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Global Hunger Index

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Tool that measures and tracks hunger
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The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool used to measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and national levels. The report, published annually in October, describes the prevalence of hunger and undernutrition in individual countries and gauges both progress and setbacks in the global fight against hunger. GHI scores can be used to rank countries, and current results can be compared with past outcomes. An interactive map] enables users to visualize data across different years and zoom into specific regions or countries.

The index was originally developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in cooperation with Welthungerhilfe, a German aid organization, and was first published in 2006. In 2007, the Irish non-governmental organization (NGO) Concern Worldwide joined as a co-publisher. In 2018, IFPRI handed the project over to its longstanding partners Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide, who have continued the GHI as a joint initiative ever since. In 2024, the Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) joined the project as an academic partner.

The Global Hunger Index 2025 marks the anniversary by taking stock of two decades of evidence-based recommendations: moving from productivity-focused agriculture toward rights-based, inclusive, and resilience-oriented approaches. Priorities include, among others, stronger governance and accountability; climate-adapted and transformed food systems; equal opportunities; support for rural livelihoods; cross-sectoral strategies; and coordinated, responsible development finance. It underscores the importance of reliable data, anticipatory risk management, and local empowerment, especially of women and marginalized groups.

In previous years, topics included:

  • 2010: Early childhood undernutrition among children younger than the age of two.[1]
  • 2011: Rising and more volatile food prices of the recent years and the effects these changes have on hunger and malnutrition.[2]
  • 2012: Achieving food security and sustainable use of natural resources, when the natural sources of food become increasingly scarce.[3]
  • 2013: Strengthening community resilience against undernutrition and malnutrition.[4]
  • 2014: Hidden hunger, a form of undernutrition characterized by micronutrient deficiencies.[5]
  • 2015: Armed conflict and its relation to hunger.[6]
  • 2016: Reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger by 2030.[7]
  • 2017: The challenges of inequality and hunger.[8]
  • 2018: Forced migration and hunger.[9]
  • 2019: Climate change and hunger.[10]
  • 2020: One decade to Zero Hunger: Linking health and sustainable food systems".[11]
  • 2021: Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings.[12]
  • 2022: Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance.[13]
  • 2023: The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems.[14]
  • 2024: How Gender Justice can advance Climate Resilience and Zero Hunger
  • 2025: 20 Years of tracking Progress: Time to recommit to Zero Hunger [15]

In addition to the yearly GHI, the Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) was published in 2008[16] and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia[17] was published in 2009.

An interactive map allows users to visualize the data for different years and zoom into specific regions or countries.

Calculation of GHI scores

[edit]
GHI scores
Level Value
Low <= 9.9
Moderate 10.0-19.9
Serious 20.0-34.9
Alarming 35.0-49.9
Extremely alarming >= 50.0

Based on the values of the four indicators, a GHI score is calculated on a 100-point scale reflecting the severity of hunger, where 0 is the best possible score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst. Each country's GHI score is classified by severity, from low to extremely alarming.[18]

The GHI combines 4 component indicators:

  • Undernourishment: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake.
  • Child stunting: the share of children under age five who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition.
  • Child wasting: the share of children under age five who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition.
  • Child mortality: the share of children who die before their fifth birthday, partly reflecting the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments.

In 2025, data were assessed for the 136 countries that met the criteria for inclusion in the GHI, and GHI scores were calculated for 123 of those countries based on data from 2000 to 2024. The data used to calculate GHI scores come from published United Nations sources (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, UNICEF, and Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation[19]), the World Bank, and Demographic and Health Surveys.

For 13 countries, individual scores could not be calculated and ranks could not be determined owing to a lack of data. Seven countries were provisionally designated by severity based on other published data. For the remaining 6 countries, data were insufficient to allow for either calculating GHI scores or assigning provisional categories.

[edit]

The 2025 GHI report finds that hunger is most severe in the regions of Africa South of the Sahara and South Asia, where hunger remains serious. Africa South of the Sahara's high GHI score is driven by the highest undernourishment and child mortality rates of any region by far. In South Asia, serious hunger is driven by rising undernourishment and persistently high child undernutrition.

