ISO

Mizhnarodnaia arganizatsyia pa standartyzatsyi (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) -- mizhnarodnaia arganizatsyia, iakaia zaimaetstsa vypuskam standartau.

Mizhnarodnaia arganizatsyia pa standartyzatsyi stvoranaia u 1946 dvatstsatstsiu piatstsiu natsyianal'nymi arganizatsyiami pa standartyzatsyi. Faktychna iae pratsa pachalasia z 1947. SSSR byu adnym z zasnaval'nikau arganizatsyi, stalym chlenam kiraval'nykh organau, dvoichy pradstaunik Dziarzhstandartu abirausia starshynioi arganizatsyi. Rasiia stala chlenam ISA iak pravaperaemnik raspalai dziarzhavy. 23 verasnia 2005 goda Rasiia uvaishla u Radu ISA.

Pry stvarenni arganizatsyi i vybary iae nazvy ulichvalasia neabkhodnasts' tago, kab abreviiatura naimennia guchala adnol'kava na usikh movakh. Dlia getaga bylo vyrashana vykarystats' grechaskae slova isos -- rouny, vos' chamu na usikh movakh svetu Mizhnarodnaia arganizatsyia pa standartyzatsyi mae karotkuiu nazvu ISO (ISA).

sfera dzeinastsi ISA tychytstsa standartyzatsyi va usikh ablastsiakh, akramia elektratekhniki i elektroniki, iakiia adnosiatstsa da kampetentsyi Mizhnarodnai elektratekhnichnai kamisii (MEK, IEC). Nekatoryia vygliady prats vykonvaiutstsa sumesnymi vysilkami getykh arganizatsyi. Akramia standartyzatsyi ISA zaimaetstsa prablemami sertyfikatsyi.

ISA vyznachae svae zadachy nastupnym chynam: sadzeinichanne razvitstsiu standartyzatsyi i sumezhnykh vygliadau dzeinastsi u svetse z metai zabespiachennia mizhnarodnaga abmenu tavarami i paslugami, a taksama razvitstsi supratsounitstva u intelektual'nai, navukova-tekhnichnai i ekanamichnai ablastsiakh.

Na sionniashni dzen' u sklad ISA uvakhodziats' 157 krain svaimi natsyianal'nymi arganizatsyiami pa standartyzatsyi. Belarus' pradstauliae Respublikanskae agentstva pa tekhnichnym reguliavanni i metralogii u iakastsi kamiteta -- chlena ISA. Usiago u skladze ISA bol'sh 80 kamitetau-chlenau. Akramia kamitetau-chlenau chlenstva u ISA mozha mets' statut chlenau-karespandentau, iakimi z'iauliaiutstsa arganizatsyi pa standartyzatsyi dziarzhau, shto adneseny da razvivaiuchykhsia. Kategoryia chlen-abanent uvedzenaia dlia razvivaiuchykhsia krain. Kamitety-chleny maiuts' prava prymats' udzel u pratsy liuboga tekhnichnaga kamiteta ISA, galasavats' pa praektakh standartau, abiratstsa u sklad Rady ISA i byts' pradstaulenymi na pasedzhanniakh General'nai asamblei. Chleny-karespandenty (ikh 25) ne viaduts' aktyunai pratsy u ISA, ale maiuts' prava na atrymanne infarmatsyi ab raspratsouvanykh standartakh. Chleny-abanenty vyplachvaiuts' paliogkavyia unioski, maiuts' magchymasts' byts' u kurse mizhnarodnai standartyzatsyi.

Arganizatsyina u ISA uvakhodziats' kiraval'nyia i pratsounyia organy. Kiraval'nyia organy: General'naia asambleia (vysheishy organ), Rada, Tekhnichnae kiraval'nae biuro. Pratsounyia organy -- tekhnichnyia Kamitety (TK), padkamitety, tekhnichnyia kansul'tatyunyia grupy (TKG).

General'naia asambleia -- gety zbor sluzhbovykh asob i delegatau, pryznachanykh kamitetami-chlenami. Kozhny kamitet-chlen mae prava pradstavits' ne bol'sh trokh delegatau, ale ikh moguts' supravadzhats' naziral'niki. Chleny-karespandenty i chleny-abanenty udzel'nichaiuts' iak naziral'niki.

