Seljuk dynasty
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Seljuk Turks)
Oghuz Turkic dynasty
"Seljuk Turks" redirects here. For the territory over which they ruled, see Seljuk Empire.
| Seljuk dynasty | |
|---|---|
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I | |
| Founded | 11th century - Seljuk |
| Titles | |
| Traditions | Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi) |
| Dissolution | Damascus: 1104 - Baktash (Ertas), dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk: 1194 - Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish Rum: 1308 - Mesud II died |
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids[1][2] (/'seldZUk/ SEL-juuk; Turkish: Selcuklular, Persian: sljwqyn Saljuqian,[3]) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids[4] or Seljuk Turks,[5][6] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.[7][8]
The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars,[9][10][11] in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037-1194), the Sultanate of Kerman (1041-1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074-1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
Early history
[edit]The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[12][13][14][15] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State[16] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.[17] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[18] When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.[18]
In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.[19] At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,[20] established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.[21][22][23][24][25]
Later period
[edit]After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,[26][27][28] and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".[29] Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.[21][22][23]
Seljuk rulers
[edit]Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty
[edit]
The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.
| Titular name(s) | Personal name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bey byg |
Tughril I TGrl |
1037-1063 | |
| Suleiman[30] slymn shh |
1063[31] | ||
| Sultan slTn |
Alp Arslan (Arslan I) lp rsln |
1063-1072 | |
| Sultan slTn Jalal al-Dawlah jll ldwlh |
Malik Shah I mlkh shh ykhm |
1072-1092 | |
| Sultan slTn Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din nSr ldny wldyn |
Mahmud I mHmwd ykhm |
1092-1094 | |
| Sultan slTn Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din 'bw lmZfr rkhn ldny wldyn |
Barkiyaruq brkhyrq |
1094-1105 | |
| Sultan slTn Muizz al-Din m`z ldyn |
Malik Shah II mlkh shh dwm |
1104-1105 | |
| Sultan slTn Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din Gyth ldny wldyn |
Muhammad I Tapar mHmd tpr |
1105-1118 | |
| Sultan slTn Muizz al-Din m`z ldyn |
*Ahmad Sanjar Hmd snjr |
1118-1153 | |
| Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs. | |||
- Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.
Seljuk sultans of Hamadan
[edit]
The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.
- Mahmud II 1118-1131
- 1131-1133 disputed between:
- Dawud 1131-1132
- Mas'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan) 1132
- Toghrul II, 1132-1133
- Mas'ud 1133-1152
- Malik Shah III 1152-1153
- Muhammad II 1153-1159
- Suleiman-Shah 1159-1161
- Arslan-Shah 1161-1177
- Toghrul III 1177-1194
In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.
Seljuk rulers of Kerman
[edit]Main article: Kerman Seljuk Sultanate
Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.
- Qavurt 1041-1073 (great-grandson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan)
- Kerman Shah 1073-1074
- Sultan Shah 1074-1075 or 1074-1085
- Hussain Omar 1075-1084
or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)
- Turan Shah I 1084-1096 or 1085-1097
- Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096-1101 or 1097-1101
- Arslan Shah I 1101-1142
- Muhammad I 1142-1156
- Tugrul Shah 1156-1169 or 1156-1170
- Bahram-Shah 1169-1174 or 1170-1175
- Arslan Shah II 1174-1176 or 1175-1176
- Turan Shah II 1176-1183
- Muhammad II Shah 1183-1187 or 1183-1186
Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.
Seljuk rulers in Syria
[edit]- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085-1086
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086-1087
- Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087-1094
- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1094-1095
- Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan 1095-1113
- Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113-1114
- Sultan Shah 1114-1123
To the Artuqids
- Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076-1079
- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079-1095
- Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095-1104
- Tutush II 1104
- Muhi ad-Din Baktash (Ertas) 1104
Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin
Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)
[edit]Main article: Sultanate of Rum
The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.