Hunger is designated as moderate in West Asia and North Africa, though food crises are occurring in Gaza and Yemen. Hunger is categorized as low in Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Southeast Asia, and Europe and Central Asia.

According to the 2025 GHI scores and provisional designations, hunger is considered alarming in 6 countries (Burundi, Chad, Madagascar, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen) and serious in 36 countries. Many countries are slipping backward: in 27 countries with low, moderate, serious, or alarming 2025 GHI scores, hunger has actually increased since 2016. In 10 countries with moderate, serious, or alarming 2025 GHI scores, progress has largely stalled and their 2025 GHI scores have declined by less than 5 percent from their 2016 GHI scores.

A small number of countries--including Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Togo and Uganda--have made significant improvements in their GHI scores, even if hunger in these countries remains too high.

Country rankings

[edit]

Country rankings as per the Global Hunger Index.[20]

Legend

Countries where hunger is low (GHI <=9.9)
Countries where hunger is moderate (GHI = 10.0-19.9)
Countries where hunger is serious (GHI = 20.0-34.9)
Countries where hunger is alarming (GHI = 35.0-49.9)
Countries where hunger is extremely alarming (GHI >=50.0)
Rank in 2025 Country 2000 2008 2016 2025 Absolute change
since 2016		 Percent change
since 2016
1-25[a] Armenia 20.3 10.8 6.7 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Belarus <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.5 6.1 5.0 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Bulgaria 8.6 8.1 7.3 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Chile <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] China 13.8 7.3 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Costa Rica 5.9 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Croatia 7.1 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Estonia <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Georgia 11.8 8.0 5.7 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Hungary <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Kazakhstan 12.0 10.2 5.7 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Kuwait <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Latvia 5.3 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Lithuania 5.0 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Montenegro -- 5.8 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] North Macedonia 7.4 5.5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Romania 8.1 6.0 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Russia 10.6 6.0 5.5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Serbia -- 5.3 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Slovakia 5.3 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Turkey 14.8 6.9 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] United Arab Emirates <5 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Uruguay 7.9 <5 <5 <5 -- --
1-25[a] Uzbekistan 25.7 12.7 5.7 <5 -- --
26 Moldova 18.1 15.0 5.8 5.1 -0.7 -12.1
26 Mongolia 29.5 17.3 8.0 5.1 -2.9 -36.3
28 Paraguay 12.8 8.3 5.2 5.2 0.0 0.0
29 Azerbaijan 25.2 14.1 8.1 5.6 -2.5 -30.9
30 Saudi Arabia 10.1 8.5 6.6 5.9 -0.7 -10.6
31 Mexico 9.8 9.2 7.1 6.0 -1.1 -15.5
32 Colombia 10.7 10.3 7.1 6.1 -1.0 -14.1
33 Tunisia 9.1 7.6 6.1 6.2 0.1 1.6
34 Argentina 6.5 5.2 5.3 6.4 1.1 20.8
34 Brazil 11.6 6.3 5.4 6.4 1.0 18.5
34 Dominican Republic 15.2 12.8 8.6 6.4 -2.2 -25.6
37 Albania 15.3 15.3 6.7 7.0 0.3 4.5
38 Algeria 14.1 10.8 8.0 7.1 -0.9 -11.3