Rada kirue pratsai ISA u perapynkakh pamizh sesiiami General'nai asamblei. Rada mae prava, ne sklikaiuchy General'nai asamblei, nakiravats' u kamitety-chleny pytanni dlia kansul'tatsyi abo daruchyts' kamitetam-chlenam ikh rashenne. Na pasedzhanniakh Rady rashennia prymaiutstsa bol'shastsiu galasou prysutnykh na pasedzhanni kamitetau-chlenau Rady. U peryiad pamizh pasedzhanniami i pry neabkhodnastsi Rada mozha prymats' rashenni shliakham perapiski.

Radze ISA padparadkouvaetstsa sem kamitetau: PLAKA (tekhnichnae biuro), STAKA (kamitet pa vyvuchenni navukovykh pryntsypau standartyzatsyi); KASKA (kamitet pa adznatsy adpavednastsi); INFKA (kamitet pa navukova-tekhnichnai infarmatsyi); DEVKA (kamitet pa akazanni dapamogi krainam, shto razvivaiutstsa); KAPOLKA (kamitet pa abarone intaresau spazhyutsou); REMKA (kamitet pa standartnykh uzorakh).

PLAKA (PLACO -- Planning Committee) padrykhtouvae prapanovy pa planavanni pratsy ISA, pa arganizatsyi i kaardynatsyi tekhnichnykh bakou pratsy. U sferu pratsy PLAKA uvakhodziats' razgliad prapanou pa stvarenni i rospusku tekhnichnykh kamitetau, aznachenne voblastsi standartyzatsyi, iakoi pavinny zaimatstsa kamitety.

STAKA (STACO -- Standing Committee for the Study of Principles of Standardization) abaviazany akazvats' metadychnuiu i infarmatsyinuiu dapamogu Radze ISA pa pryntsypakh i metodytsy raspratsouki mizhnarodnykh standartau. Silami kamiteta pravodziatstsa vyvuchenne zasnouvalykh pryntsypau standartyzatsyi i padrykhtouka rekamendatsyi pa dasiagnenni aptymal'nykh vynikau u dadzenai voblastsi. STAKA zaimaetstsa taksama terminalogiiai i arganizatsyiai seminarau pa uzhyvanni mizhnarodnykh standartau dlia razvitstsia gandliu.

KASKA (CASCO -- Committee on conformity assessment) zaimaetstsa pytanniami patsverdzhannia adpavednastsi praduktsyi, paslug pratsesau i sistem iakastsi patrabavanniam standartau, vyvuchaiuchy praktyku getai dzeinastsi i analizuiuchy infarmatsyiu. Kamitet raspratsouvae kiraunitstvy pa vyprabavanniakh i adznatsy adpavednastsi (sertyfikatsyi) praduktsyi, paslug, sistem iakastsi, patsverdzhanniu kampetentnastsi vyprabaval'nykh labaratoryi i organau pa sertyfikatsyi. Vazhnaia voblasts' pratsy KASKA -- sadzeinichanne uzaemnamu pryznanniu i pryniatstsiu natsyianal'nykh i regiianal'nykh sistem sertyfikatsyi, a taksama vykarystanniu mizhnarodnykh standartau u voblastsi vyprabavanniau i patsverdzhanni adpavednastsi. KASKA sumesna z MEK padrykhtavany tsely sherag kiraunitstvau pa roznykh aspektakh sertyfikatsyi, iakiia shyroka vykarystouvaiutstsa u krainakh-chlenakh ISA i MEK: pryntsypy, vykladzenyia u getykh dakumentakh, ulichanyia u natsyianal'nykh sistemakh sertyfikatsyi, a taksama sluzhats' asnovai dlia damou pa adznatsy adpavednastsi uzaemapastaulianai praduktsyi u gandliova-ekanamichnykh suviaziakh krain roznykh regiionau. KASKA taksama zaimaetstsa pytanniami stvarennia agul'nykh patrabavanniau da audytarau pa akredytatsyi vyprabaval'nykh labaratoryi i adznatsy iakastsi pratsy akredytuiuchykh organau; uzaemnaga pryznannia sertyfikatau adpavednastsi praduktsyi i sistem iakastsi i insh.