| History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Kutalmish 1060-1077
- Suleyman I (Suleiman) 1077-1086
- Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092-1107
- Malik Shah 1107-1116
- Rukn ad-Din Mesud I 1116-1156
- Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156-1192
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I 1192-1196
- Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196-1204
- Kilij Arslan III 1204-1205
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I (second time) 1205-1211
- Izz ad-Din Kaykaus I 1211-1220
- Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I 1220-1237
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw II 1237-1246
- Izz ad-Din Kaykaus II 1246-1260
- Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248-1265
- Ala ad-Din Kayqubad II 1249-1257
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw III 1265-1282
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II 1282-1284
- Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III 1284
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (second time) 1284-1293
- Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (second time) 1293-1294
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (third time) 1294-1301
- Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (third time) 1301-1303
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (fourth time) 1303-1307
| The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rum with their contemporary neighbors in Central Asia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gallery
[edit]-
Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskisehir Eti Archaeology Museum
Family tree
[edit]Great Seljuk sultans family tree
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See also
[edit]- Khatun Seljuk princess
- Seljuk Empire
- Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
- Seljuk (warlord)
Notes
[edit]- ^ Grand Vizier Sahip Shams ad-Din Isfahani ruled the country on behalf of 'Izz ad-Din Kay Kawus II between 1246 and 1249
- ^ Grand Vizier Parwana Mu'in al-Din Suleyman ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusraw III between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1 Rabi' al-awwal 676)
- ^ Between 1246 and 1249 'Izz ad-Din Kay Kawus II reigned alone
- ^ 'Izz ad-Din Kay Kawus II was defeated on October 14, 1256 in Sultanhani (Sultan Han, Aksaray) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of Baiju Noyan from Anatolia
- ^ Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV reigned alone
- ^ Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
- ^ According to Ibn Bibi, el-Evamiru'l-'Ala`iyye, p. 727. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 675 - 17 Muharram 676)
- ^ According to Yazicioglu Ali, Tevarih-i Al-i Selcuk, p. 62. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 677 - 17 Muharram 678)
References
[edit]- ^ Neiberg, Michael S. (2002). Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19-20. ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3.
- ^ Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39-45. ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6.
- ^ Ravandi, Muhammad (1385). Rahat al-sudur va ayat al-surur dar tarikh-i al-i saljuq. Tihran: Intisharat-i Asatir. ISBN 978-964-331-366-1.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ "The Saljuqids". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1-16. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
- ^ Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
- ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran...", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- ^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami' al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")
- ^ Peacock, A. C. S. (2010). Early Seljuq history : a new interpretation. London: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-203-85695-6. OCLC 828533970.
- ^ Ozgudenli, Osman Gazi (2018). "Selcuklularin Kokeni" [Origin of the Seljuks]. In Turan, Refik (ed.). Selcuklu Tarihi El Kitabi [Seljuk History Handbook] (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayinlari. pp. 19-37.
- ^ Golden, Peter (2007). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". In Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Rona-Tas, Andras (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Brill. p. 159.
- ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty Archived 2007-01-14 at the Wayback Machine article
- ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK)
- ^ Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK)
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
- ^ Wink, Andre, Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1996, ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5 p. 9
- ^ Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
- ^ a b Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
- ^ Bosworth, C.E. The Ghaznavids: 994-1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.
- ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
- ^ a b O. Ozgundenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
- ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
- ^ a b M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-26 (2005), pp. 157-169
- ^ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ^ F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth-fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth-twentieth centuries) ..."
- ^ Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own - took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.
- ^ Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in Encyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as 'Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubad, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Baha' al-Din Walad and his son Mawlana Jalal al-Din Rumi, whose Mathnawi, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
- ^ Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sevim, Ali (1993). "CAGRI BEY" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Cilve - Darunnedve) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183-186. ISBN 978-975-389-435-7.
- ^ a b c d e Sumer, Faruk (2009). "SELCUKLULAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal - Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365-371. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
- ^ Black, Jeremy (2005). The Atlas of World History. American Edition, New York: Covent Garden Books. pp. 65, 228. ISBN 978-0-7566-1861-2. This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
- ^ a b Zahiruddin-i Nisaburi, Selcukname, (Muhammed Ramazani Publications), Tahran 1332, p. 10.
- ^ a b Residuddin Fazlullah-i Hemedani, Cami'u't-tevarih, (Ahmed Ates Publications), Ankara 1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
- ^ a b Ravendi, Muhammed b. Ali, Rahatu's-sudur, (Ates Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
- ^ a b Mustevfi, Tarih-i Guzide, (Nevai Publications), p. 426.