39 Peru 21.1 12.9 8.0 7.2 -0.8 -10.0
40 Iran 12.4 9.5 8.3 7.4 -0.9 -10.8
41 Panama 17.3 12.3 9.2 7.5 -1.7 -18.5
42 El Salvador 13.6 11.6 8.9 7.6 -1.3 -14.6
43 Jamaica 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 -0.3 -3.6
43 Kyrgyzstan 18.4 12.2 8.9 8.0 -0.9 -10.1
45 Guyana 17.0 15.3 10.7 8.3 -2.4 -22.4
46 Lebanon 11.1 8.3 7.1 8.5 1.4 19.7
47 Morocco 15.6 11.5 8.6 9.3 0.7 8.1
48 Cape Verde 16.2 13.1 11.5 9.4 -2.1 -18.3
49 Venezuela 14.3 8.7 14.2 9.6 -4.6 -32.4
50 Thailand 17.5 12.3 10.4 9.7 -0.7 -6.7
50 Turkmenistan 19.9 14.3 10.2 9.7 -0.5 -4.9
52 Fiji 9.2 10.2 10.6 9.9 -0.7 -6.6
53 Oman 16.2 10.2 12.0 10.2 -1.8 -15.0
54 Jordan 10.2 7.6 7.7 10.3 2.6 33.8
55 Suriname 14.9 10.4 10.8 10.4 -0.4 -3.7
55 Ukraine 12.8 10.0 9.7 10.4 0.7 7.2
57 Egypt 16.4 15.5 14.5 10.5 -4.0 -27.6
58 Ecuador 19.1 14.6 11.3 10.9 -0.4 -3.5
59 Trinidad and Tobago 11.2 11.0 9.7 11.0 1.3 13.4
60 Vietnam 25.7 19.7 14.1 11.1 -3.0 -21.3
61 Sri Lanka 22.1 17.6 14.1 11.2 -2.9 -20.6
62 Honduras 21.7 15.9 13.1 12.5 -0.6 -4.6
63 Iraq 22.9 19.2 14.7 12.8 -1.9 -12.9
63 Tajikistan 39.3 26.9 15.3 12.8 -2.5 -16.3
65 Ghana 29.0 21.5 16.5 13.1 -3.4 -20.6
66 Mauritius 15.3 13.2 12.8 13.4 0.6 4.7
66 Philippines 23.9 21.4 17.7 13.4 -4.3 -24.3
68 Malaysia 15.1 13.9 13.4 13.6 0.2 1.5
69 Libya 11.9 14.8 16.3 13.9 -2.4 -14.7
70 Bolivia 27.0 20.9 14.0 14.6 0.6 4.3
70 Indonesia 25.0 27.8 18.2 14.6 -3.6 -19.8
72 Nepal 37.0 28.5 20.6 14.8 -5.8 -28.2
73 Cambodia 39.8 24.7 17.7 14.9 -2.8 -15.8
74 South Africa 17.1 16.4 12.9 15.1 2.2 17.1
75 Myanmar 41.5 28.3 16.8 15.3 -1.5 -8.9
76 Senegal 32.5 20.9 16.8 15.6 -1.2 -7.1
77 Eswatini 23.9 25.8 18.9 15.9 -3.0 -15.9
78 Cameroon 36.8 26.9 20.4 17.1 -3.3 -16.2
79 Comoros 35.7 25.7 20.5 17.2 -3.3 -16.1
80 Gambia 29.5 23.3 18.8 17.3 -1.5 -8.0
80 Togo 37.6 27.7 24.7 17.3 -7.4 -30.0
82 Guatemala 29.0 23.8 20.8 18.0 -2.8 -13.5
83 Gabon 19.8 18.4 16.1 18.8 2.7 16.8
84 Namibia 26.6 27.1 22.0 18.9 -3.1 -14.1
85 Bangladesh 34.6 32.5 24.4 19.2 -5.2 -21.3
86 Mauritania 31.3 20.1 21.2 19.9 -1.3 -6.1
* Laos -- -- -- 10-19.9* -- --
* Nicaragua 21.4 17.1 13.1 10-19.9* 1.8 14.1
87 Uganda 36.0 28.6 29.1 20.2 -8.9 -30.6
88 Ivory Coast 32.8 33.2 22.3 20.4 -1.9 -8.5
88 Solomon Islands 18.9 18.8 21.8 20.4 -1.4 -6.4
90 Zimbabwe 35.5 29.6 27.2 20.9 -6.3 -23.2
91 Tanzania 40.3 29.4 24.7 21.1 -3.6 -14.6
92 Rwanda 49.7 36.4 28.2 21.7 -6.5 -23.0
93 Botswana 29.9 27.2 22.5 21.8 -0.7 -3.1
94 Djibouti 44.8 32.8 24.6 21.9 -2.7 -11.0
95 Malawi 43.3 28.5 23.1 22.0 -1.1 -4.8
96 Mali 40.3 31.3 24.7 22.3 -2.4 -9.7
97 Republic of the Congo 35.1 32.2 26.6 22.6 -4.0 -15.0
98 Burkina Faso 44.5 34.4 25.4 22.9 -2.5 -9.8
99 Guinea 36.8 31.9 28.4 23.7 -4.7 -16.5
100 Ethiopia 53.0 37.5 26.1 24.4 -1.7 -6.5
101 Guinea-Bissau 37.6 30.4 26.6 25.4 -1.2 -4.5
102 India 38.1 34.6 29.3 25.8 -3.5 -11.9
103 Benin 32.2 25.5 23.8 25.9 2.1 8.8
103 Kenya 35.7 28.7 23.1 25.9 2.8 12.1
103 Mozambique 46.8 32.7 36.4 25.9 -10.5 -28.8
106 Pakistan 36.2 32.3 25.4 26.0 0.6 2.4
107 Timor-Leste -- 42.2 30.5 28.0 -2.5 -8.2
108 Sierra Leone 57.8 41.1 32.4 28.5 -3.9 -12.0
109 Afghanistan 49.6 32.7 28.0 29.0 1.0 3.6
110 Zambia 51.2 41.4 31.7 29.6 -2.1 -6.6
111 Angola 63.8 35.3 25.7 29.7 4.0 15.6
112 Liberia 47.7 36.8 32.9 30.0 -2.9 -8.8
113 Syria 14.8 17.0 23.7 30.6 6.9 29.1
114 Papua New Guinea 31.3 32.8 31.9 31.0 -0.9 -2.8
115 Nigeria 38.2 32.3 29.9 32.8 2.9 9.7
116 Central African Republic 46.8 41.9 36.0 33.4 -2.6 -7.2
117 Niger 52.7 39.0 33.3 33.9 0.6 1.8
118 Chad 49.6 43.8 38.5 34.8 -3.7 -9.6
* Lesotho -- -- -- 20-34.9* -- --
* Sudan -- -- 27.5 20-34.9* -0.1 -0.2
* North Korea 43.8 30.8 27.6 20-34.9* -0.2 -0.5
119 Haiti 40.2 37.2 29.9 35.7 5.8 19.4
120 Madagascar 42.0 36.6 35.0 35.8 0.8 2.3
