu Zhu [Ri Ben Yan Yu Xue Shi Xu Shuo :Ri Ben Yu noQi Yuan hadonoyouniLun ziraretekitaka] , Chang Tian Jun Shu Bian {Ri Ben Yu [Qi Yuan ] Lun noLi Shi toZhan Wang :Ri Ben Yu noQi Yuan hadonoyouniLun ziraretekitaka} San Sheng Tang , 2020Nian 3Yue , 315-334Ye . ISBN 9784385365084.
• Yi Teng Ying Ren Zhu [Zhao Xian Ban Dao niokeruYan Yu Jie Hong toDa Lu Wei Yu ] , Ri Ben Yan Yu Xue Hui Bian {Ri Ben Yan Yu Xue Hui Di 163Hui Da Hui Lun Wen Ji } Ri Ben Yan Yu Xue Hui , 2021Nian 11Yue , 354-359Ye . https://www.ls-japan.org/modules/documents/LSJpapers/meeting/163/handouts/ws3/W-3-1_163.pdf.

• Teng Gang Sheng Er [Ri Ben Yu noWei Zhi ] {Guo Xue Yuan Za Zhi } Di 14Juan Di 8Hao , 1908Nian 8Yue , 1-9Ye .
• Teng Gang Sheng Er [Ri Ben Yu noWei Zhi (Er )] {Guo Xue Yuan Za Zhi } Di 14Juan Di 10Hao , 1908Nian 10Yue , 14-23Ye .
• Teng Gang Sheng Er [Ri Ben Yu noWei Zhi (San )] {Guo Xue Yuan Za Zhi } Di 14Juan Di 11Hao , 1908Nian 11Yue , 12-20Ye .
• You Ban Xiu Shi [Guo Yu niarahareruYi Zhong noMu Yin Jiao Ti nitsuite] {Yin Sheng noYan Jiu } Di 4Hao , 1931Nian .
• Qiao Ben Jin Ji [Guo Yu Yin Yun noBian Qian ] {Guo Yu toGuo Wen Xue } Di 15Juan Di 10Hao , 1938Nian 10Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan [[Wu Yi ] to[Ye Ku ] :Yin kiYin Jie noTi Chang ] {Guo Yu toGuo Wen Xue } Di 27Juan Di 1Hao , 1950Nian 1Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan [Dong Xi Liang akusentonochigaigaChu Lai rumade] {Wen Xue } Di 22Juan Di 8Hao , Yan Bo Shu Dian , 1954Nian 8Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan [Ri Ben Yu haLuan reteinai:Zi Shi Bu , Jin Song , Ba Jiao nadohaDian Xing De naE Wen Jia datsuta] {Wen Yun Chun Qiu } Di 42Juan Di 12Hao , Wen Yun Chun Qiu , 1964Nian 12Yue .
• Jin Tian Yi Chun Yan [Qi iteMing Zhi noWen Hao woZhan ru:Sok Ri Ben Yu haLuan reteinai] {Wen Yun Chun Qiu } Di 43Juan Di 4Hao , Wen Yun Chun Qiu , 1965Nian 4Yue .
• Fu Bu Si Lang [Phoneme, Phone, and Compound Phone] {Yan Yu Yan Jiu } Di 16Hao , Ri Ben Yan Yu Xue Hui , 1950Nian 8Yue .
• Quan Jing Jiu Zhi Zhu [Ri Ben Yu toNan Dao Zhu Yu :Xi Pu Guan Xi kaJi Yu noGuan Xi ka] {Min Zu Xue Yan Jiu } Di 17Juan Di 2Hao , 1953Nian 3Yue .
• Zuo Zhu Zhao Guang [Gu Dai Ri Ben Yu niokeruSe Ming noXing Ge ] {Guo Yu Guo Wen } Di 24Juan Di 6Hao , 1955Nian 6Yue .
• Ao Cun San Xiong [Dong Xi akusentoFen Li noShi Qi :Wai Lai Yu noakusento] {Guo Yu Guo Wen } Di 24Juan Di 12Hao , 1955Nian 12Yue .
• Gui Jing Xiao [[Yin Yun ] noGai Nian haRi Ben Yu niYou Yong nariya] {Guo Wen Xue Kao } Di 15Hao , 1956Nian 3Yue .
