Persa antic
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De la Viquipedia, l'enciclopedia lliure
| Tipus | llengua i llengua historica |
|---|---|
| Us | |
| Autocton de | Provincia de Fars |
| Estat | Imperi Aquemenida i Iran |
| Classificacio linguistica | |
| llengua humana llengues indoeuropees llengues indoiranianes llengues iraniques llengues iraniques occidentals llengues iraniques sud-occidentals | |
| Caracteristiques | |
| Sistema d'escriptura | cuneiforme persa |
| Estudiat per | estudis iranians |
| Codis | |
| ISO 639-2 | peo |
| ISO 639-3 | peo |
| Glottolog | oldp1254 |
| IETF | peo |
El persa antic es un dels dos idiomes iranians dels quals es te un testimoni directe, essent l'altre l'idioma l'avestic. El persa antic es un idioma preislamic. Les inscripcions mes antigues en persa antic son les fetes en tauleta d'argila i en segells durant el periode de l'Imperi Aquemenida (cap al 600 aC fins al 300 aC). Exemples del persa antic s'han trobat en les actuals Iran, Bahrain, l'Iraq, Turquia i Egipte[1] el testimoni mes important es el de la inscripcio de Behistun (datada del 525 aC). Recentment s'han trobat moltes tauletes en persa antic a Persepolis que mostren que s'utilitzava en la vida comuna i no nomes en l'Administracio.[2]
L'idioma Lari del comtat de Larestan esta relacionat amb el persa antic.[3]
El persa antic pertany als idiomes indoeuropeus i dins d'ells a la branca indo-iraniana. El persa antic es un dels idiomes indoeuropeus mes antics testimoniats en textos originals.[4]
El persa antic va evolucionar al llarg del temps i el persa mitja, de vegades anomenat Pahlavi, es un continuador directe del persa antic.[5][6] El persa modern, al seu torn, es continuador del persa antic.[7]
Els textos en persa antic s'escrivien d'esquerra a dreta en escriptura cuneiforme sil*labica i tenien 36 caracters fonetics i 8 logogrames.
Fonologia
[modifica]Vocals
- Llargues: /a:/ /i:/ /u:/
- Curtes: /a/ /i/ /u/
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glotal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implosives | p | b | t | d | c | j | k | g | ||
| Nasals | m | n | ||||||||
| Fricatives | f | th | c | x | h | |||||
| Sibilants | s | z | S | |||||||
| Rotica | r | |||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||
| Aproximant | v | j | ||||||||
Gramatica
[modifica]El persa antic es declinava i tenia els casos nominatiu, vocatiu, acusatiu, [[Cas instrumental |instrumental]], datiu, genitiu i locatiu.
Lexic
[modifica]| Proto-Indo-Irania | Persa antic | Persa mitja | Persa modern | significat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *asuras mazdhas | Ahura mazda | Ohrmazd | Ormazd wrmzd | Ahura Mazda |
| *aswas | aspa | asp | asb sb | cavall |
| *kama | kama | kam | kam khm | benefici |
| *daiwas | daiva | dew | div dyw | diable |
| drayah | draya | darya dry | mar | |
| *zhasta- | dasta | dastag | dast dst | ma |
| *bhagi | baji | baj | baj bj/bj | |
| *bhratr- | bratar | bradar | baradar brdr | germa |
| *bhumis | bumi | bum | bum bwm | regio, terra |
| *martya | martya | mard | mard mrd | home |
| *masa | maha | mah | mah mh | lluna, mes |
| *vasara | vahara | vahar | bahar bhr | font |
| stuna | stun | sotun stwn | columna | |
| siyata | sad | sad shd | felic | |
| *rtam | arta | ard | ord urd | ordre |
| *drauzh- | druj | drugh | dorogh drwG | mentida |
Notes
[modifica]- | Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953
- | "Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought " accessed September 2010 from
- | The History of Ancient Iran, Part 3, Volume 7, p. 27.
- | (Skjaervo 2006, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.)
- | Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
- | Bo Utas, "Semitic on Iranian", in "Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic" editors (Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani),Routledge, 2005. pg 71: "As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of Sassanian chanceries had any idea about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old Persian
- | Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts. 13, 2006.
