dhkr@ 'sTwny@
hdhh lmql@ bHj@ lmrj`@ khbyr mkhtS fy mjlh. yrj~ mn lmkhtSyn fy mjlh mrj`th wtTwyrh. |
yftqr mHtw~ hdhh lmql@ l~ lstshhd bmSdr. fDlan, shm fy tTwyr hdhh lmql@ mn khll Df@ mSdr mwthwq bh. 'y m`lwmt Gyr mwthq@ ymkn ltshkyk bh wzlth. (dysmbr 2023) |
| 'nw` |
| dhwkr lHswb w tkhzyn lbynt |
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| lmtTyr@ |
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dhkr@ wSwl `shwy'y (RAM)
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trykhy@
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| Gyr lmtTyr@ |
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dhkr@ lqr@ fqT (ROM)
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dhkr@ lwSwl l`shwy'y lmustdm@ (NVRAM)
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dhwkr mGnTsy@ |
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dhwkr bSry@ |
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dhwkr trykhy@
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| bwb@ lktrwnyt |
ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ (blnjlyzy@: Drum memory) hy jhz tkhzyn mGnTysy wknt 'Hd 'shkl dhwkr lHswb l'wl~ lty knt tstkhdm bshkl ws` mn khmsynyt lqrn lmDy Ht~ stynyth. tm khtr` hdh lnw` mn ldhwkr fy `m 1932 fy lnms mn Trf lmkhtr` Gwstf twshyk. knt ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ dhkr@ ltshGyl l'ssy@ ll`dyd mn l'jhz@ wdhlk `n Tryq tHmyl lbynt wlbrmj mn wl~ l'sTwn@ bstkhdm shryT wrqy 'w bTqt mthqb@. ldhwkr l'sTwny@ knt shy'`@ lstkhdm jdan kdhkr@ ltshGyl lry'ysy@ fy 'jhz@ lHsb. fym b`d, stbdlt ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ bdhwkr mthl dhkr@ llb w`d@ 'nZm@ 'khr~ lty knt 'sr` wl tHtwy `l~ 'jz mtHrk@, wstmrt Ht~ Zhwr dhkr@ shbh lmwSl.
lwSf
[`dl]ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ 'sTwn@ m`dny@ kbyr@ lHjm mGlf@ mn lkhrj bsTH mn md@ tsjyl `ly@ lnfdhy@ lmGnTysy@. mn lmmkn `tbrh slf 'Tbq lqrS lSlb lkn lys `l~ shkl Tbl@ bl `l~ shkl qrS msTH. fy m`Zm lHlt Sf mn rw'ws lqry'@ -lktb@ lthbt@ lty tdwr Hwl mHwr l'sTwn@ lTwyl, r's wHd lkl msr.
ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ lmstkhdm@ fy Hwsyb 'tnswft -byry knt tkhzn lm`lwmt bstkhdm dhkr@ lmkthf lmtjdd.
lfrq byn ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ wl'qrS lHdyth@ hw 'n rw'ws fy ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ l tHtj 'n ttHrk l~ lmsr llwSwl, lmtHkm bbsT@ yntZr Ht~ tZhr lbynt tHt lr's lmnsb bynm tdwr l'sTwn@. fy mHrk l'qrS lr's yntZr md@ m`yn@, wqt lntZr, Ht~ ytHrk nHw lmkn lmnsb bynm 'd ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ dht lrw'ws lthbt@ mHdd blkml tqryban blsr`@ ldwrny@. wqt lwSwl kn yHdd blt'khyr ldwrny, lwqt ldhy tstGrqh l'sTwn@ Ht~ tdyr bynt lmrd@ l~ lwD`. fy 'sw' lHlt ykwn lwqt hw nfsh lwqt llzm ltmm l'sTwn@ dwr@ kml@. khSwSan `ndm knt ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ tstkhdm kdhkr@ ltshGyl lry'ysy@, kn lmbrmjwn 'Hynan ywjhwn lrmwz lbrmjy@ `l~ l'sTwn@ fyql lwqt llzm llwSwl l~ lt`lym@ ltly@. knw y`mlwn dhlk `n Tryq Hsb lwqt ldhy yHtjh lHswb lyHml m`lwm@ jdyd@ b`d stqbl lm`lwm@ lsbq@ lh, thm yD`wn tlk lm`lwm@ `l~ l'sTwn@ bHyth tSl tHt lr's fy lwqt lmnsb. Tryq@ t`wyD lwqt hdhh tsm~ `ml ltkhTy, wbqyt qyd lstkhdm lsnwt `dyd@ fy mtHkmt lqrS lSlb.
Tryq@ r's lkl msr lyst mlzm@ ltqny@ ldhkr@ l'sTwny@, lqlyl mn ldhwkr l'sTwny@ mthl ywnyfk fstrnd k kn tHtwy `l~ r's mtHrk 'w 'kthr. mthl hdhh ldhwkr lm tstT` lmnfs@ fy mwjh@ mHrkt lqrS lSlb fy mjl tTbyqt ltkhzyn w'wqf tSny`h fy sb`ynyt lqrn lmDy.
bshkl mmthl, 'qrS lr's lkl msr knt tstkhdm Glban lltrHyl wHlt mHl Tbwl lr's lthbt fy hdh ltTbyq fy lsb`ynyt mn lqrn lmDy. lkn kl ltqnytyn ntht bmjy dhwkr 'shbh lmwSlt lGyr Gly@ lthmn.
fy 'ymn lm`Sr@ BSD Unix wm nHdr `nh, /dev/drum hw jhz lmbdl@ l'ssy, lmshtq mn stkhdm jhz ltkhzyn lthnwy ldhkr@ l'sTwny@ wsyl@an lHfZ lSfHt fy ldhkr@ lftrDy@. fy 1980, 'jhz@ PDP-11/45 lty knt tstkhdm ldhwkr l'sTwny@ llmbdl@ (wdhkr@ lb mGnTysy@) knt l tzl qyd lstkhdm fy l`dyd mn mwq` UNIX l'Sly@.