- ^ Osman Gazi Ozgudenli (2016). MUSA YABGU. Vol. EK-2. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 324-325.
- ^ a b c d Sevim, Ali (2010). SULEYMAN SAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103-105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3.
- ^ a b c Faruk Sumer (2002). KUTALMIS (PDF). Vol. 26. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480-481. ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7.
- ^ a b Osman Gazi Ozgudenli (2016). "MUSA YABGU". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kafur, Ebu'l-Misk - Zureyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324-325. ISBN 978-975-389-889-8.
- ^ Beyhaki, Tarih, (Behmenyar), p. 71.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sumer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELCUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380-384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
- ^ Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2002). KAVURD BEY (PDF). Vol. 25. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 73-74. ISBN 978-9-7538-9403-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Sumer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selcuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377-379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
- ^ a b c d e Bezer, Gulay Ogun (2011). "TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMUD I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzimat - Teveccuh) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510. ISBN 978-975-389-652-8. Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I). Cite error: The named reference "TerkenHatun" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2004). "MELIKSAH" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb - Misir Mevlevihanesi) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54-57. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9.
- ^ a b c d Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (1992). "BERKYARUK" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban - Besir Aga) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514-516. ISBN 978-975-389-432-6.
- ^ Sumer, Faruk (2009). SELCUKLULAR (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi. pp. 365-371. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
- ^ Enveri, Dusturname-i Enveri, pp. 78-80, 1464.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Sumer, Faruk (2009). "IRAK SELCUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal - Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. Cite error: The named reference "IrakSelcuks" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2003). "MAHMUD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kutahya Mevlevihanesi - Manisa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371-372. ISBN 978-975-389-408-1.
- ^ a b Sumer, Faruk (2012). "TUGRUL I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkul - Tusteri) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341-342. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
- ^ a b Sumer, Faruk (2004). "MES'UD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb - Misir Mevlevihanesi) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349-351. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9.
- ^ a b Sumer, Faruk (1991). "ARSLANSAH b. TUGRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya - Asik Musikisi) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404-406. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2.
- ^ Sumer, Faruk (2012). "Ebu Talib TUGRUL b. ARSLANSAH b. TUGRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkul - Tusteri) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342-344. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
- ^ Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. BRILL. pp. 108-109. ISBN 978-9004307759.
- ^ a b c Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2002). "KAVURD BEY" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 25 (Kastilya - Kile) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 73-74. ISBN 978-975-389-403-6.
- ^ a b c Osman Gazi Ozgudenli (2016). "MUSA YABGU". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kafur, Ebu'l-Misk - Zureyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324-325. ISBN 978-975-389-889-8.
- ^ a b Sevim, Ali (1991). "ATSIZ b. UVAK" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4 (Asik Omer - Bala Kulliyesi) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 92-93. ISBN 978-975-389-431-9.
- ^ a b c Sumer, Faruk (2002). "KUTALMIS" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 26 (Kili - Kutahya) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 480-481. ISBN 978-975-389-406-7.
- ^ Beyhaki, Tarih, (Behmenyar), p. 71.
- ^ Alptekin, Coskun (1989). "AKSUNGUR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2 (Ahlak - Amari) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 196. ISBN 978-975-389-429-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sumer, Faruk (2009). "KIRMAN SELCUKLULARI" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal - Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 377-379. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
- ^ Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2012). "TUTUS" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkul - Tusteri) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 446-449. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
- ^ a b c d e f Sumer, Faruk (2009). "SELCUKS of Syria" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal - Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 385-386. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
- ^ Sumer, Faruk (1991). "ARSLAN ARGUN" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya - Asik Musikisi) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 399-400. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2.
- ^ Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2005). "MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra - Muhammediyye) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 579-581. ISBN 978-975-389-402-9.
- ^ Ozaydin, Abdulkerim (2009). "AHMED SENCER" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal - Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 507-511. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
- ^ Sumer, Faruk (2012). "Ebu Talib TUGRUL b. ARSLANSAH b. TUGRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkul - Tusteri) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342-344. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
Further reading
[edit]- Dietrich, Richard (2018). "The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks". Turkish Historical Review. 9 (1): 54-70. doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002. hdl:11511/41747.
- Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8135-0627-2.
- Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