• Ling Mu Yi Yan [Fu Ci noZheng Li ] {Guo Yu toGuo Wen Xue } Di 36Juan Di 12Hao , 1959Nian 12Yue .
• Shi Hei Xiu [Fang Yan noBei Ju ] {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } Di 108Hao , Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1960Nian 9Yue .
• Jian Fang Hao Ji [amerikanoBang Zi Xin Wen woDu mu] {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } Di 157Hao , Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1964Nian 10Yue .
• He Tian Shi [Di Yi Ci akusentonoFa Jian :Yi Chui Dao ] {Guo Yu Yan Jiu } Di 22Hao , Guo Xue Yuan Da Xue , 1966Nian 5Yue .
• Ying Jing Mao Zhi [Xing Rong Ci Yin Bian noYi Kao Cha :Yuan Shi Wu Yu woZhong Xin toshite] {Li Jiao Da Xue Ri Ben Wen Xue } Di 16Hao , 1966Nian 6Yue .
• Chai Tian Wu [Yu Hui Ti Xi toshitenoQin Zu Ming Cheng :torukoYu *Zhao Xian Yu *Ri Ben Yu ] {azia*ahurikaYan Yu Wen Hua Yan Jiu } Di 1Hao , Dong Jing Wai Guo Yu Da Xue , 1968Nian 2Yue .
• Ban Li Long San [iwayuruKe Neng Dong Ci noCheng Li nitsuite] {Guo Yu toGuo Wen Xue } Di 46Juan Di 11Hao , 1969Nian 11Yue .
• Jing Shang Shi Xiong [hawaiRi Xi Ren noRi Ben Yu toYing Yu ] {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } Di 236Hao , Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1971Nian 5Yue .
• Da Jiu Bao Zheng [ Zu Li Juan Yi Zhu [yachimata] Shang *Xia ] {Guo Wen Xue } Di 20Juan Di 3Hao , Xue Deng She , 1975Nian 3Yue , 29Ye .
• Tian Bian Zheng Nan [ Zu Li Juan Yi Zhu [yachimata] Shang *Xia ] {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } Di 284Hao , Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1975Nian 5Yue , 91-92Ye .
• Ye Kou Wu Yan [Yan Ling noarika:Zu Li Juan Yi [yachimata] womegutsute] {subaru} Di 20Hao , Ji Ying She , 1975Nian 6Yue , 196-203Ye .
• Fu Dao Bang Dao [ Zu Li Juan Yi Zhu [yachimata] ] {Guo Yu Xue } Di 104Hao , Guo Yu Xue Hui , 1976Nian 3Yue , 121-123Ye .
• Ye Yuan Ju Xiong [[Jian Yue Ri Ben Yu ] nosusume:Ri Ben Yu gaShi Jie Yu ninarutameni] {Yan Yu } Di 8Juan Di 3Hao , Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1979Nian 3Yue .
• Zhong Ye Yang [{Fen Lei Yu Hui Biao } noYu Shu ] {Ji Liang Guo Yu Xue } Di 12Juan Di 8Hao , Ji Liang Guo Yu Xue Hui , 1981Nian 3Yue .
• Chai Gu Fang Liang [Ri Ben Yu haTe Yi naYan Yu ka?:Lei Xing Lun karaJian taRi Ben Yu ] {Yan Yu } Di 10Juan Di 12Hao , Da Xiu Guan Shu Dian , 1981Nian 12Yue .
• Jia Teng Zheng Xin [Fang Yan konpuretsukusunoXian Zhuang ] {Yan Yu Sheng Huo } Di 377Hao , Zhu Mo Shu Fang , 1983Nian 5Yue .
• Song Qi Kuan [Wai Lai Yu Yin toXian Dai Ri Ben Yu Yin Yun Ti Xi ] {Ri Ben Yu toRi Ben Wen Xue } Di 18Hao , Zhu Bo Da Xue , 1993Nian 8Yue , 22-30Ye .
• Song Cun Yi Deng [Shi Jie noZhong noRi Ben Yu :Ri Ben Yu haTe Yi naYan Yu ka] {azia*ahurikaYan Yu Wen Hua Yan Jiu Suo Tong Xin } Di 84Hao , azia*ahurikaYan Yu Wen Hua Yan Jiu Suo , 1995Nian 7Yue .