121 Democratic Republic of the Congo 46.1 39.5 36.4 37.5 1.1 3.0
121 South Sudan -- -- -- 37.5 -- --
123 Somalia 64.3 60.5 49.4 42.6 -6.8 -13.8
* Burundi Yemen -- -- -- 35-49.9* -- --
For the 2025 GHI report, data were assessed for the countries available in the 2025 ranking sheet. If "--" sign is shown, data are not available or not presented. Some countries did not exist in their present borders in the given year or reference period.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The 25 countries with 2025 GHI scores of less than 5 are not assigned individual ranks, but rather are collectively ranked 1-25. Differences between their scores are minimal.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Ruel, M.; Menon, P.; Nesorova, B.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Yohannes, Y.; von Oppeln, C.; Towey, O.; Golden, K.; Thompson, J. (2010). "2010 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on the Crisis of Child Undernutrition" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Torero, M.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Wiesmann, D.; Yohannes, Y.; Schofield, L.; von Oppeln, C. "2011 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Ringler, C.; Rosegrant, M.; Olofinbiyi, T.; Fritschel, H.; Badiane, O.; Torero, M.; Yohannes, Y.; Thompson, J.; von Oppeln, C.; Rahall, J. (2012). "2012 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hunger: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security Under Land, Water, and Energy Stresses" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Headey, D.; Bene, C.; Haddad, L.; Olofi nbiyi, T.; Wiesmann, D.; Fritschel, H.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Foley, C.; von Oppeln, C.; Iseli, B. (2013). "2013 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hunger: Building Resilience to achieve Food and Nutrition Security" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Saltzman, A.; Birol, E.; Wiesmann, D.; Prasai, N.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Menon, P.; Thompson, J.; Sonntag, A. (2014). "2014 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hidden Hunger" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; de Waal, A.; Prasai, N.; Yin, S.; Yohannes, Y. (2015). "2015 Global Hunger Index - Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Nabarro, D.; Prasai, N.; Amin, S.; Yohannes, Y.; Sonntag, A.; Patterson, F.; Towey, O.; Thompson, J. (2016). "2016 Global Hunger Index - Getting to Zero Hunge" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Hossain, N.; Brown, T.; Prasai, N.; Yohannes, Y.; Patterson, F.; Sonntag, A.; Zimmermann, S.-M.; Towey, O.; Foley, C. (2017). "2017 Global Hunger Index - The Inequalities of Hunger" (PDF). Bonn, Washington, D.C.& Dublin: IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Hammond, L.; Patterson, F.; Sonntag, A.; Klaus, L.; Fahlbusch, J.; Towey, O.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2018). "2018 Global Hunger Index - Forced Migration and Hunger" (PDF). Washington D.C.& Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Mukerji, R.; Patterson, F.; Wiemers, M.; Ni Cheilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2019). "2019 Global Hunger Index - The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change" (PDF). Washington D.C.& Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Alders, R.; Dar, O.; Kock, R.; Rampa, F.; Wiemers, M.; Acheampong, K.; Hanano, A.; Higgins, B.; Ni Cheilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2020). "2020 Global Hunger Index - One Decade to Zero Hunger - Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems" (PDF). Washington D.C.& Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Delgado, C.; Smith, D.; Wiemers, M.; Schiffer, T.; Hanano, A.; Towey, O.; Ni Cheilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Ekstrom, K.; Fritschel, H. (2021). "2021 Global Hunger Index - Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings" (PDF). Washington D.C.& Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein, J.; Resnick, D.; Wiemers, M.; Reiner, L.; Bachmeier, M.; Hanano, A.; Towey, O.; Ni Cheilleachair, R.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Larocque, G.; Fritschel, H. (2022). "2022 Global Hunger Index - Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance" (PDF). Washington D.C.& Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ von Grebmer, K.; Bernstein J.; Geza, W.; Ndlovu, M.; Wiemers, M.; Reiner, L.; Bachmeier, M.; Hanano, A.; Ni Cheilleachair, R.; Sheehan, T.; Foley, C.; Gitter, S.; Larocque, G.; Fritschel, H. (2023). "2023 Global Hunger Index - The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems". Bonn & Dublin: Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Welthungerhilfe (WHH), Concern Worldwide, and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV). 2025.|https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2025.pdf | 2025 Global Hunger Index: 20 years of tracking progress: Time to recommit to zero hunger]. Bonn/Berlin: WHH; Dublin: Concern Worldwide; Bochum: IFHV
  16. ^ Menon, Purnima; Deolalikar, Anil; Bhaskar, Anjor (2009). "India State Hunger Index: Comparisons of Hunger across States" (PDF). Washington D.C., Bonn and Riverside IFPRI, Welthungerhilfe and University of Riverside. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Schmidt, Emily; Dorosh, Paul (2009). "A Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia: Assessing Progress in Region-Level Outcomes" (PDF). Washington D.C., Bonn and Riverside IFPRI and Concern Worldwide. Retrieved 14 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Concern Worldwide & Welthungerhilfe. "Methodology". globalhungerindex.org. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  19. ^ United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). "Under-five Mortality Estimates". childmortality.org. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference GHI2025 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Literature

[edit]
  • 2024 - Gender Justice, Climate Resilience and Food and Nutrition Security
  • 2023 - The Power of Youth in Shaping Food Systems
  • 2022 - Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance
  • 2021 - Hunger and Food Systems in Conflict Settings
  • 2020 - One Decade to Zero Hunger - Linking Health and Sustainable Food Systems
  • 2019 - The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change
  • 2018 - Forced Migration and Hunger
  • 2017 - The Inequalities of Hunger
  • 2016 - Getting to Zero Hunger
  • 2015 - Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger
  • 2014 - The Challenge of Hidden Hunger
  • 2013 - The Challenge of Hunger: Building Resilience to achieve Food and Nutrition Security
  • 2012 - The Challenge of Hunger: Ensuring Sustainable Food Security Under Land, Water, and Energy Stresses
  • 2011 - The Challenge of Hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility
  • 2010 - The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on the Crisis of Child Undernutrition
  • 2009 - The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality
  • 2008 - The Challenge of Hunger 2008
  • 2007 - The Challenge of Hunger 2007
  • 2006 - The Challenge of Hunger 2006
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