Bibliografia
[modifica]"},"editorial":{"wt":"Harvard"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf"}},"i":18}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"cognom":{"wt ":"Peterson"},"nom":{"wt":"Joseph H."},"any":{"wt":"2006"},"titol":{"wt":"Old Persian Texts"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm"},"lloc ":{"wt":"Herndon, VA"},"editorial":{"wt":"avesta.org"}},"i":19}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"cognom":{"wt ":"Harvey"},"nom":{"wt":"Scott L."},"titol":{"wt":"Old Iranian Online"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc /eieol/aveol-0-X.html"}},"i":20}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"capitol":{"w t":"Cases in Iranian languages and dialects"},"any":{"wt":"1995"},"titol":{"wt":"Encyclopedia Iranica"},"volum":{"wt":"5"},"pagines":{"wt":"25-37"},"lloc" :{"wt":"Costa Mesa"},"editorial":{"wt":"Mazda"},"cognom":{"wt":"Windfuhr"} ,"nom":{"wt":"Gernot L."},"chapter-url":{"wt":"http://www.iranica.com/newsite/art icles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html"}},"i":21}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"capitol":{"w t":"From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification"},"any":{"wt":"1995"},"titol":{"wt":"Arta"},"v olum":{"wt":"2007:1"},"lloc":{"wt":"Paris"},"editorial":{"wt ":"Achemenet.com"},"cognom":{"wt":"Stolper"},"nom":{"wt":"Ma tthew W. & Jan Tavernier"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"http://persepolistablets.bl ogspot.com/2007/06/old-persian-text-in-persepolis.html"}},"i ":22}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"cognom":{"wt ":"Schmitt"},"nom":{"wt":"R."},"capitol":{"wt":"Old Persian"},"titol":{"wt":"The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas"},"editor":{"wt":"Roger D. Woodard"},"edicio":{"wt":"illustrated"},"editorial":{"wt":"[ [Cambridge University Press]]"},"any":{"wt":"2008"},"isbn":{"wt":"0521684943"},"pa gines":{"wt":"76-100"}},"i":23}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"citar ref","href":"./Plantilla:Citar_ref"},"params":{"cognom":{"wt ":"Asatrian"},"nom":{"wt":"Garnik"},"titol":{"wt":"Etymologi cal Dictionary of Persian"},"series":{"wt":"Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12"},"editorial":{"wt":"Brill Academic Publishers"},"any":{"wt":"Expected November 2010"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-90-04-18341-4"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=24857"}},"i":24}},"\n",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Refend","href":"./Plantilla:Refend"},"params":{},"i":25}}]}">
- Brandenstein, Wilhelm. Handbuch des Altpersischen. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1964.
- Hinz, Walther. Altpersischer Wortschatz. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus, 1966.
- Kent, Roland G. Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1953.
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas. <
>. A: Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1996. : 238-245 - Schmitt, Rudiger. <
>. A: R. Schmitt. Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1989. : 56-85 - Schmitt, R. <
>. A: Roger D. Woodard. The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. illustrated. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 76-100. ISBN 0521684943. - Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 13, 2006. <
- Tolman, Herbert Cushing. Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination. Nova York/Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1908.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language. Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American book company, 1917, p. 251.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language. Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American book company, 1917, p. 251.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. Grammar of the Old Persian language: with the inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings and vocabulary. Ginn, 1892, p. 55.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions. American book company, 1893, p. 186.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Herbert Cushing Tolman. Cuneiform supplement (autographed) to the author's Ancient Persian lexicon and texts: with brief historical synopsis of the language. Volume 7 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Co., 1910, p. 122.
- translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ... Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Company, 1908, p. 134.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ... Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Company, 1908, p. 134.
- Darius I (King of Persia). Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock. Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies ATLA monograph preservation program Volume 3384 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. reprint. Vanderbilt University, 1908, p. 39.
- Darius I (King of Persia). Herbert Cushing Tolman. The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock. Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies. Vanderbilt university, 1908, p. 39.
- Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. An Introduction to Old Persian. 2a edicio. Cambridge: Harvard, 2005.
- Peterson, Joseph H. Old Persian Texts. Herndon, VA: avesta.org, 2006.
- Harvey, Scott L. Old Iranian Online.
- Windfuhr, Gernot L. <
>. A: Encyclopedia Iranica. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1995, p. 25-37. - Stolper, Matthew W. & Jan Tavernier. <
>. A: Arta. 2007:1. Paris: Achemenet.com, 1995. - Schmitt, R. <
>. A: Roger D. Woodard. The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. illustrated. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 76-100. ISBN 0521684943. - Asatrian, Garnik. Etymological Dictionary of Persian. Brill Academic Publishers, Expected November 2010. ISBN 978-90-04-18341-4.
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