• Jia Ben Tai Lang *Er Yu Wang *Shan Xia Bo Si *Chang Tian Jun Shu [[Ri Ben Yu =tamiruYu Tong Xi Shuo ] woJian Zheng suru:Da Ye Jin {Ri Ben Yu noQi Yuan Xin Ban } womegutsute] {Ri Ben Yan Jiu (Guo Ji Wen Hua Yan Jiu senta-Ji Yao )} Di 13Hao , 1996Nian 3Yue , 248-169Ye .
• Da Ye Jin [[tamiruYu =Ri Ben Yu Tong Xi Shuo niDui suruPi Pan ] woJian Zheng suru] {Ri Ben Yan Jiu (Guo Ji Wen Hua Yan Jiu senta-Ji Yao )} Di 15Hao , 1996Nian 12Yue , 247-186Ye .
• Shan Xia Bo Si [Da Ye Jin Shi nogoPi Pan niDa ete:[Ri Ben Yu =tamiruYu Tong Xi Shuo ] noShou Fa woKao eru] {Ri Ben Yan Jiu (Guo Ji Wen Hua Yan Jiu senta-Ji Yao )} Di 17Hao , 1998Nian 2Yue , 372-342Ye .
• Tian Ye Cun Zhong Wen [Ri Ben Yu noHua Zhe Shu Shun Wei nitsuite:Ri Ben Yu haShi Jie Di Liu Wei noYan Yu ka?] {Guo Yu Xue } 189Ji , 1997Nian 6Yue , 37-41Ye .
• Tian Ye Cun Zhong Wen [Zhong Guo noRi Ben Yu ] {Ri Ben Yu Xue } Di 22Juan Di 12Hao , Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 2003Nian 11Yue , 6-15Ye .
• Chen Li Wei [He Zhi Han Yu toYu Gou Cheng ] {Ri Ben Yu Xue } Di 20Juan Di 9Hao , Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 2001Nian 8Yue , 40-49Ye .
• An Tian Shang Dao [Shi Zhong Long Ma toQiao Ben Jin Ji :Shang Dai Te Shu Jia Ming Qian noYan Jiu Shi woZai Jian Tao suru] {Guo Yu Xue } Di 54Juan Di 2Hao , 2003Nian 4Yue , 1-14Ye .
• An Tian Shang Dao [Qiao Ben Jin Ji haHe woFa Jian shidouHu ndanoka:Shang Dai Te Shu Jia Ming Qian noYan Jiu Shi woZai Jian Tao suru] {Guo Yu toGuo Wen Xue } Di 81Juan Di 3Hao , 2004Nian 3Yue , 1-15Ye .
• Qiao Ben Dian Shang [[nesayoYun Dong ] to[nehaiYun Dong ] ] {Dong Yang Da Xue Da Xue Yuan Ji Yao } Di 40Hao , 2004Nian 3Yue , 250-237Ye .
• Zhong Chuan Yu [ainuYu nikuwawatsutaRi Ben Yu ] {Guo Wen Xue *Jie Shi toJian Shang } Di 70Juan Di 1Hao , Zhi Wen Tang , 2005Nian 1Yue , 96-104Ye .
• Zhen Tian Xin Zhi , Jian Yue Zhen [Tai Wan niokeruRi Ben Yu kureo-runitsuite] {Ri Ben Yu noYan Jiu } Di 4Juan Di 2Hao , Ri Ben Yu Xue Hui , 2008Nian 4Yue .
• Fan Jian Hao Ming [[Ri Ben Yu bu-mu] haatsutanoka, soshitearunoka] {Ri Ben Yu Xue } Di 29Juan Di 5Hao , Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 2010Nian 5Yue , 4-15Ye .
• Shan Tian Chang Yan [ Zu Li Juan Yi {yachimata} (Zhong Gong Wen Ku Ban )noDu Hou ni] {Ling Wu Xue Hui Bao } Di 32Hao , Ling Wu Xue Hui , 2015Nian 12Yue , 70-77Ye .
• Bai Shi Cai Zi [Xue Xi Zhi Dao Yao Ling niokeru[Fang Yan ] woChan ru] {Dong Jing Xue Yun Da Xue Ji Yao . Ren Wen She Hui Ke Xue Xi . I} Di 70Juan , 2019Nian 1Yue , 15-22Ye .
• Yi Teng Ying Ren [[Gao Ju Li Di Ming ] Zhong noWei Yu toHan Yu ] {Zhuan Xiu Ren Wen Lun Ji } Di 105Juan , 2019Nian 11Yue , 365-421Ye .
