Iniopterygiformes
| Iniopterygiformes Temporal range: Carboniferous
| |
|---|---|
| Life restoration of Iniopteryx | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Holocephali |
| Order: | +Iniopterygiformes Zangerl & Case, 1973 |
| Families | |
Iniopterygiformes (Originally spelled Iniopterygia and sometimes informally abbreviated as "iniops")[1][2][3] is an extinct order of cartilaginous fish known only from the Carboniferous period of the United States. Iniopterygians are characterized by large, superficially wing-like pectoral fins positioned upwards behind the head, from which the name of the group (translated as "nape fin")[1] is derived. Iniopterygians are also noted to possess proportionally large skulls and eyes, armor plates composed of dentin, and "tooth-whorls" of fused teeth. Their elongated pectoral fins bore large, denticle-covered spines, and they are thought to have used them to swim using a "flying" motion.[1][4] The iniopterygians were comparatively small chondrichthyans, with the largest species reaching only 50 cm (20 in) in length.[1]
The group is regarded as a relative of modern chimaeras, and is placed in the subclass Holocephali. Two families of iniopterygians are recognized; the Sibyrhynchidae and the Iniopterygidae, with the former containing the genera Sibyrhynchus, Iniopera, and Inioxyele and the latter housing all other named genera.[3][5] The classification of the iniopterygians, both with each other and with other groups of holocephalan, has been considered problematic.[5]
Genera
[edit]Family Iniopterygidae:
- Iniopteryx[1]
- Iniopteryx rushlaui Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Iniopteryx tedwhitei Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Promexyele[1]
- Promexyele peyeri Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Promexyele bairdi Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Cervifurca[6]
- Cervifurca nasuta Zangerl, 1981
- Rainerichthys[3]
- Rainerichthys zangerli Grogan & Lund, 2009
- Papilionichthys[3]
- Papilionichthys stahlae Grogan & Lund, 2009
Family Sibyrhynchidae:
- Sibyrhynchus[1]
- Sibyrhynchus denisoni Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Iniopera[1]
- Iniopera richardsoni Zangerl & Case, 1973
- Inioxyele[1]
- Inioxyele whitei Zangerl & Case, 1973
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Zangerl, Rainer; Case, Gerard (1973). "Iniopterygia : a new order of Chondrichthyan fishes from the Pennsylvanian of North America". Fieldiana. 6: 1-67. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5158 - via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Ewing, Susan (2017). Resurrecting the Shark: A Scientific Obsession and the Mavericks Who Solved the Mystery of a 270-Million-Year-Old Fossil. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-68177-343-8.
- ^ a b c d "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
- ^ Zangerl, Rainer (1981). Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Chondrichthyes I: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii. Vol. 3A. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-437-30337-1.
- ^ a b Nelson, Joseph S. (2016). Fishes of the world (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-17484-4.
- ^ Zangerl, Rainer; Zangerl, Rainer; History, Field Museum of Natural (1997). Cervifurca nasuta n. gen. et sp.: an interesting member of the Iniopterygidae (Subterbranchialia, Chondrichthyes) from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana, U.S.A. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3273.
Further reading
[edit]- Richard Lund and Eileen D. Grogan: Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the Basal Radiation of the Chondrichthyes, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7: 65-123. 1997
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