DEVKA (DEVCO -- Commitete on developing country matters) vyvuchae zapyty razvivaiuchykhsia krain u voblastsi standartyzatsyi i raspratsouvae rekamendatsyi pa sadzeinichanni getym krainam u dadzenai voblastsi. Galounyia funktsyi DEVKA: arganizatsyia abmerkavannia u shyrokikh mashtabakh usikh aspektau standartyzatsyi u razvivaiuchykhsia krainakh, stvarenne umou dlia abmenu dosvedam z razvitymi krainami; padrykhtouka admysloutsau pa standartyzatsyi na baze roznykh navuchalykh tsentrau u razvitykh krainakh; sadzeinichanne aznaiamlenchym paezdkam admysloutsau arganizatsyi, shto zaimaiutstsa standartyzatsyiai u razvivaiuchykhsia krainakh; padrykhtouka vuchebnykh dapamozhnikau pa standartyzatsyi dlia razvivaiuchykhsia krain; stymuliavanne razvitstsia dvukhbakovaga supratsounitstva pramyslova razvitykh i razvivaiuchykhsia dziarzhau u voblastsi standartyzatsyi i metralogii. U getykh kirunkakh DEVKA supratsounichae z AAN. Adnym z vynikau sumesnykh vysilkau stala stvarenne i funktsyianavanne mizhnarodnykh tsentrau navuchannia.

KAPOLKA (COPOLCO -- Committee on consumer policy) vyvuchae pytanni zabespiachennia intaresau spazhyutsou i magchymastsi sadzeinichannia getamu praz standartyzatsyiu; abagul'niae dosved udzelu spazhyutsou u stvarenni standartau i skladae pragramy pa navuchanni spazhyutsou u voblastsi standartyzatsyi i daviadzenniu da ikh neabkhodnai infarmatsyi ab mizhnarodnykh standartakh. Getamu spryiae peryiadychnae vydanne Peraliku mizhnarodnykh i natsyianal'nykh standartau, a taksama karysnykh dlia spazhyutsou kiraunitstvau: <>, <>, <> i insh.

KAPOLKA udzel'nichau u raspratsoutsy kiraunitstva ISA/MEK pa padrykhtoutsy standartau biaspeki.

REMKA (REMCO -- Committee on reference materials) akazvae metadychnuiu dapamogu ISA shliakham raspratsouki adpavednykh kiraunitstvau pa pytanniakh, datychnym standartnykh uzorau (etalonau). Tak, padrykhtavany davednik pa standartnykh uzorakh i nekal'ki kiraunitstvau: <>, <> i insh. Akramia tago, REMKA -- kaardynatar dzeinastsi ISA pa standartnykh uzorakh z mizhnarodnymi metralagichnymi arganizatsyiami, u pryvatnastsi, z MAZM -- Mizhnarodnai arganizatsyiai zakanadauchai metralogii.

Mizhnarodny standart z'iauliaetstsa vynikam kansensusu pamizh udzel'nikami arganizatsyi ISA. Ion mozha vykarystouvatstsa nepasredna abo shliakham ukaranennia u natsyianal'nyia standarty roznykh krain.

Mizhnarodnyia standarty raspratsouvaiutstsa tekhnichnymi kamitetami ISA (TK) i padkamitetami (PK) padchas shastsistadyinaga pratsesu:

• Stadyia 1: Stadyia prapanovy
• Stadyia 2: Padrykhtouchaia stadyia
• Stadyia 3: Stadyia kamiteta
• Stadyia 4: Stadyia pytanniau
• Stadyia 5: Stadyia ukhvaly
• Stadyia 6: Stadyia publikatsyi

Tablitsa umounykh paznachenniau stadyi dae navochnae padanne ab stadyiakh raspratsouki:

Kali u pachatku pratsy nad praektam standartu uzho maetstsa bol'sh abo menei zavershany dakument, napryklad, standart, raspratsavany inshai arganizatsyiai, nekatoryia stadyi mozhna apustsits'. Pry tak zvanai <> dakument nakirouvaetstsa nepasredna na ukhvalu chlenam ISA u iakastsi charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu (ChMS) (stadyia 4) abo, kali dakument byu raspratsavany mizhnarodnym organam standartyzatsyi, pryznanai Radai ISA, u iakastsi kanchatkovai redaktsyi charnavika Mizhnarodnaga standartu (KChMS, stadyia 5), bez minannia papiarednikh stadyi.

Nizhei pryvodzitstsa agliad usikh shastsi stadyi:

Bol'sh padrabiaznae apisanne pratsesu raspratsouki mizhnarodnykh standartau gl. u publikatsyi <<Dyrektyvy ISA/MEK, Chastka 1, Pratsedurnyia pravily>>.

Pershy krok u raspratsoutsy mizhnarodnaga standartu -- patsverdzhanne tago, shto peuny mizhnarodny standart neabkhodny. Novaia prapanova (NP) nakirouvaetstsa na galasavanne chlenam iaki adpaviadae TK abo PK, kab vyznachyts' neabkhodnasts' ukliuchenn'ia adpaviadaga punkta u pragramu pratsy.