• Yi Teng Ying Ren [Hui Wei Tong Xi Lun ] {KOTONOHA} Di 224Hao , Gu Dai Wen Zi Zi Liao Guan , 2021Nian 7Yue , 1-70Ye .

• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Bian {Chong Sheng Yu Ci Dian } Da Zang Sheng Yin Shua Ju , 1963Nian 4Yue . https://doi.org/10.15084/00002265.
• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo Bian {Fen Lei Yu Hui Biao } Xiu Ying Chu Ban , 1964Nian 3Yue . https://doi.org/10.15084/00002267.
• Qian Ye He Zi Bian {Ni Yin Yu *Ni Tai Yu Ci Dian } Jiao Chuan Shu Dian , 1978Nian 4Yue . ISBN 4040612000.
• De Chuan Zong Xian Bian {Ri Ben Fang Yan Da Ci Dian } Xiao Xue Guan , 1989Nian 3Yue . ISBN 4095082011.
• Gui Jing Xiao , He Ye Liu Lang , Qian Ye Rong Yi Bian {Yan Yu Xue Da Ci Dian 6:Shu Yu Bian } San Sheng Tang , 1996Nian 1Yue . ISBN 9784385152189.
• Jing Shang Shi Xiong , Yari Shui Jian Gui Bian {Ci Dian } Dong Yang Shu Lin , 2002Nian 6Yue . ISBN 4887215320.
• Chai Tian Wu , Shan Tian Jin Bian {Lei Yu Da Ci Dian } Jiang Tan She , 2002Nian 11Yue . ISBN 4061232908.
• Shan Kou Zhong Mei Bian {Mu rashinokotobaNi Yin *Ni Tai Yu Ci Dian } Jiang Tan She , 2003Nian 11Yue . ISBN 4062653303.
• Fei Tian Liang Wen Bian {Ri Ben Yu Xue Yan Jiu Shi Dian } Ming Zhi Shu Yuan , 2007Nian 1Yue . ISBN 9784625603068.
• Chong Sen Zhuo Ye Bian {Tu Shuo Ri Ben noCi Shu 100Ce } Wu Zang Ye Shu Yuan , 2023Nian 9Yue . ISBN 9784838606603.

• Ri Ben Yu noBiao Ji Ti Xi
• Ri Ben Yu noYi Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci
• Ri Ben Yu noEr Ren Cheng Dai Ming Ci
• Ri Ben Yu noFang Yan
• Guo Yu Jiao Yu - Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu
• Ri Ben Yu Di Guo Zhu Yi
• Ri Ben Yu Neng Li Shi Yan - Ri Ben Liu Xue Shi Yan - Ri Ben Yu Jian Ding - Ri Ben Yu Wen Zhang Neng Li Jian Ding - Ri Ben Yu wa-puroJian Ding - BJTbizinesuRi Ben Yu Neng Li tesuto
• yasashiiRi Ben Yu
• Ri Ben Yu Jiao Shi
• Ri Ben Yu Xue Xiao - Ri Ben Yu Jiao Shi - Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu Neng Li Jian Ding Shi Yan
• Ri Ben Yu Xue Ke
• Ri Ben Yu Shi Dai
• Ri Ben Yu Fang Song
• Ri Ben Yu Zi Mu
• Ri Ben Yu rotsuku
• Ri Ben Yu Yi
• Ri Ben Yu Ru Li shisutemu
• Ri Ben Yu Ru Li konso-shiamu
• Ri Ben Yu noShi Jie
• Ri Ben Yu gaWang birutoki
• Wen Yu Ti
• uikipedeiaRi Ben Yu Ban

• Guo Yu Shi Ce *Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu - Wen Hua Ting
• Guo Li Guo Yu Yan Jiu Suo (Ri Ben Yu )
• Ri Ben Yu Yan Jiu *Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu Wen Xian de-tabe-su
• Ri Ben Yu Xue Hui (Ri Ben Yu )
• Ri Ben Yu Jiao Yu Xue Hui (Ri Ben Yu )
• Ri Ben Yu - Dong Jing Wai Guo Yu Da Xue Yan Yu moziyu-ru(Ri Ben Yu )
• Ethnologue report for language codejpn - Guo Ji SIL(Ying Yu )
• {Ri Ben Yu } - kotobanku