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Maurism

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Antonio Maura and Antonio Goicoechea in a Maurist meeting (April 1917).

Maurism (Maurismo in Spanish) was a conservative political movement that bloomed in Spain from 1913 around the political figure of Antonio Maura after a schism in the Conservative Party between idoneos ('apt ones') and mauristas ('maurists'). Its development took place in a period of crisis for the dynastic parties of the Spanish Restoration regime.[1] The movement, which fragmented in several factions in the 1920s, has been portrayed as a precursor of the Spanish radical right.[2]

History

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The 1913 refusal by Antonio Maura to accept the terms of the turno pacifico (the alternation in government between the two major parties in the Restoration two-party system) and assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers led to a schism in the Conservative Party between idoneos (supporters of Eduardo Dato and dynastic normality) and the followers of Maura,[3][4] leading to the establishment of a new movement, maurismo.[5] In October 1913 a seminal speech by Angel Ossorio y Gallardo delivered in Zaragoza gave birth to the so-called maurismo callejero ('street Maurism').[6][7] This side of Maurism became active in street politics using popular agitation, even physical violence.[8]

Bottle of "Anis Maura", promoted by the Maurist Youth.[9]

Maurism, aside from the figure of Antonio Maura, was partially inspired by historian Gabriel Maura[10] (son of Antonio Maura), and received some influences from the ideas of French monarchist Charles Maurras--Maura and Maurras wrote to each other--and Action Francaise.[11] However, Antonio Maura never got to lend support to the radical side of the movement created around him.[12] Other notable Mauristas were Jose Calvo Sotelo, Jose Felix de Lequerica, Fernando Suarez de Tangil and Cesar Silio.[13] Miguel Angel Perfecto identified three inner factions within the movement: the social Catholic one of Ossorio, the liberal-conservative strand of Gabriel Maura and the neoconservatives of Goicoechea.[2] Additionally, the followers of Juan de la Cierva within the Conservative Party, as they drifted away from the orthodoxy of Eduardo Dato, ended up orbiting around authoritarian stances close to Maurism, but they did not merge into the organizational structure.[4][2]

Conference by Gabriel Maura organised by the Maurist Youth in the Westin Palace Hotel (March 1917).

The social strata prevalent among mauristas, whose first National Assembly was held in January 1913, were young people from the aristocracy and the wealthy middle classes.[14][15] The movement built up its own organic structure and related media, created Maurist circles and even worker associations and presented candidates for local and general elections.[16] Maurists were noted for the wide dissemination of their propaganda, embracing the catch-phrase "!Maura Si!" ('Yes to Maura!').[17] Attempts were made to reach capture working class support but these did not succeed as it was perceived as too middle class and establishment-minded, with republican groups managing to mobilise the workers much more successfully.[18]

Presenting itself as an antithetical to the Restoration regime instituted by Antonio Canovas del Castillo (canovismo), Maurism tried to lead a conservative modernization, endorsing an interventionist, nationalist and corporative ideological project.[19] It has been characterised as a regenerationist movement.[20] It shared with that movement the belief that defeat in the Spanish-American War had been the fault of a political system that was rife with incompetence and corruption, with Maurism prescribing the imposition of a new patriotic system from above by elites.[21] Another feature of Maurism was confessional Catholicism.[22] The movement's social action could be described as paternalist, with a tutelary function of the upper classes over the lower ones.[23] During World War I, Maurists largely supported Germanophile stances, although Maura himself defended neutrality and Ossorio endorsed Germanophobia.[24]

Maurist meeting in the Teatro de la Comedia, Madrid (March 1917).

In the 1917 Madrid local elections nine Maurist councillors were elected. At this election non-dynastic unconventional candidates (Maurists and the republican-socialist coalition) took marginally more seats than the candidates elected by the traditional Restoration parties.[25] The 1919 Maura cabinet, that included three Maurists, Goicoechea, Silio and Ossorio,[26] was a window of opportunity for Maurism but it ended up in failure.[27] Maura had become aware of the difficulties in fulfilling the Maurist agenda without the support of the dynastic forces.[28] Since then the movement shifted towards fragmentation.[27]