Prapanova prymaetstsa, kali bol'shasts' U-chlenau TK/PK (<>) galasuiuts' <>, i kali prynamsi piats' U-chlenau zaiauliaiuts' ab tym, shto prymuts' aktyuny udzel u praektse. Na getai stadyi zvychaina pryznachaetstsa lidar praektu, adkazny za dadzeny punkt pragramy.

Zvychaina dlia padrykhtouki pratsounaga charnavika TK/PK stvarae pratsounuiu grupu ekspertau, starshynioi (sklikaiuchy chlenau) iaki z'iauliaetstsa lidar praektu. Moguts' prymatstsa roznyia redaktsyi pratsounykh charnavikou, datul', pakul' pratsounaia grupa ne vyrashyts', shto ioiu raspratsavana nailepshae tekhnichnae rashenne razgliadanai prablemy. Na getai stadyi charnavik peradaetstsa vysheistaiachamu kamitetu pratsounai grupy dlia minannia fazy vypratsouki kansensusu.

Iak tol'ki pershy charnavik kamiteta gotau, ion registruetstsa Galounym Sakrataryiatam ISA. Ion rassylaetstsa dlia zatsemak i, kali neabkhodna, galasavanni U-chlenau TK/PK. Moguts' rykhtavatstsa roznyia redaktsyi charnavika kamiteta, datul', pakul' ne budze dasiagnuty kansensus pa tekhnichnym utrymanni tekstu. Iak tol'ki kansensus dasiagnuts', tekst kanchatkova redaguetstsa dlia padannia u iakastsi charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu (ChMS).

Charnavik mizhnarodnaga standartu (ChMS) raspausiudzhvaetstsa siarod usikh chlenau ISA Galounym Sakrataryiatam ISA dlia galasavannia i zatsemak na pratsiagu piatsi mesiatsau. Ion ukhvaliaetstsa dlia padannia u iakastsi kanchatkovai redaktsyi charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu (KChMS), kali dzve tratsiny U-chlenau TK/PK vykazvaiutstsa <>, i ne bol'sh adnoi chvertsi ad agul'nai kol'kastsi galasou padadzenyia <>. Kali krytery ukhvaly ne vykananyia, tekst viartaetstsa u zykhodny TK/PK dlia nastupnaga vyvuchennia, i vyprauleny dakument znou publikuetstsa dlia galasavannia i zatsemak u iakastsi charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu.

Kanchatkovaia redaktsyia charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu (KChMS) raspausiudzhvaetstsa siarod usikh chlenau ISA Galounym Sakrataryiatam ISA dlia vynikovaga galasavannia za/suprats' na pratsiagu dvukh mesiatsau. Kali u gety peryiad pastupaiuts' tekhnichnyia zatsemki, na getai stadyi iany uzho ne razgliadaiutstsa, ale registruiutstsa dlia analizu padchas buduchaga peragliadu dadzenaga mizhnarodnaga standartu. Tekst ukhvaliaetstsa dlia padannia u iakastsi kanchatkovai redaktsyi charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu (KChMS), kali dzve tratsiny U-chlenau TK/PK vykazvaiutstsa <>, i ne bol'sh adnoi chvertsi ad agul'nai kol'kastsi galasou padadzenyia <>. Kali getyia krytery ukhvaly ne vykananyia, standart viartaetstsa u zykhodny TK/PK dlia peragliadu z ulikam tekhnichnykh chynnikau, pradstaulenykh u padtrymku galasou <>.

Kali kanchatkovaia redaktsyia charnavika mizhnarodnaga standartu ukhvalenaia, u vynikovy tekst dazvaliaetstsa, pry uzniknenni takoi neabkhodnastsi, unosits' tol'ki nevialikuiu redaktarskuiu prauku. Vynikovy tekst adsylaetstsa u Galouny Sakrataryiat ISA, iaki publikue dadzeny mizhnarodny standart.

Use mizhnarodnyia standarty retsenzuiutstsa usimi chlenami ISA, prynamsi, praz try gady paslia publikatsyi i kozhnyia piats' gadou paslia pershaga retsenzavannia. Rashenne ab patsverdzhanni, peragliadze abo vodguku mizhnarodnaga standartu prymaetstsa bol'shastsiu galasou U-chlenau TK/PK.

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