Redface
| Redface | |
|---|---|
| Wariyar launin fata | |
| Bayanai | |
| Karamin bangare na | skin dyeing (en) |
Redface shine sanya kayan maeasa rufe jiki don tsana ko ja fata, ko gashin tsuntsaye, warpaint, da dai sauransu ta hanyar wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar Amirka ba don yin kama da 'Yan asalin Amurka, 'Yan asalin Latin Amurka ko' 'Yan asalin Kanada, ko kuma a wata hanya ci gaba da ra'ayi na' yan asalin kasar Kanada da Amurka. Ya yi kama da sanya Blackface . A farkon karni na ashirin, sau da yawa fararen masu wasan kwaikwayo ne, wadanda ke sanye da baki ko ja yayin da suke nuna Indiyawa a cikin sherin wasa na Hollywood Westerns.[1] A farkon kwanakin sitcoms na talabijin, "haruffa marasa 'yan asalin sitcom sun sa kawunan kai, sun dauki Tomahawks, sun yi magana da Turanci, sun buga Squanto a tarurrukan godiya, sun sami sunayen 'Indiya', sun yi rawa sosai, kuma sun nuna wasu misalai na wakilcin ja".[2]
An yi amfani da Redface don bayyana karbar al'adun 'yan asalin kasar, ba tare da la'akari da yadda suke jin tausayi ba, kamar masu zane-zane a cikin Taos Society of Artists a farkon karni na 20 suna nuna kansu a cikin ayyukansu suna sanye da tufafin' yan asalin kasar.[3]
Redface a cikin wasanni, kayan ado da al'adun gargajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da halayyar magoya bayan wasanni na kungiyoyi tare da sunayen 'yan asalin kasar Amirka ko kayan ado, "ja" an kuma yi amfani da shi don bayyana kayan ado na Halloween na "Indiya" wadanda 'yan asalin ke gani a matsayin abin kyama, ko kwaikwayon kayan ado masu tsarki wadanda aka sa a matsayin kayan ado. [4]
Redface a cikin fasaha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 2011, Harmony Korine ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim din Snowballs don alamar kayan ado Proenza Schouler . Fim din ya nuna Rachel Korine da wani dan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ke sanye da "kayan kawunansu na 'yan asalin Amurka da yadudduka na skirts, capes, pants, da kuma saman daga tarin faduwar Proenza. "[5]
Redface a cikin fina-finai na Hollywood
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yammacin Turai sun kasance shahararren fim daga shekarun 1930 zuwa farkon shekarun 1960. Wani makirci na yau da kullun ya shafi rikici tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka da sojan doki, mazauna, ko duka biyun. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna 'yan asalin kasar Amirka a cikin ja.
Espera Oscar de Corti, dan Italiyanci-Amurka, yana da shekaru da yawa yana nuna 'yan asalin kasar Amirka a matsayin Iron Eyes Cody .
Da farko a karshen shekarun 1960, yammacin sun yi kokari su nuna ra'ayi mai ma'ana da daidaituwa game da Wauta-linkid="40" href="./Old_West" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old West">Tsohon Yamma a fina-finai kamar Little Big Man. Koyaya, jefawar Johnny Depp wanda ba dan asalin kasar ba a matsayin Tonto a cikin farfadowar Disney ta 2013 na The Lone Ranger an lakafta shi a matsayin "ja".
Shahararrun fina-finai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littafin James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans an yi fim sau da yawa. Ba har zuwa 1992 ba ne 'yan asalin kasar Amirka suka shiga dukkan manyan matsayi a cikin labarin Uncas dan Chingachgook wanda shine "Mohican" na karshe har sai Magua, shugaban Huron ya kashe shi. Mutanen Mohicans na ainihi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin Kwarin Kogin Hudson.
| Ranar fim | Chingachgook | Magua | Uncas | Bayani |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Theodore Lorch | Wallace Beery | Alan Roscoe | Ba'amurke |
| 1920 | Bela Lugosi | Kurt Rottenburg | Jamusanci | |
| 1932 | Hobart Bosworth | Bob Kortman | Frank Coghlan Jr. | Shirye-shiryen Amurka |
| 1936 | Robert Barrat | Bruce Cabot | Phillip Reed | Ba'amurke |
| 1947 | Buster Crabbe | Rick Vallin | Ba'amurke, wanda aka sake masa suna "Last of the Redskins" | |
| 1965 | Jose Marco | Jose Manuel Martin | Daniel Martin | A Mutanen Espanya / Italiyanci samar a cikin wani style na Spaghetti Western, da Magua da aka sake masa suna "Cunning Fox" |
| 1965 | Mike Brendel | Ricardo Rodriguez | Daniel Martin | Jamusanci: Der letzte Mohikaner |
| 1977 | Ned Romero | Robert Tessier | Don Shanks | Romero ya fito ne daga asalin Chitimacha |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- | Peter Antelyes (2009). "Haim Afen Range: The Jewish Indian and the Redface Western". MELUS. Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States. 34 (3): 15-42. doi:10.1353/mel.0.0047. JSTOR 40344855. S2CID 126754809.
- | Dustin Tahmahkera (2008). "Custer's Last Sitcom: Decolonized Viewing of the Sitcom's "Indian"". American Indian Quarterly. University of Nebraska Press. 32 (3): 324-351. doi:10.1353/aiq.0.0012. JSTOR 25487882. S2CID 161435088.
- | John Ott (2009). "Reform in Redface: The Taos Society of Artists Plays Indian". American Art. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. 23 (2): 80-107. doi:10.1086/605710. JSTOR 10.1086/605710. S2CID 191229545.
- | Adrienne J. Keene, EdD (November 1, 2010). "Native Appropriations: Paris Hilton as a "Sexy Indian"". Retrieved October 16, 2015.
- | "Proenza Schouler Screens a New Harmony Korine Short". Vogue (in Turanci). 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2024-04-11.