In the 1920 election to the Cortes the Maurist fraction only got 22 members of the parliament.[29] Two "antagonistic" factions split from Maurism.[30][31] In one side the scion led by Angel Ossorio y Gallardo, supportive of social Catholicism and Christian democracy, founded the Partido Social Popular in 1922. On the other side Antonio Goicoechea led an anti-liberal and authoritarian scion,[32] vouching for an "organic democracy", concept later advanced by Francoism.[33] In 1922 the Maurists around Manuel Delgado Barreto and the journal La Accion looked to Italian Fascism.[34] Goicoechea insisted on a proclaimed popular support in Spain for the rise of "a Mussolini" in the country.[35] The very vagueness that underpinned Maurism, which insisted on a "revolution from above" but left the interpretation of this vague concept up to individual adherents, has been characterised as encouraging this factionalism and preventing it from fully emerging as a coherent ideology.[36] For his part Maura never addressed these issues, preferring to remain an aloof figurehead rather than seeking to lead an organised political movement.[36]

Maurists such as Jose Calvo Sotelo and Goicoechea gave support after the September 1923 Primo de Rivera coup d'etat to the latter's dictatorship -- whose coming was cheered by the overwhelming majority of the Maurists --[37] and they would finally participate in Renovacion Espanola ('Spanish Renovation') during the Second Republic.[38] Jose Luis Rodriguez Jimenez notes that Maurism added at some point the "Neither Right Nor Left" rhetoric, identified by the author as a feature of a drift from liberal conservatism towards authoritarian conservatism.[39]

References

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  1. ^ Gonzalez Cuevas 2008, p. 31.
  2. ^ a b c Perfecto 2012, p. 60.
  3. ^ Romero Salvado 2002, p. 28.
  4. ^ a b Aviles Farre, Elizalde Perez-Grueso & Sueiro Seoane 2002, p. 236.
  5. ^ Marin Arce 1997, p. 130; Gonzalez Hernandez 1989, p. 19 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGonzalez_Hernandez1989 (help); Payne 1999, p. 19 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPayne1999 (help).
  6. ^ Hernandez Burgos 2011, p. 197.
  7. ^ Cabo & Miguez 2009, p. 90.
  8. ^ Aviles Farre, Elizalde Perez-Grueso & Sueiro Seoane 2002, p. 239.
  9. ^ Bunk 2008, p. 18.
  10. ^ Pasamar Alzuria 1993, pp. 207-208. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPasamar_Alzuria1993 (help)
  11. ^ Gonzalez Cuevas 1990, p. 353 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGonzalez_Cuevas1990 (help); Blinkhorn 2003, p. 122.
  12. ^ Payne 1999, p. 20. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPayne1999 (help)
  13. ^ Gonzalez Cuevas 2008, p. 41.
  14. ^ Gonzalez Calleja & Souto Kustrin 2007, p. 78.
  15. ^ Gonzalez 1988, p. 148.
  16. ^ Rodriguez Jimenez 2006, p. 227; Tunon de Lara 1976, pp. 75-76.
  17. ^ Gonzalez 1988, p. 149; Perfecto 2012, p. 60-61.
  18. ^ Romero Salvado & Smith 2010, pp. 18-19.
  19. ^ Gonzalez Cuevas & Montero 2001, p. 43.
  20. ^ Tusell & Aviles 1986, p. 361.
  21. ^ Preston 1981, p. 333.
  22. ^ Rodriguez Jimenez 2006, p. 227.
  23. ^ Gonzalez 1988, pp. 148 y 155.
  24. ^ Fuentes Codera 2013, p. 71.
  25. ^ Romero Salvado 2002, p. 215.
  26. ^ Gomez Ochoa 1990, p. 242.
  27. ^ a b Payne 1999, p. 19. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPayne1999 (help)
  28. ^ Gomez Ochoa 1990, p. 243.
  29. ^ Alvarez Delgado 2003, p. 80.
  30. ^ Gonzalez Calleja & Souto Kustrin 2007, p. 79.
  31. ^ Gil Pecharroman 1993, p. 247.
  32. ^ Marin Arce 1997, p. 130; Gil Pecharroman 1993, p. 247; Payne 1999, pp. 19-20 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPayne1999 (help); Blinkhorn 2003, p. 122.
  33. ^ Rodriguez Jimenez 2006, p. 228.
  34. ^ Gonzalez Calleja 1998, p. 509.
  35. ^ Rodriguez Jimenez 2006, p. 239.
  36. ^ a b Quiroga & Arco 2012, p. 9.
  37. ^ Ben-Ami 1980, pp. 124-125.
  38. ^ Preston 1995, p. 13.
  39. ^ Rodriguez Jimenez 2009, p. 32.

Bibliography

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